Virtualization

Chapter 2
Topics
● Need for Virtualization
● Pros and cons of Virtualization
● Types of Virtualization
● System VM
● Process VM
● Virtual Machine monitor
● Virtual machine properties
● Interpretation and binary translation
● HLL VM
● Hypervisors – Xen, KVM, VM Ware, Virtual Box,Hyper-V.
VIRTUALIZATION
Virtualization is a kind of technology that is rapidly
transforming the IT landscape and has changed the way people
compute.

It reduces hardware utilization, saves energy and costs and

makes it possible to run multiple applications and various
operating systems on the same SERVER at the same time.

It increases the utilization, efficiency and flexibility of

existing computer hardware
VIRTUALIZATION ..II
VIRTUALIZATION ..III
Virtualization is technology that allows you to create
multiple simulated environments or dedicated resources from
a single, physical hardware system.
Software called a hypervisor connects directly to that
hardware and allows you to split 1 system into separate,
distinct, and secure environments known as virtual machines
(VMs).
These VMs rely on the hypervisor’s ability to separate the
machine’s resources from the hardware and distribute them
appropriately.
Need for Virtualization
Virtualization provides various benefits including saving
time and energy, decreasing costs and minimizing overall
risk.

• Provides ability to manage resources effectively.

• Increases productivity, as it provides secure remote

access.

• Provides for data loss prevention.

Need for Virtualization ..II
Partitioning: In virtualization, many applications and operating systems
(OSes) are supported in a single physical system by partitioning (separating)
the available resources.

Isolation: Each virtual machine is isolated from its host physical system and
other virtualized machines. Because of this isolation, if one virtual-instance
crashes, it doesn’t affect the other virtual machines. In addition,data isn’t
shared between one virtual container and another.

Encapsulation: A virtual machine can be represented (and even stored)as a

single file, so you can identify it easily based on the service it provides.In
essence, the encapsulated process could be a business service. This
encapsulated virtual machine can be presented to an application as a complete
entity. Therefore, encapsulation can protect each application so that it
doesn’t interfere with another application.
Pros of Virtualization in Cloud Computing
Utilization of Hardware Efficiently –

With the help of Virtualization Hardware is Efficiently used by user as well as Cloud Service Provider which decreases hardware
resource cost.In Service Provider point of View, they will vitalize the Hardware using Hardware Virtualization which decrease
the Hardware requirement from Vendor side which are provided to User is decreased. Before Virtualization, Companies and
organizations have to set up their own Server which require extra space for placing them, engineer’s to check its performance
and require extra hardware cost but with the help of Virtualization the all these limitations are removed by Cloud vendors who
provide Physical Services without setting up any Physical Hardware system.

Availability increases with Virtualization –

One of the main benefit of Virtualization is that it provides advance features which allow virtual instances to be available all
the times. It also has capability to move virtual instance from one virtual Server another Server which is very tedious and
risky task in Server Based System. During migration of Data from one server to another it ensures its safety. Also, we can
access information from any location and any time from any device.

Disaster Recovery is efficient and easy –

With the help of virtualization Data Recovery, Backup, Duplication becomes very easy. In traditional method , if somehow due to
some disaster if Server system Damaged then the surety of Data Recovery is very less. But with the tools of Virtualization real
time data backup recovery and mirroring become easy task and provide surety of zero percent data loss.
Pros of Virtualization in Cloud Computing
Virtualization saves Energy –

Virtualization will help to save Energy because while moving from physical Servers to Virtual Server’s,
the number of Server’s decreases due to this monthly power and cooling cost decreases which will Save
Money as well. As cooling cost reduces it means carbon production by devices also decreases which
results in Fresh and pollution free environment.

Quick and Easy Set up –

In traditional methods Setting up physical system and servers are very time-consuming. Firstly Purchase
them in bulk after that wait for shipment. When Shipment is done then wait for Setting up and after that
again spend time in installing required software etc. Which will consume very time. But with the help of
virtualization the entire process is done in very less time which results in productive setup.

