Infiniti q50 2017 Electrical Wiring Diagrams
Infiniti q50 2017 Electrical Wiring Diagrams
Infiniti q50 2017 Electrical Wiring Diagrams
Diagrams
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UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOLS
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We all know the reason now for this extremely low standard of
medical education. Proprietary medical schools made it their one
business in life to make just as much out of medical education as
possible and the historic septennate of professors, or sometimes the
Dean, pocketed the fees (I came near saying spoils) every year, and
robbed medical American education of {379} whatever possibilities it
might have for the real training of young men in the science and art
and practice of medicine. Perhaps the most interesting feature of
this maintenance of extremely low standards in medical education,
however, is the fact that in spite of it, men, or at least some of them,
succeeded in obtaining a good foundation in medicine and then by
personal work afterwards came to be excellent practitioners of
medicine. Professor Welch said not long since: "One can decry the
system of those days, the inadequate preliminary requirements, the
short courses, the dominance of the didactic lecture, the meagre
appliances for demonstrative and practical instruction, but the results
were better than the system. Our teachers were men of fine
character devoted to their duties; they inspired us with enthusiasm,
interest in our studies and hard work, and they imparted to us sound
traditions of our profession."
Is it any wonder, then, that those of us who have the best interests
of American medicine at heart are watching with careful solicitude
the movement that is now reforming medical education in this
country? The one hope of medical education is, and always has
been, organic connection with a university. Real University Medical
Schools, that is medical schools as the genuine Post-Graduate
Departments of Universities with the fine training that they give,
have opened our eyes to what is needed in medical education in this
country. Some of the old-time medical schools here in the United
States had been connected by name with universities but this was
more apparent than real, and the medical faculty ruled absolutely in
its own department and throttled medical education and divided the
income of the college among themselves, devoting as little as
possible to equipment, to laboratories, to all that was needed for
medical education.
The first university medical school that well deserves that name is
the one that came into existence in connection with the University of
Alexandria. I have been at some pains, because it is so delightfully
amusing, to point out how closely the University of Alexandria
resembles our modern universities in most particulars. It was
founded by a great conqueror, who had gone forth to conquer the
world, and having attained almost universal dominion sighed for
more worlds to conquer. Then he set about the foundation of {382}
a great city that was to be the capital of his empire, and endowed a
great institution of learning in that capital that was to attract
students from all over the world. When he died prematurely the
Ptolemys, who inherited the African portion of his vast dominions,
carried out his wishes. Money was no object at Alexandria: they put
up magnificent buildings, founded a great library, bought a lot of
first editions of books in the shape of author's original manuscripts,
stole the archives at Athens, used Alexander's collection (made for
Aristotle) as the foundation of what we would call a museum, paid
professors better salaries than they received at that time anywhere
else and housed them in palaces. What a strangely familiar sound all
this has! Then Alexandria proceeded to do scientific work.
It is no wonder that students from all over the world were attracted
to Alexandria for the next three centuries because of the
opportunities, for the study of medicine afforded them there. After
the first century of its existence not as much was accomplished as at
the beginning, because what always happens in the history of
medicine after a period of successful investigation, happened also
there. Men concluded that nearly everything that could be, had been
discovered and began to theorize. They were sure that their theories
explained things. Men have persisted in spinning theories in
medicine. Theories have almost never helped us and they always
have wasted our time. Observation! Observation is the one thing
that counts, Alexandria continued to have her reputation, however,
and in the first century of the Christian era was the centre of medical
interest. It was probably here that St. Luke was educated, and as we
know now from the careful examination of the {391} Third Gospel
and of the Acts, he knew his Greek medical terms very well. Harnack
has shown us recently once more how thoroughly Luke converted
the ordinary popular terms of the other Evangelists into the Greek
medical terms of his time. Luke must have known medicine very
well. His testimony to the miracles of Christ is therefore all the more
valuable, and so the Alexandrian medical school has its special place
in the order of Providence.
