In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or

keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides

a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

python

Copy code
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

python

Copy code

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

python

Copy code

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)

In Python, "ops" typically refers to operators, which are symbols or
keywords used to perform operations on variables or values. Python provides
a wide range of operators to manipulate data. These operators can be
classified into several types based on the operation they perform:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division (float) x/y

// Floor Division x // y

Modulus
% x%y
(remainder)

Exponentiation
** x ** y
(power)

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=3

print(x + y) # 13

print(x - y) # 7

print(x * y) # 30

print(x / y) # 3.3333333333333335

print(x // y) # 3 (floor division)

print(x % y) # 1 (remainder)

print(x ** y) # 1000 (10 raised to the power of 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Assigns value to a
= x = 10
variable

+= Adds and assigns x += 3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3

/= Divides and assigns x /= 3

Floor divides and

//= x //= 3
assigns

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3

Exponentiates and
**= x **= 3
assigns

Examples:

python

Copy code

x=5

x += 2 # x = x + 2 -> x becomes 7

x *= 3 # x = x * 3 -> x becomes 21

print(x) # Output: 21

3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison
is always a boolean (True or False).

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal to x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

Greater than or
>= x >= y
equal to

Less than or equal

<= x <= y
to

Examples:

python

Copy code

x = 10

y=5

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # True

print(x <= y) # False

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

and True if both are True x and y

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

True if at least one is

or x or y
True

not Reverses the result not x

Examples:

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x = True

y = False

print(x and y) # False

print(x or y) # True

print(not x) # False

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of

integers.

Operat
Description Example
or

& Bitwise AND x&y

Bitwise
` `
OR

Bitwise XOR (exclusive

^ x^y
OR)

Bitwise NOT
~ ~x
(inversion)

Left shift (shift bits

<< x << y
left)
Operat
Description Example
or

Right shift (shift bits

>> x >> y
right)

Examples:

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x = 5 # 101 in binary

y = 3 # 011 in binary

print(x & y) # 1 (binary 001)

print(x | y) # 7 (binary 111)

print(x ^ y) # 6 (binary 110)

print(~x) # -6 (inversion: all bits flipped)

print(x << 1) # 10 (binary 1010, shifted left by 1 bit)

print(x >> 1) # 2 (binary 10, shifted right by 1 bit)

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check whether a value exists in a

sequence like a list, tuple, string, etc.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

in Returns True if a value exists in the sequence x in y

Returns True if a value does not exist in the x not in

not in
sequence y

Examples:

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lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(5 not in lst) # True

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operat Exampl
Description
or e

Returns True if both variables point to the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables point to x is not

is not
different objects y

Examples:

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x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

z=x

print(x is z) # True (z points to the same object as x)

print(x is y) # False (x and y are different objects, even though their

contents are the same)

print(x is not y) # True

8. Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

The ternary operator is a compact form of conditional statements. It’s used

to assign a value to a variable based on a condition.
Syntax:

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value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

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x = 10

y = 20

max_value = x if x > y else y

print(max_value) # Output: 20

9. Operator Precedence

In Python, operators have a predefined precedence (order of evaluation).

This defines which operators are evaluated first in an expression.

Precedence Table (from highest to lowest):

1. ** (Exponentiation)

2. ~, +, - (Unary operators)

3. *, /, //, % (Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

4. +, - (Addition, Subtraction)

5. <<, >> (Bitwise shift operators)

6. & (Bitwise AND)

7. ^ (Bitwise XOR)

8. | (Bitwise OR)

9. ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= (Comparison operators)

10. not (Logical NOT)

 11. and (Logical AND)

12. or (Logical OR)

13. = and compound assignment operators (+=, -=, etc.)

Operator Overloading

Python allows you to change the behavior of its operators based on user-
defined data types by implementing special methods (also known as dunder
methods or magic methods).

Example of Operator Overloading:

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class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

# Overloading the '+' operator

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)

p2 = Point(3, 4)

print(p1 + p2) # Output: (4, 6)