R-20 Syllabus for CSE, JNTUK w. e. f.

2020 – 21

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA

KAKINADA – 533 003, Andhra Pradesh, India

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

L T P C
II Year – II Semester
3 0 0 3
JAVA PROGRAMMING

Course Objectives:
The learning objectives of this course are:

 To identify Java language components and how they work together in applications
 To learn the fundamentals of object-oriented programming in Java, including defining
classes, invoking methods, using class libraries.
 To learn how to extend Java classes with inheritance and dynamic binding and how to
use exception handling in Java applications
 To understand how to design applications with threads in Java
 To understand how to use Java APIs for program development
Course Outcomes:

By the end of the course, the student will be

 Able to realize the concept of Object Oriented Programming & Java Programming
Constructs
 Able to describe the basic concepts of Java such as operators, classes, objects,
inheritance, packages, Enumeration and various keywords
 Apply the concept of exception handling and Input/ Output operations
 Able to design the applications of Java & Java applet
 Able to Analyze & Design the concept of Event Handling and Abstract Window
Toolkit

UNIT I
Program Structure in Java: Introduction, Writing Simple Java Programs, Elements or Tokens
in Java Programs, Java Statements, Command Line Arguments, User Input to Programs,
Escape Sequences Comments, Programming Style.

Data Types, Variables, and Operators: Introduction, Data Types in Java, Declaration of
Variables, Data Types, Type Casting, Scope of Variable Identifier, Literal Constants,
Symbolic Constants, Formatted Output with printf() Method, Static Variables and Methods,
Attribute Final, Introduction to Operators, Precedence and Associativity of Operators,
Assignment Operator ( = ), Basic Arithmetic Operators, Increment (++) and Decrement (- -)
Operators, Ternary Operator, Relational Operators, Boolean Logical Operators, Bitwise
Logical Operators.
 R-20 Syllabus for CSE, JNTUK w. e. f. 2020 – 21

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA

KAKINADA – 533 003, Andhra Pradesh, India

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Control Statements: Introduction, if Expression, Nested if Expressions, if–else Expressions,
Ternary Operator?:, Switch Statement, Iteration Statements, while Expression, do–while
Loop, for Loop, Nested for Loop, For–Each for Loop, Break Statement, Continue Statement.

UNIT II
Classes and Objects: Introduction, Class Declaration and Modifiers, Class Members,
Declaration of Class Objects, Assigning One Object to Another, Access Control for Class
Members, Accessing Private Members of Class, Constructor Methods for Class, Overloaded
Constructor Methods, Nested Classes, Final Class and Methods, Passing Arguments by Value
and by Reference, Keyword this.

Methods: Introduction, Defining Methods, Overloaded Methods, Overloaded Constructor

Methods, Class Objects as Parameters in Methods, Access Control, Recursive Methods,
Nesting of Methods, Overriding Methods, Attributes Final and Static.

UNIT III
Arrays: Introduction, Declaration and Initialization of Arrays, Storage of Array in Computer
Memory, Accessing Elements of Arrays, Operations on Array Elements, Assigning Array to
Another Array, Dynamic Change of Array Size, Sorting of Arrays, Search for Values in
Arrays, Class Arrays, Two-dimensional Arrays, Arrays of Varying Lengths, Three-
dimensional Arrays, Arrays as Vectors.

Inheritance: Introduction, Process of Inheritance, Types of Inheritances, Universal Super

Class-Object Class, Inhibiting Inheritance of Class Using Final, Access Control and
Inheritance, Multilevel Inheritance, Application of Keyword Super, Constructor Method and
Inheritance, Method Overriding, Dynamic Method Dispatch, Abstract Classes, Interfaces and
Inheritance.

Interfaces: Introduction, Declaration of Interface, Implementation of Interface, Multiple

Interfaces, Nested Interfaces, Inheritance of Interfaces, Default Methods in Interfaces, Static
Methods in Interface, Functional Interfaces, Annotations.

UNIT IV
Packages and Java Library: Introduction, Defining Package, Importing Packages and Classes
into Programs, Path and Class Path, Access Control, Packages in Java SE, Java.lang Package
and its Classes, Class Object, Enumeration, class Math, Wrapper Classes, Auto-boxing and
Auto-unboxing, Java util Classes and Interfaces, Formatter Class, Random Class, Time
Package, Class Instant (java.time.Instant), Formatting for Date/Time in Java, Temporal
Adjusters Class, Temporal Adjusters Class.

Exception Handling: Introduction, Hierarchy of Standard Exception Classes, Keywords

throws and throw, try, catch, and finally Blocks, Multiple Catch Clauses, Class Throwable,
Unchecked Exceptions, Checked Exceptions, try-with-resources, Catching Subclass
Exception, Custom Exceptions, Nested try and catch Blocks, Rethrowing Exception, Throws
Clause.
 R-20 Syllabus for CSE, JNTUK w. e. f. 2020 – 21

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA

KAKINADA – 533 003, Andhra Pradesh, India

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

UNIT V
String Handling in Java: Introduction, Interface Char Sequence, Class String, Methods for
Extracting Characters from Strings, Methods for Comparison of Strings, Methods for
Modifying Strings, Methods for Searching Strings, Data Conversion and Miscellaneous
Methods, Class String Buffer, Class String Builder.

Multithreaded Programming: Introduction, Need for Multiple Threads Multithreaded

Programming for Multi-core Processor, Thread Class, Main Thread- Creation of New
Threads, Thread States, Thread Priority-Synchronization, Deadlock and Race Situations,
Inter-thread Communication - Suspending, Resuming, and Stopping of Threads.

Java Database Connectivity: Introduction, JDBC Architecture, Installing MySQL and

MySQL Connector/J, JDBC Environment Setup, Establishing JDBC Database Connections,
ResultSet Interface, Creating JDBC Application, JDBC Batch Processing, JDBC Transaction
Management

Text Books:

1) JAVA one step ahead, Anitha Seth, B.L.Juneja, Oxford.