We are prone to think because of the curious way in which not only
the histories of medical education, but of all education, have been
written, that while there were some medical schools in the interval
from the days of Alexandria and Rome down to the modern time,
these were so hampered by unfortunate conditions that men
practically did nothing in education and, above all, scientific and
medical education until comparatively recent times. Nothing could
well be more absurd than such an opinion. The great universities
founded during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries attracted
more students to the population of the countries of the time than go
to our universities to the number of our population in the present
time. These universities are the model of our universities of the
present time and, indeed, the history of many of the old European
universities is continuous for seven centuries. They had an
undergraduate department in which students were trained in
grammar, rhetoric, logic, {392} arithmetic, astronomy, music and
gymnastics, and graduate departments of law, theology and
medicine. Professor Huxley, reviewing mediaeval education, once
said that the undergraduate education of the mediaeval universities
was better than our own. He doubted "that the curriculum of any
modern university shows so clear and generous a comprehension of
what is meant by culture as this old trivium and quadrivium did."
Guy was the professor of surgery down at Montpellier, and also the
physician to the Popes, who for the time were at Avignon. His text-
book of surgery is full of expressions that reveal the man and the
teacher. He said the surgeon who cuts the human body without a
knowledge of anatomy is like a blind carpenter carving wood. He
insisted that men should make observations for themselves and not
blindly follow others. He discussed operations on the head, the
thorax and the abdomen. He said that wounds of the intestines
would surely be fatal unless sewed up, and he described the
technique of suture for them. His specialty was operation for hernia.
There are pictures still extant of operations for hernia done about
this time in an exaggerated Trendelenberg position. The patient is
fastened to a board by the legs, head down, the board at an angle
of {395} forty-five degrees against the wall. The intestines dropped
back from the site of operation and allowed the surgeon to proceed
without danger. Guy said that more patients were operated on for
the sake of the doctor's pocket in hernia cases than for their own
benefit. His instructions to his students, his high standard of
professional advice, all show us one of the great physicians of all
time and historians of medicine are unanimous in their praise of him.
Above all, what ridiculous nonsense has been talked about Papal
opposition to science. The great universities of Italy in the thirteenth
and fourteenth centuries had charters from the Popes. They were
immediately under ecclesiastical influence, yet they did fine work in
anatomy and surgery. The Father of Modern Surgery was a Papal
physician. The Papal physicians for seven centuries have been the
greatest contributors to medicine. The Popes deliberately selected as
their physicians the greatest investigators of the time. Besides Guy
de Chauliac such men as Eustachius, Varolius, Columbus,
Caesalpinus, Lancisi, Malpighi were Papal physicians. We have even
a more striking testimony to the Papal patronage and
encouragement of medicine and to the Church's fostering care of
medical education, here in America. The first university medical
school in America was not, as has so often been said, the medical
school of the University of Pennsylvania founded in 1767, but the
medical school of the University of Mexico, where medical lectures
were first delivered in 1578. Our medical schools in this country have
only become genuine university medical schools in the sense {397}
of being organic portions of the university in the last twenty-five
years. Before that their courses were brief and unworthy and no
preliminary education was required.
Remember that you are doing only half your duty if you but make
your living or even make money. You are bound besides to make
medicine. For all that the forefathers have done for us we in this
generation must make return by a broadening of their medical views
for the benefit of posterity. If you were graduates of some fourth-
rate proprietary medical school, perhaps it would be sufficient if you
succeeded in making your living out of your profession. Perhaps
even your teachers would then be quite satisfied with you. No such
meagre accomplishment can possibly satisfy those who are sending
you out to-day. Above all, you must remember that your education is
not for yourself, but for the benefit of others as well. If, somehow,
its influence becomes narrowed so as only to affect yourself and
your intimate friends then it is essentially a failure. You must not
only live your lives for yourselves, but so that at the end of them the
community shall have been benefited and medicine {399} and its
beneficent mission to mankind shall be broader and more significant
because you have lived. With this message, then, I welcome you as
brother physicians and bid you God-speed in your professional work.
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