CLASS: 12 SUB: MATHEMATICS

QUESTIONS FROM PREVIOUS YEAR PAPERS

CHAPTER 1: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 mark):

1. Given a relation R on a set A = {1, 2, 3}. R = {(1, 1). (2, 2), (2, 3)} is
A) reflexive B) symmetric C) transitive D) all the three
(CBSE SAMPLE QP 3: 2023-24)
2. Let A = {3, 5}. Then the number of reflexive relations on A is
A) 2 B) 4 C) 0 D) 8.
(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/5 SET 1 & 2: 2023-24)
3. Let R be a relation in the set N given by R = {(a, b) : a = b-2, b>6} then ,
A) (8,7) ∈ R B) (6,8) ∈ R C) (3,8) ∈ R D) (2,4) ∈ R.
(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/5 SET 3: 2023-24)
4. A function f: R+ → R (where R+ is the set of all non-negative real numbers) defined by f(x) = 4x + 3
is: (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 1: 2023-24)
A. one-one but not onto. B. onto but not one-one
C. both one-one and onto. D. neither one-one nor onto
5. A relation R defined on a set A = {x: x ∈ Z and 0≤x≤10} as R = {(x, y) : x = y} is given to be an
equivalence relation. The number of Equivalence classes is
A. 1 B. 2 C. 10 D. 11 (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 2: 2023-24)
6. A relation R is defined on a set of human beings as R = {(x, y) : x is 5cm shorter than y} is
(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 3: 2023-24)
A. reflexive only B. reflexive and transitive.
C. symmetric and transitive. D. Neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive
7. Let f: R+ → [-5,∞) be defined as f(x) = 9x2 + 6x – 5, where R+ is the set of all non-negative real
numbers. Then, f is (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/2 SET 1 & 3: 2023-24)
A. one-one. B. Onto C. bijective. D. neither one-one nor onto
 8. Which of the following statements is not true about equivalence classes Ai (i = 1, 2, …n) formed by an
equivalence relation R defined on a set A? (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/2 SET 2: 2023-24)
A. ⋃𝑛𝑖=1 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐴 B. 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 ≠ ∅, 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
C. 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑗 ⇒ 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐴𝑗 D. All elements of Ai are related to each other ∀ i

9. Let f : R+ → R+ be defined as f(x) = x2 + 1, where R+ is the set of all non-negative real numbers. Then, f
is________. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/3 SET 1: 2023-24)
A. one-one but not onto B. Onto but not one-one C. bijective D. neither one-one nor onto

10. Let f: R → A be defined as f(x) = x2 + 1 is onto, if A is …………. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/3 SET 2: 2023-24)
A. (−∞, ∞) B. (1, ∞) C. [1, ∞) D. [−1, ∞)

11. Let Z denote the set of integers, the function f: Z → Z defined as f(x) = x3 – 1 is …….
A. Both one-one and onto B. one-one but not onto
C. Onto but not one-one D. neither one-one nor onto
(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/3 SET 3: 2023-24)
12. A function f: R → R defined as f(x) = x2 - 4x + 5 is ………. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/5 SET 1, 2 & 3: 2023-24)
A. Injective but not surjective. B. Surjective but not injective
C. both injective and surjective D. neither injective nor surjective

ASSERTION – REASON BASED QUESTIONS (1 mark):

A. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. Assertion is true but reason is false.
D. Assertion is false but reason is false.

1. A: The relation R defined on A = {a, b, c} and given by R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b), (b, a), (a, c), (c, a)} is an
equivalence relation. (KV PRE-BOARD SET 2: 2023-24)
R: A relation R is said to be equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

2. A: The relation f: {1,2,3,4} → {x, y, z, p} defined by f = {(1, x), (2, y), (3, z)} is a bijective function.
R: The function f: {1,2,3,4} → {x, y, z, p} defined by f = {(1, x), (2, y), (3, z)} is one-one.
(CBSE SAMPLE QP 3: 2023-24)
3. A: A function f: Z → Z defined as f(x) = x3 is injective. (BENGALURU SAHODAYA SET 2: 2023-24)
R: A function f: A → B is said to be injective if every element of B has a pre-image in A.

4. A: The function f: R → R , f(x) = |x| is not one-one.

R: The function f(x) = |x| is not onto. (KV PREBOARD EXAM: 2023-24)

5. A: X= {0,2,4,6,8}. P is a relation on X defined by P = {(0,2), (4,2), (4,6), (8,6), (2,4), (0,4)}. The relation P on
set X is a transitive relation. (CBSE ADDITIONAL PRACTISE PAPER: 2023-24)
R: The relation P has a subset of the form {(a, b), (b, c), (a, c)}, where a, b, c ∈ X.