2) The complete Reference Java, 8th edition, Herbert Schildt, TMH.
References Books:

1) Introduction to java programming, 7th edition by Y Daniel Liang, Pearson

2) Murach's Java Programming, Joel Murach
e-Resources:
1) https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/105/106105191/
2) https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_data_types.asp
 R-20 Syllabus for CSE, JNTUK w. e. f. 2020 – 21

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA

KAKINADA – 533 003, Andhra Pradesh, India

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

UNIT-1
Program Structure in Java: Introduction, Writing Simple Java Programs, Elements or Tokens
in Java Programs, Java Statements, Command Line Arguments, User Input to Programs,
Escape Sequences Comments, Programming Style.
Data Types, Variables, and Operators :Introduction, Data Types in Java, Declaration of
Variables, Data Types, Type Casting, Scope of Variable Identifier, Literal Constants, Symbolic
Constants, Formatted Output with printf() Method, Static Variables and Methods, Attribute
Final, Introduction to Operators, Precedence and Associativity of Operators, Assignment
Operator ( = ), Basic Arithmetic Operators, Increment (++) and Decrement (- -) Operators,
Ternary Operator, Relational Operators, Boolean Logical Operators, Bitwise Logical
Operators.
Control Statements: Introduction, if Expression, Nested if Expressions, if–else Expressions,
Ternary Operator?:, Switch Statement, Iteration Statements, while Expression, do–while
Loop, for Loop, Nested for Loop, for–Each for Loop, Break Statement, Continue Statement.

INTRODUCTION TO JAVA:

Java is a popular object-oriented programming language, developed by sun micro

systems of USA in 1991(which has since been acquired by oracle). originally it was called as oak.
the developers of java are james gosling and his team (patrick naughton, chris warth, ed frank, and
mike sheridan). this language was renamed as “java” in 1995. java was publicly announced in 1995.
and now more than 3 billion devices run java.

Features of Java:
 Platform Independence: Java works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux,
Raspberry Pi, etc.) and Programs developed in JAVA are executed anywhere on any
system.
 Simple: They made java simple by eliminating difficult concepts of C and C++.
example the concept of pointers and Java is simple because it has the same syntax of C
and C++
 Object Oriented: Object oriented throughout - no coding outside of class definitions,
including main ().

Compiler/Interpreter Combo: Usually a computer language is either compiled or interpreted.

Java combines both these approaches thus making java a two-stage system.First, java compiler
translates source code into bytecode. Bytecodes are not machine instructions and therefore, in the
second stage, java interpreter generates machine code that can be directly executed by the machine
that is running the java program so we can say that java is both compiled and interpreted language.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

 Robust: because of the following concept included in java it is called as robust

1. Exception handling
2. strong type checking
3. local variables must be initialized.
 Automatic Memory Management: Automatic garbage collection - memory
management handled by JVM.
 Security: Security problems like eavesdropping, tampering, impersonation and virus
threats can be eliminated or maintained by using java on internet.
 Dynamic Binding: The linking of data and methods to where they are located, is done
at run-time.
 High Performance: The Java language supports many high-performance features such
as multithreading, just-in-time compiling, and native code usage.
 Threading: A thread represents an individual process to execute a group of statements.
JVM uses several threads to execute different block of code.
 Built-in Networking: Java was designed with networking in mind and comes with
many classes to develop sophisticated Internet communications.
 It is open-source and free
 It is secure, fast and powerful

Java is used for:

 Mobile applications (especially Android apps)
 Desktop applications
 Web applications
 Web servers and application servers
 Games
 Database connection and much, much more!

ELEMENTS OR TOKENS IN JAVA PROGRAM:

A token is the smallest element of a program that is meaningful to the compiler. Tokens can be
classified as follows:
 Keywords
 Identifiers
 Constants
 Special Symbols
 Operators

1. Keyword: Keywords are pre-defined or reserved words in a programming language.

Each keyword is meant to perform a specific function in a program. Since keywords
are referred names for a compiler, they can’t be used as variable names because by
doing so, we are trying to assign a new meaning to the keyword which is not
allowed. Java language supports following keywords:
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

abstract assert boolean

break byte case
catch char class
const continue default
do double else
enum exports extends
final finally float
for goto if
implements import instanceof
int interface long
module native new
open opens package
private protected provides
public requires return
short static strictfp
super switch synchronized
this throw throws
to transient transitive
try uses void
volatile while with

2. Identifiers: Identifiers used for naming classes, methods, variables, objects, labels
and interfaces in a program.
Java identifiers follow the following rules:

1. Identifier must start with a letter, a currency character ($), or a connecting

character such as underscore (_).
2. Identifier cannot start with a number.
3. Uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct.
4. Total, TOTAL and total are different.
5. They can be of any length.
6. It should not be a keyword.
7. Spaces are not allowed.

Examples of legal and illegal identifiers follow, first some legal identifiers:
 int _a;
 int $c;
 int 2_w;
 int _$;
int this_is_a_very_detailed_name_for_an_identifier;
 The following are illegal (Recognize why):
 int :b;
 int -d;
 int e#;
 int .f;
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Conventions for identifier names:

1. Names of all public methods and instance variables start with lowercase, for more
than one word second word’s first character shold be capital.
Ex:- total, display(), totalMarks, netSalary, getData()

2. All classes and interfaces should start with capital letter, for more then one word
the second word’s first character should be capital.
Ex:- Student, HelloJava

3. Constant variables should be in capital letters and for more than one word
underscore is used.
Ex:- MAX, TOTAL_VALUE

4. Package name should be in lowercase only.

Ex:- mypack
Constants: Constants are also like normal variables. But the only difference is, their
values cannot be modified by the program once they are defined. Constants refer to
fixed values. They are also called as literals. Constants may belong to any of the data
type.
Syntax: final data_type variable_name;

3. Special Symbols: The following special symbols are used in Java having
somespecial meaning and thus, cannot be used for some other purpose.
[] () {}, ; * =
 Brackets[]: Opening and closing brackets are used as array element reference.
These indicate single and multidimensional subscripts.
 Parentheses(): These special symbols are used to indicate function calls and
function parameters.
 Braces{}: These opening and ending curly braces marks the start and end of a
block of code containing more than one executable statement.
 comma (, ): It is used to separate more than one statements like for separating
parameters in function calls.
 semi colon : It is an operator that essentially invokes something called an
initialization list.
 asterick (*): It is used to create pointer variable.
 assignment operator: It is used to assign values.