Cloud Migration becomes easy –

Most of the companies those who already have spent a lot in the server have a doubt of Shifting to
Cloud. But it is more cost-effective to shift to cloud services because all the data that is present in
their server’s can be easily migrated into the cloud server and save something from maintenance charge,
power consumption, cooling cost, cost to Server Maintenance Engineer etc.
Cons of Virtualization
Data can be at Risk –

Working on virtual instances on shared resources means that our data is hosted on third party
resource which put’s our data in vulnerable condition. Any hacker can attack on our data or try
to perform unauthorized access. Without Security solution our data is in threaten situation.

Learning New Infrastructure –

As Organization shifted from Servers to Cloud. They required skilled staff who can work with
cloud easily. Either they hire new IT staff with relevant skill or provide training on that skill
which increase the cost of company.

High Initial Investment –

It is true that Virtualization will reduce the cost of companies but also it is truth that Cloud
have high initial investment. It provides numerous services which are not required and when
unskilled organization will try to set up in cloud they purchase unnecessary services which are
not even required to them
BENEFITS OF VIRTUALIZATION
1.More flexible and efficient allocation of resources.

2.Enhance development productivity.

3.It lowers the cost of IT infrastructure.

4.Remote access and rapid scalability.

5.High availability and disaster recovery.

6.Pay peruse of the IT infrastructure on demand.

7.Enables running multiple operating systems.

Types of Virtualization
1.Application Virtualization.

2.Network Virtualization.

3.Desktop Virtualization.

4.Storage Virtualization.

5.Server Virtualization.

6.Data virtualization.
Application Virtualization
Application virtualization helps a user to have remote
access of an application from a server.
The server stores all personal information and other
characteristics of the application but can still run on a
local workstation through the internet.
Example of this would be a user who needs to run two
different versions of the same software.
Technologies that use application virtualization are hosted
applications and packaged applications.
Network Virtualization
The ability to run multiple virtual networks with each has a
separate control and data plan.
It co-exists together on top of one physical network.
It can be managed by individual parties that potentially
confidential to each other.
Network virtualization provides a facility to create and
provision virtual networks—logical switches, routers,
firewalls, load balancer, Virtual Private Network (VPN), and
workload security within days or even in weeks.
Desktop Virtualization
Desktop virtualization allows the users’ OS to be remotely
stored on a server in the data centre.
It allows the user to access their desktop virtually, from
any location by a different machine.
Users who want specific operating systems other than Windows
Server will need to have a virtual desktop.
Main benefits of desktop virtualization are user mobility,
portability, easy management of software installation,
updates and patches.
Storage Virtualization
Storage virtualization is an array of servers that are
managed by a virtual storage system.
The servers aren’t aware of exactly where their data is
stored,and instead function more like worker bees in a hive.
It makes managing storage from multiple sources to be
managed and utilized as a single repository.
storage virtualization software maintains smooth
operations,consistent performance and a continuous suite of
advanced functions despite changes, break down and
differences in the underlying equipment
Server Virtualization
This is a kind of virtualization in which masking of server resources takes
place.

Here, the central-server(physical server) is divided into multiple different

virtual

servers by changing the identity number, processors.

So, each system can operate its own operating systems in isolate manner.

Where each sub-server knows the identity of the central server.

It causes an increase in the performance and reduces the operating cost by the
deployment of main server resources into a sub-server resource.

It’s beneficial in virtual migration, reduce energy consumption, reduce

infrastructure cost etc.
Data virtualization
This is the kind of virtualization in which the data is
collected from various sources and managed that at a single
place without knowing more about the technical information
like how data is collected, stored & formatted then arranged
that data logically so that its virtual view can be accessed
by its interested people and stakeholders, and users through
the various cloud services remotely.

Many big giant companies are providing their services like

Oracle, IBM, At scale, Cdata etc.
System Virtual
Machine
System Virtual Machine
These types of virtual machines gives us
complete system platform and gives the
execution of the complete virtual operating
system.

Just like virtual box, system virtual machine

is providing an environment for an OS to be
installed completely.

We can see in below image that our hardware of

Real Machine is being distributed between two
simulated operating systems by Virtual machine
monitor.

