Physics Optional -CSE 24
Solid State Physics, Devices & Electronics
LECTURE - 7
Symmetryoperations
The operations to which the crystal
remains invariant structurally
e g
d
A B D A
Stone structure
Tafffferation through which arrived at a bosition
the lattice looks exactlysame
from where
identicalsurrounding
3 as stace
9ᵗʰ Yea
fans
8 8 25
É Etf 8
of
g 8 58
81 T where I 0,8 025 038
where a b c called axis basis vectors
are Crystal
prioritive a nz.az belongsto Integer
Translation
vector non primitive Ni nz.az doesntbelongsto
Integer
notify ftp.osses rotational
2h
symmetry of n foldConultiplicity for
of rotation
for any possible values of a the Axis of
Rotation
Structure Crystal Lattice will be
Invariant
e go C B
A
D
A B D
stonestructure
Eye
no 2a 0
2,1
possible values of a 1,2 3 4 6 Only
where B p ma c
integer
B C B
the lattice
c are point from ji.in
I p
crystal
follow Translation
B'c MBC on a and B't c
B'c B'P P Qc 2B'P a ma
B'P a
coso
EFI COSO
rangesbetween
COSO
II atos
Here
1,0 1 213
n on coso 0 n
s s a 2
0 112 2913 3
1 0 9 2 4
2 112 913 6
3 I 2a 1
SO 1,2 3,4 6 fold rotation be possible not
Only
5 or 7
Tetffan image with resect t.am is here
Line ofreflection
symmetry
e g
As
i
crystal
we can have number of axises for this symmetry
any
10 allowed combinationspossiblefor
Show that only
rotational as well as
symmetry operation noning
reflectional symmetry
No reflection 5 rotational
no rotational 2 Some structure on both
side
combining 10
Iv
IFENG.name to 30
only
point on which opposite direction
is invariant Denoted by I
lattice
i
Point good
Combination of Rotation Reflection and
Inversion
about a point to a space
Lattice
gives us Bravais
20 10 point group
30 32
EPE
ffm.nu as a symmetryelements of
a
crystal system
Determines the overall symmetry of a
crystal
eg 20 17 spacegrouts
30 230 spacegroup
Miller Indices
Crystal
Y D
Repeatedmultiple Planes
I planes
To
fans
Parallelof
thisplane
Crystal
forefronts
aggregate of set of
mathematical ego
DIEM
Δ
8 tano the If
direction
i x y represents the
no e 9 2 0 ten
12
1
2 a 492 6 3 14 7 50 25 all
test 12
here 0
n dz c
EE.in m
Lets take a b c as lattice Parameter HImn
b
1 Determine the Intercept
on crystallographic axis a
x y z
n a Mab 93C n Intercept
parameters
Lattice
e g n 3 02 5 03 9
Nz 02 03
SEP 2 write them is reciprocal form
3
e
g
Reduce the reciprocals into smallest set ofantges
Step 3
Lem of denominator multiblyit
C g Lem of Demont 45
45 15 9 5
45 45
Now write them as had
no wanna
e
g s 9 5
1 All the parallel equidistent Planes have some
milder indices
will here intite interest
11 Parallel plane to an axis
ratio are some then are
111 If Miller indices
parallel bones
e 9 234 4 68 10 15 20
find the sailler indees Cube
2 Z Z
D 117 D
AH OH
L L L x
i
AES no a as a a q a a 00
0
ta 0
d at
010 111 110
will be the atoms per unit area within
what
Consider 2 radius ofatoms
a cube for the givenplane
L x
AES No ofatoms 3 1
9 0
A
F side
El
112
9 28
Atoms permit
_IT
area
z
between two planes
Angle
between their normals
Angle
Considering hakala and hakala as two
planes
Ña hai k II
422 225 128
8 n tail In coso
so
COSO haha Kika lids
h K d h kit 12142
adf.irtiies
hkd
Considering parallel planes
1
Distefavigit
Δ
d Cosa USB cost
1H y
the normal
Δ α angles made between
and the axis a
i
d
II if
a h a R b He ñ
4492 v45 14 c
1
d 42
4 2 K 1 2
for a cube a b c
d
4 64
11 space between two adjacent plane
da da
FEE Fee
d
FEE
111 space between 1st and nth
1st nth
d and
f fatal I
d
NOTE generallyplanes denoted small bracket G rel
are
by
and directions line as
bigbrabet nke
In a simple orthorhombic Crystal system two
lattice points are connected through the translation
vector T 29 35 4C find the oagsdi.scofTranslation
vector 9 2 A b 3A C 4A
AES I 22 35 45
234
T GÉ3b Ñ 18.79A
distance in a silver crystalis
The nearest neighbour
2 87 A Silver Fee too Determine its density
AE neerst 9 52 2 9
104kg of
Mfg 1.008
Find the miller indices havingintercent 39 Gb cod Ge
Ans 3 4 6 432
Yu
simple cube
a
A A
FI
Be
A
121
B
of
One
A
Ident
Forest 9E AVB
that I McAVd
if V Vd such
Vd A
Front
v 14H
s
RH 1 1
n number ofelectron volume