Operators: Java provides many types of operators which can be used according to the need.
They are classified based on the functionality they provide. Some of the types are-
 Arithmetic Operators
 Unary Operators
 Assignment Operator
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Ternary Operator(conditional operator)
 Bitwise Operators and bit-shift operators
 instance of operator
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

WRITING SIMPLE JAVA PROGRAM:

A java program may contain many classes, of which only one class should contains main()
method.

Documentation section:
It consists of comment lines(program name, author, date,…….),
// - for single line comment.
/*--- */ - multiple line comments.
/** -- */ - known as documentation comment, which generated documentation automatically.

Package statement:
This is the first statement in java file. This statement declares a package name and informs
the compiler that the class defined here belong to this package.
Ex: - package student

Import statements:
This is the statement after the package statement. It is similar to # include in c/c++.
Ex: import java. lang. String
The above statement instructs the interpreter to load the String class from the lang package.
Note:
 Import statement should be before the class definitions.
 A java file can contain N number of import statements.

Interface statements:
An interface is like a class but includes a group of method
declarations. Note: Methods in interfaces are not defined just declared.

Class definitions:
Java is a true oop, so classes are primary and essential elements of java program. A
programcan have multiple class definitions.

Main method class:

Every stand-alone program required a main method as its starting point. As it is true oop the
main method is kept in a class definition. Every stand-alone small java program should
contain at least one class with main method definition.

Rules for writing JAVA programs:

1. Every statement ends with a semicolon
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

2. Source file name and class name must be the same.

3. It is a case-sensitive language.
4. Everything must be placed inside a class, this feature makes JAVA a true object oriented
programming language.

Rules for file names:

 A source code file can have only one public class, and the file name must match the
public class name.
 A file can have more than one non-public class.
 Files with no public classes have no naming restrictions.
Simple Java Program:
/* This is a simple Java program.
Program name : Sample.java */ class
Sample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello! Vahida Welcomes U to JAVA Class");
}
}
The name of the source file and name of the class name (which contains main method)
must be the same, because in JAVA all code must reside inside a class.

Class Sample:
The keyword class is used to declare a class and Sample is the JAVA identifier ie name of the
class.

public static void main(String

args[]) public:
The keyword public is an access specifier that declares the main method as unprotected and
therefore making it accessible to all other classes. The opposite of public is private.
Static:
The keyword static allows main() to be called without creating any instance of that class.
This is necessary because main() is called by java interpreter before creating any object.
Void:
The keyword void tells the compiler that main() does not return any value.
main():
main() is the method called when a java application begins.

String args[]:
Any information that you pass to a method is received by variables specified with in the set of
parenthesis that follow the name of the method. These variables are called parameters. Here
args[] is the name of the parameter of string type.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

System.out.println:
It is equal to printf() or cout<<, since java is a true object oriented language, every method
must be part of an object.
The println method is a member of out object, which is a static data member of System class.

Note: println always appends a newline character to the end of the string. So the next println
prints the statements in next line.

Compiling the program:

C:> javac Sample.java
Extension is compulsory at the time of compiling.
javac is a compiler, which creates a file called Sample.class(contains the bytecode).
Note: when java source code is compiled each class is put into a separate
.class file.

Executing the program:

C:> java Sample
java is interpreter which accepts .class file name as a command line argument.
That’s why the name of the source code file and class name should be equal, which avoids the
confusion.
Output:
Hello! Vahida Welcomes U to JAVA Class

Important Note:
If the source code file name is Test.java and the class name is Hello, then to compile the
program we have to give.
C:> Javac Test.java ( which creates a Hello.class file )

To execute the program

C:> Java Hello
The following picture shows the execution of a java program/applet.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Note: JVM is an interpreter for bytecode.

***Java interpreter is different from machine to machine

How it works…!
Compile-time Environment Run-time Environment

Class
Loader Java
Class
Bytecode Libraries
Java Verifier
Source
(.java)

Just in
Java Java
Time
Bytecodes Interpreter Java
Compiler
move locally Virtual
or through machine
Java network
Compiler
Runtime System

Java Operating System

Bytecode
(.class )
Hardware

JAVA STATEMENTS:
 A statement specifies an action in a Java program.
 Java statements can be broadly classified into three categories:

 Declaration statement
 Expression statement
 Control flow statement

Java Declaration Statement: A declaration statement is used to declare a variable.

For example,
int num;
int num2 = 100;
String str;
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Java Expression Statement: An expression with a semicolon at the end is called an

expression statement. For example,
/Increment and decrement expressions
num++;
++num;
num--;
--num;
//Assignment expressions
num = 100;
num *= 10;
//Method invocation expressions
System.out.println("This is a statement");
someMethod(param1, param2);

Java Flow Control Statement

By default, all statements in a Java program are executed in the order they appear in the
program. Sometimes you may want to execute a set of statements repeatedly for a number of
times or as long as a particular condition is true.

All of these are possible in Java using flow control statements. The if statement, while
loop statement and for loop statement are examples of control flow statements.

COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS:

Command line arguments are parameters that are passed to the application program at
the time of execution. The parameters are received by args array of string type.
The first argument is stored at args[0]
The second argument is stored at args[1] and so on…..

Example 1:

class Commarg
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i=0,l;
l=args.length;
System.out.println("Number of arguments are:"+l);
while(i<l)
{
System.out.println(args[i]);
i++;
}
}
}

Ex:
C:..\> java Commarg hello how are u
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

output:
number of arguments are : 4
hello
how
are
u

Note: From the above output it is clear that hello is stored at args[0]
Position and so on…..

Example-2:
Program to add two no’s using command line arguments.
class CmdAdd2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
// if two arguments are not entered then come out
if(args.length!=2)
{
System.out.println("Please enter two values. .. ");
return;
}
int a=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
int b=Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
int c=a+b;
System.out.println("The Result is:"+c);
}
}
To run the program:
> java CmdAdd2 10 20

USER INPUT TO THE PROGRAM:

The Scanner class is used to get user input, and it is found in the java.util package.
To use the Scanner class, create an object of the class and use any of the available
methods found in the Scanner class.
For Example, we will use the nextLine() method to read String.

