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Many Embedded Systems Have Substantially Different Design Constraints Than Desktop Computing Applications

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shettybhavana04
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10 views2 pages

Many Embedded Systems Have Substantially Different Design Constraints Than Desktop Computing Applications

Uploaded by

shettybhavana04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Many embedded systems have substantially different design constraints than desktop

computing applications. No single characterization applies to the diverse spectrum of


embedded systems. However, some combination of cost pressure, long life-cycle, real-time
requirements, reliability requirements, and design culture dysfunction can make it difficult to
be successful applying traditional computer design methodologies and tools to embedded
applications. Embedded systems in many cases must be optimizedfor life-cycle and business-
driven factors rather than for maximum computing throughput. There is currently little tool
support for expanding embedded computer design to the scope of holistic embedded system
design. However, knowing the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches can set
expectations appropriately, identify risk areas to tool adopters, and suggest ways in which
tool builders can meet industrial needs. If we look around us, today we see numerous
appliances which we use daily, be it our refrigerator, the microwave oven, cars, PDAs etc.
Most appliances today are powered by something beneath the sheath that makes them do
what they do. These are tiny microprocessors, which respond to various keystrokes or inputs.
These tiny microprocessors, working on basic assembly languages, are the heart of the
appliances. We call them embedded systems. Of all the semiconductor industries, the
embedded systems market place is the most conservative, and engineering decisions here
usually lean towards established, low risk solutions. Welcome to the world of embedded
systems, of computers that will not look like computers and won’t function like anything we
are familiar with.

processing, transmission and storage. By contrast, non-digital or analog systems use a


continuous range of values to represent information. Although digital representations are
discrete, the information represented can be either discrete, such as numbers, letters or icons,
or continuous, such as sounds, images, and other measurements of continuous systems. The
word digital is most commonly used in computing and electronics, especially where real-
world information is converted to binary numeric form as in digital audio and digital
photography. Such data-carrying signals carry electronic or optical pulses, the amplitude of
each of which represents logical 1 or 0 where 1 represents pulse present and/or high and 0
represents pulse absent and/or low. In some application, the digital display system can be
used to display the digital value on integrated peripherals such as Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD), seven segment display and graphical devices from any analog generated devices.
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) is the dominant technology in
manufacturing and fabricating integrated circuit devices. The use of CMOS technology
allows the production of low cost, low power and miniaturized microsystems through
monolithic integration. This technology proves to be advantageous in developing solid state
sensors over sensors fabricated using discrete electronic components. With the state-of-the-
art microfabrication facilities at UniMAP, researchers has been developing compatible
CMOS based sensors using cost effective development modules found in the university
microfabrication laboratory. These current developments of CMOS based sensors are focused
on the detection of pH based on the ionic sensitivity from the samples. A major class of solid
state sensors is based on the ISFET which basically respond to specific detected ion
concentration in an aqueous electrolyte solution as a function of their threshold voltage. The
major difference between ISFET and FET is at the gate area which determines the function of
the field effect device for many areas of applications. In UniMAP, researchers are proposing
to develop FET sensors based on the ISFET. The modification at the gate area of the ISFET
gives birth of ideas to sensors which can detect heat and light sensitivity. Hence, researchers
at UniMAP are developing the ISFET for biomedical and biochemical applications such as
pH monitoring, LISFET for light sensitivity detection, and HFET for heat sensing. With
regard to CMOS based sensors, this paper intends to highlight the research and development
of pH sensitive ISFET device. The ISFET is essentially a FET structure with a floating gate
made of inorganic thin film membrane direct in contact with an electrolyte solution. The
ISFET is operated on the field effect principle. The inorganic thin film membrane produces
an electrical signal in response to the ion concentration in the liquid solution under test which
depends on the types of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) is the
dominant technology in manufacturing and fabricating integrated circuit devices. The use of
CMOS technology allows the production of low cost, low power and miniaturized

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