And then some programs, processes are going on

in that distributed hardware of simulated
machines separately.
Process Virtual
Machine
Process Virtual Machine
While process virtual machines, unlike
system virtual machine, does not provide
us with the facility to install the
virtual operating system completely.

Rather it creates virtual environment of

that OS while using some app or program
and this environment will be destroyed as
soon as we exit from that app. Like in
below image, there are some apps running
on main OS as well some virtual machines
are created to run other apps.

This shows that as those programs required

different OS, process virtual machine
provided them with that for the time being
those programs are running. Example – Wine
software in Linux helps to run Windows
applications
Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)
● A virtual machine monitor (VMM), also known as a
hypervisor, is a software, hardware, or firmware-based
process that manages the creation and operation of
virtualized environments from the host system.
● Virtual machine monitors provide IT operations managers
visibility into the usage and performance of associated
VMs.
● In supporting the management of a virtual environment,
virtual machine monitoring supports efficient performance
and maximal uptime of virtual machines; collects data
about the performance of virtual machines necessary for
troubleshooting and event resolution
VMM
● VMM is the primary software behind virtualization
environments and implementations. When installed over a
host machine, VMM facilitates the creation of VMs, each
with separate operating systems (OS) and applications.
● VMM manages the backend operation of these VMs by
allocating the necessary computing, memory, storage and
other input/output (I/O) resources.
● VMM also provides a centralized interface for managing
the entire operation, status and availability of VMs that
are installed over a single host or spread across
different and interconnected hosts.
Supported Apps
Virtual Machine Properties
The Virtual Machine Properties shows details about a client computer that is deployed as a
virtual machine (VM).

Virtualization Client Name - Name of the client computer that provides a management access
point for the hypervisor where the virtual machine is deployed.

Virtual Machine Name - Name of the client computer for the virtual machine.

Vendor - Hypervisor for the virtual machine.

Uuid - Universally unique ID (UUID) for the virtual machine.

Hardware Version - The hardware version of the virtual machine on the host computer, which
determines the virtual hardware functions supported for the VM.

Host - IP address for the host where the virtual machine is located.

Host Version - Version and build for the hypervisor software on the host.
Types of Hypervisor
● A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor or
VMM, is software that creates and runs virtual machines
(VMs). A hypervisor allows one host computer to support
multiple guest VMs by virtually sharing its resources,
such as memory and processing.
● There are two main hypervisor types, referred to as “Type
1” (or “bare metal”) and “Type 2” (or “hosted”).
Type 1 hypervisor
● A type 1 hypervisor acts like a lightweight operating system
and runs directly on the host’s hardware
● In this type of hypervisor , virtualization software is
installed directly on the hardware where the operating system
is normally installed
● Because bare-metal hypervisors are isolated from the
attack-prone operating system, they are extremely secure.
● In addition, they generally perform better and more
efficiently than hosted hypervisors. For these reasons, most
enterprise companies choose bare-metal hypervisors for data
center computing needs.
TYPE 1 hypervisor examples:
1. VMware ESX and ESXi
● These hypervisors offer advanced features and
scalability, but require licensing, so the costs are
higher.
● There are some lower-cost bundles that VMware offers and
they can make hypervisor technology more affordable for
small infrastructures.
● VMware is the leader in the Type-1 hypervisors. Their
vSphere/ESXi product is available in a free edition and 5
commercial editions.
TYPE 1 hypervisor examples:
2. Microsoft Hyper-V

● The Microsoft hypervisor, Hyper-V doesn’t offer many of the

advanced features that VMware’s products provide. However,
with XenServer and vSphere, Hyper-V is one of the top 3 Type-1
hypervisors.
● It was first released with Windows Server, but now Hyper-V has
been greatly enhanced with Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V.
● Hyper-V is available in both a free edition (with no GUI and
no virtualization rights) and 4 commercial editions –
Foundations (OEM only), Essentials, Standard, and Datacenter.
TYPE 1 hypervisor examples:
3. Citrix XenServer

It began as an open source project. The core hypervisor technology is

free, but like VMware’s free ESXi, it has almost no advanced features.

Xen is a type-1 bare-metal hypervisor. Just as Red Hat Enterprise

Virtualization uses KVM, Citrix uses Xen in the commercial XenServer.