Input Types and their respective methods:

Method Description

nextBoolean() Reads a boolean value from the user

nextByte() Reads a byte value from the user

nextDouble() Reads a double value from the user

nextFloat() Reads a float value from the user

JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

nextInt() Reads a int value from the user

nextLine() Reads a String value from the user

nextLong() Reads a long value from the user

nextShort() Reads a short value from the user

Example:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter name, age and salary:");
// String input
String name = s.nextLine();
// Numerical input
int age = s.nextInt();
double salary = s.nextDouble();
// Output input by user
System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
System.out.println("Salary: " + salary);
}
}

JAVA COMMENTS:

Comments can be used to explain Java code, and to make it more readable. It can also
be used to prevent execution when testing alternative code.
Single-line comments start with two forward slashes (//).
Any text between // and the end of the line is ignored by Java (will not be executed).
This example uses a single-line comment before a line of code:

Example :
// This is a comment
System.out.println("Hello World");

Java Multi-line Comments :

o Multi-line comments start with /* and ends with */.
o Any text between /* and */ will be ignored by Java.
o This example uses a multi-line comment (a comment block) to explain the
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

code:
/* The code below will print the words Hello World
to the screen, and it is amazing */
System.out.println("Hello World");

ESCAPE SEQUENCE CHARACTERS:

A character preceded by a backslash (\) is an escape sequence and has a special meaning to the
compiler.
The following table shows the Java escape sequences.

Escape Sequence Description

\t Inserts a tab in the text at this point.

\b Inserts a backspace in the text at this point.

\n Inserts a newline in the text at this point.

\r Inserts a carriage return in the text at this point.

\f Inserts a form feed in the text at this point.

\' Inserts a single quote character in the text at this point.

\" Inserts a double quote character in the text at this point.

\\ Inserts a backslash character in the text at this point.

JAVA VARIABLES:

Variables are containers for storing data values.

The Java programming language is strongly-typed, means all variables must be
declared before they can be used.

Declaring (Creating) Variables: To create a variable, you must specify the type and assign
it avalue
Syntax: type variable = value;
Where type is one of Java's types (such as int or String), and variable is the name of
the variable (such as any identifier). The equal sign is used to assign values to the variable.
In Java, there are different types of variables, for example:

String - stores text, such as "Hello". String values are surrounded by double quotes
int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

float - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99
char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by single
quotes
boolean - stores values with two states: true or false

Example:
int num = 5;
float num1 = 5.99f;
char ch = 'D';
boolean status = true;
String name = "sai";

Display Variables: The println() method is often used to display variables. To

combine both text and a variable , use the + character:
Example
int num = 5;
float num1 = 5.99f;
char ch = 'D';
boolean status = true;
String name = "sai";
System.out.println("Value inside integer type variable " + num);
System.out.println("Value inside float type variable " + num1);
System.out.println("Value inside character type variable " + ch);
System.out.println("Value inside boolean type variable " + status);
System.out.println("Value inside string type variable " + name);

Declare Many Variables: To declare more than one variable of the same type, use a comma-
separated list:
int x = 5, y = 6, z = 50;
System.out.println(x + y + z);

DATA TYPES IN JAVA: Datatype specifies the size and types of values that a
variable hold. Java is rich in it’s data types.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Primitive Data Types: A primitive data type specifies the size and type of variable
values, and it has no additional methods.

There are eight primitive data types in Java:

Note 1: Note that you should end the value with an "f"
Note 2: Note that you should end the value with a "d"

Data Size Description

Type
Byte 1 byte Stores whole numbers from -128 to 127
Short 2 bytes Stores whole numbers from -32,768 to 32,767
Int 4 bytes Stores whole numbers from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
Long 8 bytes Stores whole numbers from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
Float 4 bytes Stores fractional numbers. Sufficient for storing 6 to 7
decimal digits
double 8 bytes Stores fractional numbers. Sufficient for storing 15
decimal digits
boolean 1 bit Stores true or false values

Char 2 bytes Stores a single character/letter or ASCII values

JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Example:
int num = 5;
float num1 = 5.99f;
double num3=5.7896d;
char ch = 'D';
boolean status = true;
String name = "sai";
System.out.println("Value inside integer type variable " + num);
System.out.println("Value inside float type variable " + num1);
System.out.println("Value inside double type variable " + num1);
System.out.println("Value inside character type variable " + ch);
System.out.println("Value inside boolean type variable " + status);
System.out.println("Value inside string type variable " + name);

Non-Primitive Data Types:

Non-primitive data types are called reference types because they refer to objects.
The main difference between primitive and non-primitive data types are:
1. Primitive types are predefined (already defined) in Java. Non-primitive
types are created by the programmer and is not defined by Java (except
for String).
2. Non-primitive types can be used to call methods to perform certain
operations, while primitive types cannot.
3. A primitive type has always a value, while non-primitive types can be null.
4. A primitive type starts with a lowercase letter, while non-primitive types
starts with an uppercase letter.
5. The size of a primitive type depends on the data type, while non-primitive
types have all the same size.
6. Examples of non-primitive types are Strings, Arrays, Classes, Interface,
etc.
String: The String data type is used to store a sequence of characters (text). String values
must be surrounded by double quotes:
Example:
String greet = "Hello World";
System.out.println(greet);
Note: A String in Java is actually a non-primitive data type, because it refers to an
object. The String object has methods that are used to perform certain operations on
strings.

Type casting: Converting one datatype into another type is called “Type casting”.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Data types:
There are two types of data types.
primitive data types or Fundamental data types.
o These data types will represent single entity (or value).
o Ex : int, char, byte,…….
Referenced Data types or Advanced Data types.
o These Data types represent several values.
o Ex: arrays, classes, enums,…

Note: We can convert a primitive type to another primitive type and a Referenced type to
another Referenced type, but to convert Primitive type to Referenced type and Referenced
type to Primitive type Wrapper classes are used.