6. A: The number of onto functions from a set P containing 5 elements to a set Q containing 2 elements is 30.
R: Number of onto functions from a set containing m elements to a set containing n elements is n m.
(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 2: 2023)

7. A: The relation R = {(x, y): (x + y) is a prime number and x, y ∈ N} is not reflexive relation.
R: The number ‘2n’ is composite for all natural numbers n.
(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/4 SET 1 & 2: 2023-24)
𝑛
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2
8. A: A function f: N → N be defined as f(n) = {𝑛+1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 is one-one.
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
2

R: A function f: A → B is said to be injection if 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑎) ≠ 𝑓(𝑏).

(SAHODAYA EXAM SET 2: 2023-24)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 marks):

1 , if x>0
1. Show that the signum function f: R→R given by f(x)={ 0 , if x=0 Is neither one-one nor onto.
-1 , if x<0
(CBSE SAMPLE QP 2: 2023-24)

2. Let R be the relation in the set Z of integers given by R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a – b}. Show that the relation R is
transitive. Write the equivalence class of [0]. (CBSE SAMPLE QP: 2019-20)
𝑛 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
3. Let f : W → W be defined as f(n) = { . Show that f is one-one and onto.
𝑛 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
(BENGALURU SAHODAYA EXAM SET A: 2022-23)
 x-2
4. Let A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}, consider the function f: A → B defined by f(x) = x-3. Is f one - one, onto or

both? (BENGALURU SAHODAYA EXAM SET B: 2022-23)

𝑛+1
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
5. Prove that the function f is surjective where f: N → N be defined as f(n) = { 𝑛2
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2

(CBSE SAMPLE QP 1: 2022-23)

6. A function f: A → B defined as f(x) = 2x is both one-one and onto. If A = {1,2,3,4} then find the set B.
(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 1, 2 & 3: 2023)

7. Show that the function f: R→ R defined as f(x) = x2 is neither one-one nor onto.
(KV ERNAKULAM PREBOARD: 2023-24)

𝑛 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
8. Let f: N → N be defined as f(n) = { . Show that f is one-one and onto.
𝑛 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
(KV SAMPLE PAPER: 2022-23)

x
9. Show that the function f: R – {-1} → R – {1}, defined by f(x) = x+1. Is f one - one, onto or both?

(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 1: 2020-21)

10. Let W denote the set of words in the English dictionary. Define the relation R by R = {(x, y) ∈ W × W such
that x and y have at least one letter in common}. Show that this relation R is reflexive and symmetric but
not transitive. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/C SET 1: 2019-20)

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 marks):

1. Let f: [0, ∞) → R be a function defined by f(x)=9x 2 +6x-5. Check if f is bijective function.

(BENGALURU SAHODAYA EXAM SET 1: 2018 - 19)
2. Determine whether the relation R defined in the set R of all real numbers as
R = {(a, b): a, b ∈ A and a – b + √5 ∈ S, S is the set of irrational numbers} is an equivalence relation or
not. (BENGALURU SAHODAYA EXAM SET 1: 2018 - 19)
2x+3
3. Let f: A→ B be a function defined as f(x)= where A = R – {3} and B = R – {2}. Is the function f one-one
x-3

and onto? Is f invertible? (CBSE SAMPLE QP: 2019-20)

4. A relation R on set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is defined as R = {(x, y): |x2 – y2|<8}. Check whether R is reflexive,
symmetric and transitive. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 1 & 2: 2023-24)
5. A function is defined from R → R as f(x) = ax + b, such that f(1) = 1 and f(2) = 3. Find function f(x). Hence,
check whether the relation R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
 (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 1, 2 & 3: 2023-24)

6. Check whether the relation R is defined on the set {1, 2, 3, 4} as R = {(a, b): b + a + 1} is transitive. Justify
your answer. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 1: 2020 - 21)
7. If the relation R on the set A = {x: 0 ≤ x ≤ 12} given by R = {(a, b): a = b} is an equivalence relation, find
the set of all elements related to 1. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 1: 2020 - 21)
8. Write the smallest reflexive relation on set A = {a, b, c} (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 1: 2020-21)
9. If f = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 1), (4, k)} is one – one function from set A to A, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then find the value
of k. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 1: 2020-21)

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5marks):

1. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ….. 9} be the set and R be a relation on A x A defined by (a, b) R (c, d)  a +
d = b + c for all (a, b), (c, d) ∈ AxA. Show that R is an equivalence relation on AxA. Also, find the
equivalence class of [(2, 6)] and [(2, 5].
(KV PRE-BOARD SET 2: 2023-24, BENGALURU SAHODAYA SET A: 2022-23)

2. A function f: [0, ∞) →[-5, ∞) be defined by f(x)=3x 2 +9x-5. Prove that the function is bijective.
(KV PRE-BOARD SET 2: 2023-24)