Today, the Xen open source projects and community are at Xen.org.
Today, XenServer is a commercial type-1 hypervisor solution from
Citrix, offered in 4 editions.

Confusingly, Citrix has also branded their other proprietary solutions

like XenApp and XenDesktop with the Xen name.
TYPE 1 hypervisor examples:
4. Oracle VM

● The Oracle hypervisor is based on the open source Xen.

● However, if you need hypervisor support and product
updates, it will cost you.
● Oracle VM lacks many of the advanced features found in
other bare-metal virtualization hypervisors.
Type 2 hypervisor
Type 2 hypervisor runs as a software layer on an operating
system, like other computer programs
TYPE 2 hypervisor examples:
1. VMware Workstation/Fusion/Player
● VMware Player is a free virtualization hypervisor. It is
intended to run only one virtual machine (VM) and does not
allow creating VMs.
● VMware Workstation is a more robust hypervisor with some
advanced features, such as record-and-replay and VM snapshot
support.
● VMware Workstation has three major use cases:
○ for running multiple different operating systems or versions of one OS
○ on one desktop,
○ for developers that need sandbox environments and snapshots, or
○ for labs and demonstration purposes.
TYPE 2 hypervisor examples:
2. VMware Server

● VMware Server is a free, hosted virtualization hypervisor

that’s very similar to the VMware Workstation.
● VMware has halted development on Server since 2009
TYPE 2 hypervisor examples:
3. Microsoft Virtual PC

● This is the latest Microsoft’s version of this hypervisor

technology, Windows Virtual PC and runs only on Windows 7
and supports only Windows operating systems running on
it.
TYPE 2 hypervisor examples:
4. Oracle VM VirtualBox

● VirtualBox hypervisor technology provides reasonable

performance and features if you want to virtualize on a
budget.
● Despite being a free, hosted product with a very small
footprint, VirtualBox shares many features with VMware
vSphere and Microsoft Hyper-V.
TYPE 2 hypervisor examples:
5. Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization

● Red Hat’s Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) has

qualities of both a hosted and a bare-metal
virtualization hypervisor.
● It can turn the Linux kernel itself into a hypervisor so
the VMs have direct access to the physical hardware.
KVM
● This is a virtualization infrastructure for the Linux
kernel. It supports native virtualization on processors
with hardware virtualization extensions.
● The open-source KVM (or Kernel-Based Virtual Machine) is
a Linux-based type-1 hypervisor that can be added to most
Linux operating systems including Ubuntu, Debian, SUSE,
and Red Hat Enterprise Linux, but also Solaris, and
Windows.
Kvm architecture
xen
● Xen is a free and open-source type-1 hypervisor, providing services that
allow multiple computer operating systems to execute on the same computer
hardware concurrently.
● Xen provides a form of virtualization known as paravirtualization, in
which guests run a modified operating system.
● The guests are modified to use a special hypercall ABI, instead of certain
architectural features. Through paravirtualization, Xen can achieve high
performance even on its host architecture (x86) which has a reputation for
non-cooperation with traditional virtualization techniques.
Xen architecture
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE VM
Designing a special guest HLL VM is similar to process
ISA/system interface is known VM but..
to be HLL VM:
- ISA defined for user-mode
- With portability as the main programs only
goal
- ISA not designed for real
- Define an abstract interface hardware
that can be supported by all
conventional OSes. Only to be executed on virtual
processor
- Reflects important features
of specific HLL or class of Referred to as virtual-ISA or
HLLs. v-ISA

- Simplifies compilation - System interface is a set of

standardized APIs.
Hll vm
BINARY TRANSLATION
Depending on implementation technologies, hardware virtualization
can be classified into two categories:full virtualization and
host-based virtualization.
Full virtualization does not need to modify the host OS. It
relies on binary translation to trap and to virtualize the
execution of certain sensitive, nonvirtualizable instructions.
The guest OSes and their applications consist of noncritical and
critical instructions.
In a host-based system, both a host OS and a guest OS are used. A
virtualization software layer is built between the host OS and
guest OS.
Binary translation