Casting primitive Data types:

It is done in two ways
o Widening
o Narrowing
o The primitives are classified into two types lower types and higher type
Note: boolean is not included because it cannot be converted into any type.

Widening primitive data types: Converting lower data type into higher data type is called
widening.
byte, short, char, int, long, float
double Lower higher
Ex 1:
char ch=’A’;
int no=ch;
Ex 2:
int x=5000;
float sal=x;
widening is also known as implicit casting.
Narrowing implicit Data types:
Converting higher data type into lower data type is called narrowing.

Ex 1:
int n=65;
char ch=(char)n;
... here ch will contain A

Ex 2:
double d=12.890;
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

int x=(int)d;
.. here x will contain 12

narrowing is unsafe because there will be loss of data or precision or accuracy. So narrowing
is not done by compiler automatically. The programmer has to use cast operator explicitly.
Narrowing is also called Explicit casting.

Static methods:
A static method is a method that does not act upon instance variables of a class.
A static method is declared by using the keyword static.
Static methods are called using classname.methodName()
The reason why static methods cannot act on instance variables is that JVM first loads
static elements of the .class file one specific memory location inside the RAM and
then searches for the main method, and then only it creates the objects.
Since objects are not available at the time calling static methods, the instance
variables are also not available at the time of calling the static methods.
Static methods are also called as class methods.
They cannot refer to this or super keywords (super used in inheritance)

Example:
class Smethod
{
static void disp()
{
System.out.println("Hi... ");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
disp();
disp();
disp();
}
}
Static variable:
The variables that are created comman to all the objects are called static
variables/class variables.
The static variables belong to the class as a whole rather than the objects.
It is mainly used when we need to count no of objects created for the class

Example: Count
class emp
{
int eno;
String name;
static int count; No- 101 No- 102

Name-tanu Name-man
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

emp(int no,String str)

{
eno=no;
name=str;
count++;
}
}
class EmpCount
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
emp e1=new emp(101,"tan");
emp e2=new emp(102,"manu");
System.out.println("No of objects are:"+e1.count);
}
}

Formatted Output with printf() Method(Displaying output with System.out.printf()):

To format and display the output, printf() method is available in PrintStream class.
This method works similar to printf() function in C.
Note: printf() is also available from J2SE 5.0 or later.
The following format characters can be used in printf():
 %s – String
 %c – char
 %d – decimal integer
 %f – float number
 %o – octal number
 %b, %B – Boolean value
 %x, %X – hexadecimal value
 %e, %E – number scientific notation
 %n – new line character

Example :
class PrintfDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String s="sai";
int n=65;
float f=15.45f;
System.out.printf(" String =%s %n number=%d %n HexaDecimal=%x %n
Float=%f",s,n,n,f);
}
}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Attribute Final:
Final variables: It is just like const in c/c++, which restricts the user to modify. The value
offinal variable is finalized at the time of declaration it self.
Ex:
final double PI=3.14
example:
class Final
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
final int a=10;
System.out.println("before modification:"+a);
a=a+10; //Error: cannot assign a value to final variable a a=a+10;
System.out.println("after modification:"+a);
}
}

For-each loop:
The enhanced for loop, new to java 5, is a specialized for loop that simplifies looping
through an array or a collection.
Syntax:
for(declaration: expression)
{
---
---
}
Declaration: Its Data type should be same as the current array element.
Expression: It should be the array variable
Example:
class Loop
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x[]= {10,20,30,40,50};
float y[]={1.5f,2.5f,3.5f,4.5f,5.5f};
String names[]={"vahida","madhuri","lalitha","anil","manik"};
for(int i:x)
{
System.out.println(i);
}
for(float j:y)
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

{
System.out.println(j);
}
for(String s:names)
{
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}

Java Control Statements | Control Flow in Java

Java compiler executes the code from top to bottom. The statements in the code are executed according
to the order in which they appear. However, Java provides statements that can be used to control the
flow of Java code. Such statements are called control flow statements. It is one of the fundamental
features of Java, which provides a smooth flow of program.

Java provides three types of control flow statements:

1. Decision Making statements
o if statements
o switch statement
2. Loop statements
o do while loop
o while loop
o for loop
o for-each loop
3. Jump statements
o break statement
o continue statement

Decision-Making statements:
As the name suggests, decision-making statements decide which statement to execute and when.
Decision-making statements evaluate the Boolean expression and control the program flow depending
upon the result of the condition provided. There are two types of decision-making statements in Java,
i.e., If statement and switch statement.

1) If Statement:
In Java, the "if" statement is used to evaluate a condition. The control of the program is diverted
depending upon the specific condition. The condition of the If statement gives a Boolean value, either
true or false. In Java, there are four types of if-statements given below.

1. Simple if statement
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

2. if-else statement
3. if-else-if ladder
4. Nested if-statement

Let's understand the if-statements one by one.

1) Simple if statement:

It is the most basic statement among all control flow statements in Java. It evaluates a Boolean
expression and enables the program to enter a block of code if the expression evaluates to true.

Syntax of if statement is given below.

if(condition)
{
statement 1; //executes when condition is true
}

Consider the following example in which we have used the if statement in the java code.

Student.java
public class Student {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 10;
int y = 12;
if(x+y > 20) {
System.out.println("x + y is greater than 20");
}
}
}

Output:

x + y is greater than 20
2) if-else statement

The if-else statement is an extension to the if-statement, which uses another block of code, i.e., else
block. The else block is executed if the condition of the if-block is evaluated as false.

Syntax:

if(condition) {
statement 1; //executes when condition is true
}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

else{
statement 2; //executes when condition is false
}

Consider the following example.

Student.java

1. public class Student {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int x = 10;
4. int y = 12;
5. if(x+y < 10) {
6. System.out.println("x + y is less than 10");
7. } else {
8. System.out.println("x + y is greater than 20");
9. }
10. } }

Output:

x + y is greater than 20
3) if-else-if ladder:

The if-else-if statement contains the if-statement followed by multiple else-if statements. In other
words, we can say that it is the chain of if-else statements that create a decision tree where the program
may enter in the block of code where the condition is true. We can also define an else statement at the
end of the chain.