3. Let N be the set of natural numbers and R be the relation on N x N defined by (a, b) R (c, d) iff ad
= bc for all a, b, c, d ∈ N. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
(CBSE SAMPLE QP 2 & 3: 2023-24, SQP 1: 2022-23, KV ERNAKULAM PREBOARD EXAM: 2023-
24)

4. Show that the relation R on the set Z of all integers defined by (x, y) ∈ R ⟹ (x-y) is divisible by 3
is an equivalence relation. (CBSE SAMPLE QP – 2: 2023-24)

x
5. Show that the function f: R → {x ∈ N: -1 < x < 1} defined by f(x)= 1+|x| , x ∈ R is one-one and

onto. (CBSE SAMPLE QP-3, 2023-24)

6. Let N be the set of natural numbers and R be the relation on N x N defined by (a, b) R (c, d) 
ad(b+c) = bc(a+d) for all a, b, c, d ∈ N. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
(BENGALURU SAHODAYA QP – 2: 2023-24, KV PRE-BOARD: 2023-24, CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/4
SET 1, 2 & 3: 2022-23)
7. Let A = {1,2,3} and R = {(a,b) : a, b ∈ A and |a – b|≤ 5}. Write R as set of ordered pairs. Mention
whether R is i. reflexive ii. symmetric iii. transitive. Give reason for each.
(BENGALURU SAHODAYA SET – 2: 2023-24)

8. Show that the relation in the set A = {x: x ∈ W, 0 ≤ x ≤ 12} given by R = {(a, b): (a-b) is a multiple
of 4} is an equivalence relation. Also find the set of all elements related to 2.
(KV PRE-BOARD: 2023-24)

9. The Earth has 24 time zones, defined by dividing the earth into 24 equal longitudinal segments.
These are the regions on Earth that have same the same standard time. For example, USA and
India fall in different time zones, but Sri Lanka and India ate in the same time zone.
A relation R is defined on the set U = {All people on the Earth} such that R = {(x, y): the time
difference between the time zones x and y reside in is 6 hours}.
i. Check whether R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
ii. Is the relation R an equivalence relation? (CBSE PRACTISE PAPER: 2023-24)

10. Let the relation S in the set of all real numbers R, be defined as aSb  1 +ab > 0 for all a, b ∈ R
(BENGALURU SAHODAYA EXAM SET– A & B: 2022-23)

11. Prove that the relation R on the set N x N defined by (a, b) R (c, d)  a + d = b + c for all (a, b), (c,
d) ∈ NxN is an equivalence relation. (BENGALURU SAHODAYA SET B: 2022-23)

12. Given a non-empty set X, define the relation R in P(X) as follows: For A, B ∈ P(X), (A, B) ∈ R iff A
⊂ B. Prove that R is reflexive, transitive and not symmetric. (CBSE SAMPLE QP SET 1: 2022-23)

13. A relation R is defined on a set of real numbers R as R = {(x, y): x.y is an irrational number}.

Check whether R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive or not.

(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/1 SET 1, 2 & 3: 2023)

14. A function f: [-4, 4] → [0, 4] is given by f(x) = √16-x 2 . Show that f is an onto function but not a
one-one function. Further find all the possible values of ‘a’ for which f(a) = √7.
(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/2 SET 1, 2 & 3: 2023)
 5𝑥−3
15. Show that the function f: R → R defined as f(x)= is both one-one and onto.
4

(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/3 SET 1: 2023)

16. A function f: [0, ∞) →[-5, ∞) be defined by f(x)=4x 2 +4x-5. Prove that the function is bijective.
(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/3 SET 2: 2023-24)
1 1 𝑥
17. Check whether the function f: R → [− 2 , 2] defined as f(x) = 1+𝑥 2 is one-one and onto or not.

(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/3 SET 3: 2023-24)

4 4𝑥
18. Let f: R - {3} → R be a function defined as f(x) = 3𝑥+4. Show that f is one-one function. Also,

check if f is onto function or not. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/4 SET 1, 2 & 3: 2023-24)

19. Prove that the relation R on the set N x N defined by (a, b) R (c, d)  a - c = b - d for all (a, b), (c,
d) ∈ NxN is an equivalence relation. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/2 SET 1: 2023-24)
20. Show that a function f: R → R defined as f(x) = x2 + x +1 is neither one-one nor onto. Also, find all
the values of x for which f(x) = 3. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/2 SET 3: 2023-24)
a b
21. A relation R is defined on N x N (where N is the set of natural numbers) as (a,b) R (c,d)  c = d .