Syntax of if-else-if statement is given below.

1. if(condition 1) {
2. statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
3. }
4. else if(condition 2) {
5. statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true
6. }
7. else {
8. statement 2; //executes when all the conditions are false
9. }
Consider the following example.

Student.java
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

1. public class Student {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. String city = "Delhi";
4. if(city == "Meerut") {
5. System.out.println("city is meerut");
6. }else if (city == "Noida") {
7. System.out.println("city is noida");
8. }else if(city == "Agra") {
9. System.out.println("city is agra");
10. }else {
11. System.out.println(city);
12. }
13. }
14. }

Output:

Delhi
4. Nested if-statement

In nested if-statements, the if statement can contain a if or if-else statement inside another if or else-if
statement.

Syntax of Nested if-statement is given below.

1. if(condition 1) {
2. statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
3. if(condition 2) {
4. statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true
5. }
6. else{
7. statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is false
8. }
9. }

Consider the following example.

Student.java

public class Student {

1. public static void main(String[] args) {
2. String address = "Delhi, India";
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

3. if(address.endsWith("India")) {
4. if(address.contains("Meerut")) {
5. System.out.println("Your city is Meerut");
6. }else if(address.contains("Noida")) {
7. System.out.println("Your city is Noida");
8. }else {
9. System.out.println(address.split(",")[0]);
10. }
11. }else {
12. System.out.println("You are not living in India");
13. }
14. }
15. }

Output:

Delhi
Switch Statement:
In Java, Switch statements are similar to if-else-if statements. The switch statement contains multiple
blocks of code called cases and a single case is executed based on the variable which is being
switched. The switch statement is easier to use instead of if-else-if statements. It also enhances the
readability of the program.

Points to be noted about switch statement:

o The case variables can be int, short, byte, char, or enumeration. String type is also supported since
version 7 of Java
o Cases cannot be duplicate
o Default statement is executed when any of the case doesn't match the value of expression. It is optional.
o Break statement terminates the switch block when the condition is satisfied.
It is optional, if not used, next case is executed.
o While using switch statements, we must notice that the case expression will be of the same type as the
variable. However, it will also be a constant value.

The syntax to use the switch statement is given below.

1. switch (expression){
2. case value1:
3. statement1;
4. break;
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

5. .
6. .
7. .
8. case valueN:
9. statementN;
10. break;
11. default:
12. default statement;
13. }

Consider the following example to understand the flow of the switch statement.

Student.java

1. public class Student implements Cloneable {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int num = 2;
4. switch (num){
5. case 0:
6. System.out.println("number is 0");
7. break;
8. case 1:
9. System.out.println("number is 1");
10. break;
11. default:
12. System.out.println(num);
13. }
14. }
15. }

Output:

While using switch statements, we must notice that the case expression will be of the same type as the
variable. However, it will also be a constant value. The switch permits only int, string, and Enum type
variables to be used.

Loop Statements
In programming, sometimes we need to execute the block of code repeatedly while some condition
evaluates to true. However, loop statements are used to execute the set of instructions in a repeated
order. The execution of the set of instructions depends upon a particular condition.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

In Java, we have three types of loops that execute similarly. However, there are differences in their
syntax and condition checking time.

1. for loop
2. while loop
3. do-while loop

Let's understand the loop statements one by one.

Java for loop

In Java, for loop is similar to C and C++. It enables us to initialize the loop variable, check the
condition, and increment/decrement in a single line of code. We use the for loop only when we exactly
know the number of times, we want to execute the block of code.

1. for(initialization, condition, increment/decrement) {

2. //block of statements
3. }

The flow chart for the for-loop is given below.

Consider the following example to understand the proper functioning of the for loop in java.

Calculation.java

1. public class Calculattion {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int sum = 0;
4. for(int j = 1; j<=10; j++) {
5. sum = sum + j;
6. }
7. System.out.println("The sum of first 10 natural numbers is " + sum);
8. }
9. }
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Output:

The sum of first 10 natural numbers is 55

Java for-each loop
Java provides an enhanced for loop to traverse the data structures like array or collection. In the for-
each loop, we don't need to update the loop variable. The syntax to use the for-each loop in java is
given below.

1. for(data_type var : array_name/collection_name){

2. //statements
3. }

Consider the following example to understand the functioning of the for-each loop in Java.

Calculation.java

1. public class Calculation {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. String[] names = {"Java","C","C++","Python","JavaScript"};
4. System.out.println("Printing the content of the array names:\n");
5. for(String name:names) {
6. System.out.println(name);
7. }
8. }
9. }

Output:

Printing the content of the array names:

Java
C
C++
Python
JavaScript
Java while loop
The while loop is also used to iterate over the number of statements multiple times. However, if we
don't know the number of iterations in advance, it is recommended to use a while loop. Unlike for
loop, the initialization and increment/decrement doesn't take place inside the loop statement in while
loop.

It is also known as the entry-controlled loop since the condition is checked at the start of the loop. If
the condition is true, then the loop body will be executed; otherwise, the statements after the loop will
be executed.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

The syntax of the while loop is given below.

1. while(condition) {
2. //looping statements
3. }

The flow chart for the while loop is given in the following image.

Consider the following example.

Calculation .java

1. public class Calculation {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int i = 0;
4. System.out.println("Printing the list of first 10 even numbers \n");
5. while(i<=10) {
6. System.out.println(i);
7. i = i + 2;
8. }
9. }
10. }

Output:

Printing the list of first 10 even numbers

0
2
4
6
8
10
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Java do-while loop

The do-while loop checks the condition at the end of the loop after executing the loop statements.
When the number of iteration is not known and we have to execute the loop at least once, we can use
do-while loop.

It is also known as the exit-controlled loop since the condition is not checked in advance. The syntax
of the do-while loop is given below.

1. do
2. {
3. //statements
4. } while (condition);

The flow chart of the do-while loop is given in the following image.

Consider the following example to understand the functioning of the do-while loop in Java.

Calculation.java

1. public class Calculation {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int i = 0;
4. System.out.println("Printing the list of first 10 even numbers \n");
5. do {
6. System.out.println(i);
7. i = i + 2;
8. }while(i<=10);
9. }
10. }
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Output:

Printing the list of first 10 even numbers

0
2
4
6
8
10
Jump Statements
Jump statements are used to transfer the control of the program to the specific statements. In other
words, jump statements transfer the execution control to the other part of the program. There are two
types of jump statements in Java, i.e., break and continue.

Java break statement

As the name suggests, the break statement is used to break the current flow of the program and
transfer the control to the next statement outside a loop or switch statement. However, it breaks only
the inner loop in the case of the nested loop.

The break statement cannot be used independently in the Java program, i.e., it can only be written
inside the loop or switch statement.

The break statement example with for loop

Consider the following example in which we have used the break statement with the for loop.

BreakExample.java

1. public class BreakExample {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. // TODO Auto-generated method stub
4. for(int i = 0; i<= 10; i++) {
5. System.out.println(i);
6. if(i==6) {
7. break;
8. }
9. }
10. }
11. }

Output:

0
1
2
3
4
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

5
6

break statement example with labeled for loop

Calculation.java

1. public class Calculation {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. a : for(int i = 0; i<= 10; i++) {
4. b:
5. for(int j = 0; j<=15;j++) {
6. c:
7. for (int k = 0; k<=20; k++) {
8. System.out.println(k);
9. if(k==5) {
10. break a;
11. }
12. }
13. }
14. }
15. }
16. }

Output:

0
1
2
3
4
5
Java continue statement
Unlike break statement, the continue statement doesn't break the loop, whereas, it
skips the specific part of the loop and jumps to the next iteration of the loop immediately.
Consider the following example to understand the functioning of the continue statement in Java.
1. public class ContinueExample {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. // TODO Auto-generated method stub
4. for(int i = 0; i<= 2; i++) {
5. for (int j = i; j<=5; j++) {
6. if(j == 4) {
7. continue;
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

8. }
9. System.out.println(j);
10. }
11. }
12. }
13. }
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Output:
0
1
2
3
5
1
2
3
5
2
3
5
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

UNIT II

Classes and Objects: Introduction, Class Declaration and Modifiers, Class Members,
Declaration of Class Objects, Assigning One Object to Another, Access Control for Class
Members, Accessing Private Members of Class, Constructor Methods for Class, Overloaded
Constructor Methods, Nested Classes, Final Class and Methods, Passing Arguments by Value
and by Reference, Keyword this.

Methods: Introduction, Defining Methods, Overloaded Methods, Overloaded Constructor

Methods, Class Objects as Parameters in Methods, Access Control, Recursive Methods,
Nesting of Methods, Overriding Methods, Attributes Final and Static.

Class:
 A class is the blueprint from which individual objects are created.
 This means the properties and actions of the objects are written in the class.

Class Declaration Syntax:

class ClassName
{
VariableDeclaration-1;
VariableDeclaration-2;
VariableDeclaration-3;

VariableDeclaration-n;

returnType methodname-1([parameters list])

{
body of the method…
}
returnType methodname-2([parameters list])
{
body of the method…
}

returnType methodname-3([parameters list])

{
body of the method…
}
}// end of class

Object:
 Object is an entity of a class.
Object Creation Syntax:
ClassName objectName=new className ();
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Class Members:
All the variable declared and method defined inside a class are called class members.

Instance variables:
The variables defined within a class are called instance Variables (datamembers).
Methods:
The block in which code is written is called method (member functions).

The Java programming language defines the following kinds of variables:

There are 4 types of java variables
 instance variables
 class variables
 local variables
 Parameters

Instance variables:
Instance variables are declared inside a class. Instance variables are created when the
objects are instantiated (created). They take different values for each object.

Class variables:
Class variables are also declared inside a class. These are global to a class. So these
are accessed by all the objects of the same class. Only one memory location is created for a
class variable.

Local variables:
Variables which are declared and used with in a method are called local variables.

Parameters:
Variables that are declared in the method parenthesis are called parameters.

Class and Object Example:

class Test
{ int a; //default access

void setData(int i)
{
a=i;
}
int dispData()
{
return a;
}
}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

class AccessTest
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Test ob=new Test(); //object creation
ob.setData(100);
System.out.println(" value of a is:-”+ob.dispData());
}
}

Access specifiers (Or) Access Control (Or) access Modifiers or Access

Control for Class Members (Or) Accessing Private Members of Class:
An access specifier determines which feature of a class (class itself, data members,
methods) may be used by another classes.
Java supports four access specifiers:
1. The public access specifier
2. The private access specifier
3. The protected access specifier
4. The Default access specifier

Public:
If the members of a class are declared as public then the members (variables/methods) are
accessed by outside of the class.

Private:
If the members of a class are declared as private then only the methods of same class can
access private members (variables/methods).

Protected:
Discussed later at the time of inheritance.

Default access:
If the access specifier is not specified, then the scope is friendly. A class, variable, or method
that has friendly access is accessible to all the classes of a package (A package is collection
of classes).

Example:
class Test
{
int a; //default access
public int b; // public access
private int c; // private access
//methods to access c
void setData(int i)
{
}
int dispData()
{
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

} c=i;
}

return c;
class AccessTest
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Test ob=new Test();
//a and b can be accessed directly
ob.a=10;
ob.b=20;
// c can not be accessed directly because it is private
//ob.c=100; // error
// private data must be accessed with methods of the same class
ob.setData(100);
System.out.println(" value of a, b and c are:"+ob.a+" "+ob.b+"
"+ob.dispData());
ob.dispData();
}
}
Assigning One Object to Another or Cloning of objects:

We can copy the values of one object to another using many ways like :

1. Using clone() method of an object class.

2. Using constructor.
3. By assigning the values of one object to another.
4. in this example, we copy the values of object to another by assigning the values of
one object to another.