Show that R is an equivalence relation. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/2 SET 3: 2023-24)
22. A relation R on set A = { -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4} be defined as R = {(x, y): x+y is an integer
divisible by 2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Also write the equivalence class [2].
(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/3 SET 1: 2023-24)
23. A relation R on the set A = {x: x ∈ Z, -10 ≤ x ≤ 10} given by R = {(x,y): (x-y) is divisible by 5} is an
equivalence relation. Also write the equivalence class [5].
(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/3 SET 2: 2023-24)
24. Let A = R – {3} and B = R – {a}. Find the value of ‘a’ such that the function f : A→B defined by f(x)
𝑥−2
= 𝑥−3 is onto. Also check whether the given function is one-one or not.

(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/3 SET 3: 2023-24)

𝑥−3
25. Let A = R – {5} and B = R – {1}. Consider the function f: A→B defined by f(x) = 𝑥−5 .Show that f is

one-one and onto. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/4 SET 1 & 2: 23-24)
26. Check whether the relation S in the set of real numbers R defined by S = {(a, b): where a-b+√2 is
an irrational number} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
(CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/4 SET 1 & 2: 2023-24)
27. If R and S are two equivalence relations on set A then prove that RS is an equivalence relation.
(SAHODAYA EXAM SET 2: 2023-24)
 𝑥−2
28. Let A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}. Consider the function f: A→B defined by f(x) = 𝑥−3. Is f one-one

and onto? Justify your answer. Find the value(s) of ‘a’ which satisfies f(a) = 3.
(SAHODAYA EXAM SET – 2: 2023-24, KV SAMPLE PAPER: 2022-23)
29. A relation R on the set Z defined as R = {(x, y): (x+y) is divisible by 2} is an equivalence relation.
Also write the equivalence class containing 0. (KV ERNAKULAM PREBOARD: 2023-24)
30. A relation R on the set Z defined as R = {(x, y): (x-y) is divisible by 2} is an equivalence relation.
Also write the equivalence class containing 0. (KV SAMPLE PAPER: 2022-23)

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS (4marks):

1. Port Blair, the capital city of Andaman and Nicobar islands is directly connected to Chennai and
Vishakapatnam via ship route. The ships sail from Chennai\Vishakapatnam to Port Blair and vice versa.
Swaraj Dweep and Shaheed Dweep are two popular tourists islands in Andaman islands. One
has to take a ferry from Port Blair to reach these islands. There are ferries that sail frequently
between the three islands – Port Blair (PB), Swaraj Dweep (SwD) and Shaheed Dweep (ShD).
Shown below is a schematic representation of ship routes and ferry routes.
(CBSE SAMPLE QP – 1: 2022-23)

X is the set of all 5 places and Y is the set of 3 places in Andaman islands. That is,
X = {C, V, PB, SwD, ShD} and Y = {PB, SwD, ShD}.
A relation R is defined on the set X is given by, R = {(x1 , x2): there is a direct ship or direct ferry
from x1 to x2 }.
A function f : Y → X is defined by f(PB) = V, f(SwD) = PB, f(Shd) = SwD.
i. List all the elements of R.
ii. Is the relation R symmetric? Give valid reason.
iii. Is the relation R transitive? Give valid reason.
OR
Check whether the function f is one-one and onto. Give valid reasons.
2. An organisation conducted bike race conducted bike race under two different categories – Boys and
Girls. There were 28 participants in all. Among all of them, finally three from category 1 and two from
category 2 were selected for the final race. Ravi forms two sets BH and G with these participants for
his college project.
Let B = {b1, b2, b3} and G = {g1, g2}, where B represents the set of Boys selected and G represents the
set of Girls selected for the final race.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions:
i. How many relations are possible from B to G?
ii. Among all the possible relations from B to G, how many functions can be formed from B to G?
iii. Let R: B → B be defined by R = {(x, y): x and y are the students of the same sex}. Check if R is an
equivalence relation.
OR
A function f: B → G be defined by f = {(b1, g1), (b2, g2), (b3, g3)}. Check if f is bijective. Justify
your answer. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/5 SET 1, 2 & 3: 2023-24)
3. Students of a school are taken to a railway museum to learn about railways heritage and its history.
An exhibit in the museum depicted many rail lines on the track near the railway station. Let L be the
set of all rail lines on the railway track and R be the relation on L defined by R = {(l1, l2): l is parallel to
l2}. (CBSE ANNUAL EXAM 65/5 SET 1, 2 & 3: 2023-24)
On the basis of the above information, answer the following questions:
(i) Find whether the relation R is symmetric or not.
(ii) Find whether the relation R is transitive or not.
(iii) (a) If one of the rail lines on the railway track is represented by the equation y = 3x + 2, then
find the set of rail lines in R related to it.
OR
(b) Let S be the relation defined by S = {(l1, l2), l1 is perpendicular to l2} check whether the
relation S is symmetric and transitive.