Example:
class Copy
{
int a=10;
}
class CopyObject
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Copy c1=new Copy();
Copy c2=c1;
System.out.println("object c1 value-"+c1.a);
System.out.println("object c2 value-"+c2.a);
}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

}
Constructors:
1. JAVA provides a special method called constructor which enables an object to
initialize itself when it is created.
2. Constructor name and class name should be same.
3. Constructor is called automatically when the object is created.
4. Person p1=new Person()  invokes the constructor Person() and Initializes the
Person object p1.
5. Constructor does not return any return type (not even void).
There are two types of constructors.
Default constructor: A constructor which does not accept any parameters.
Parameterized constructor:A constructor that accepts arguments is called parameterized
constructor.
Default constructor Example:
class Rectangle
{
int length,bredth; // Declaration of variables
Rectangle() // Default Constructor method
{
System.out.println("Constructing Rectangle..");
length=10;
bredth=20;
}
int rectArea()
{
return(length*bredth);
}
}
class Rect_Defa
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Rectangle r1=new Rectangle();
System.out.println("Area of rectangle="+r1.rectArea());
}
}
Note: If the default constructor is not explicitly defined, then system default constructor
automatically initializes all instance variables to zero.
Parameterized constructor:
class Rectangle
{
int length,bredth; // Declaration of variables
Rectangle(int x,int y) // Constructor method
{
length=x;
bredth=y;
}
int rectArea()
{
return(length*bredth);
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

}
}
class Rect_Para
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(5,10);
System.out.println("Area of rectangle="+r1.rectArea());
}
}

Overloaded Constructor Methods:

Writing more than one constructor with in a same class with different parameters is
called constructor overloading.
Example:
class Addition
{
int a,b;
Addition()
{
a=10;
b=20;
}
Addition(int a1,int b1)
{
a=a1;
b=b1;
}
void add()
{
System.out.println("Addition of "+a+" and "+b+" is "+(a+b));

}
}
class ConsoverLoading
{
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

public static void main(String args[])

{
Addition obj=new Addition();
obj.add(); //output:30
Addition obj2=new Addition(2,3);
obj2.add(); // output: 5
}
}
Nested Classes: nested class is a class that is declared inside the class or interface. it can
access all the members of the outer class, including private data members and methods.
Advantages:
1. Nested classes can access all the members (data members and methods) of the outer
class, including private.
2. to develop more readable and maintainable code
3. Code Optimization
Syntax of Inner class
class Java_Outer_class
{
//code
class Java_Inner_class
{
//code
}
}
Types of Nested classes
There are two types of nested classes non-static and static nested classes. The non-static nested
classes are also known as inner classes.
o Non-static nested class (inner class)
1. Member inner class
2. Anonymous inner class
3. Local inner class
o Static nested class
Example: local inner class
public class localInner1
{
private int data=30;//instance variable
void display()
{
class Local
{
void msg()
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

{
System.out.println(data);
}
}
Local l=new Local();
l.msg();
}
public static void main(String args[]){
localInner1 obj=new localInner1();
obj.display();
}
}

Example: member inner class

class Outer
{
int a=10;
class Inner // member inner class
{
int b=20;
}
}
class MemberInnerClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Outer m=new Outer();
Outer.Inner n=m.new Inner();//syntax to create inner class object
System.out.println(m.a+n.b);
}
}

Example: member inner class

class Outer
{
static int a=10;
static void sample()
{
System.out.println("Hello I am method of outer class");
}
static class Inner//static Inner Class
{
int b=20;//instance variable
void display()
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

{
sample();
System.out.println("I am outer class varible:"+a);
}
}
}
class StaticInnerClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Outer.Inner m=new Outer.Inner();
System.out.println("I am Inner class varible:"+m.b);
m.display();
}
}

Final Class and Methods:

Final Class: Classes declared as final cannot be inherited.

Syntax:
final class A
{

}
class B extends A // cannot be inherited
{ ---

Example: (Error Will get while executing following program)

final class A
{
int a=10;
}
class B extends A //can't inherit because class-A is defined as final class
{
int b=20;
}
class Final_Class
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B obj=new B();
System.out.println(obj.a+obj.b);
}
}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Final Method:
 To prevent method riding final keyword is used.
 Methods declared as final cannot be overridden.

Example: (Attempt to override final methods leads to compile time error.)

class A
{
int a=10;
final void display()
{
System.out.println("I am display() of class-A");
System.out.println("my value is:"+a);
}
}
class B extends A
{
int b=20;
void display() //can’t be overriden
{
System.out.println("I am display() of class-B");
System.out.println("my value is:"+b);
}
}
class Final_Methods_Classes
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B b=new B();
b.display();
}
}

Passing Arguments by Value and by Reference

 There is only call by value in java, not call by reference but we can pass non-primitive
datatype to function to see the changes done by callee function in caller function.
 If we call a method passing a value, it is known as call by value. The changes being
done in the called method, is not affected in the calling method.
Example 1: Passing Primitive datatype to function
class Example
{
int a=10;
void change(int a) //called or callee function
{
a=a+100;
}
}
class CallByValue
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

{
public static void main(String args[]) //calling function
{
Example e=new Example();
System.out.println("a value before calling change() :"+e.a); //10
e.change(10); //call by value(passing primitive data type)
System.out.println("a value after calling change() :"+e.a); //10
}
}

Example 1: Passing Primitive datatype to function

(Or)
Class Objects as Parameters in Methods:
class Example
{
int a=10;
void change(Example x) //called or callee function
{
x.a=x.a+100;
}
}
class CallByValue
{
public static void main(String args[]) //calling function
{
Example e=new Example();
System.out.println("a value before calling change() :"+e.a); //10
e.change(e); //call by value(passing non primitive data type) (or) Class
Objects as Parameters in Methods
System.out.println("a value after calling change() :"+e.a); //110
}
}

‘this’ keyword:
 ‘this’ is a keyword that referes to the object of the class where it is used.
 When an object is created to a class, a default reference is also created internally to
the object.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

class Sample
{
private int x;

Sample()
{
this(10); // calls parameterized constructor and sends 10
this.access(); //calls present class method
}
Sample(int x)
{
this.x=x; // referes present class reference variable
}
void access()
{
System.out.println("X ="+x);
}
}
class ThisDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Sample s=new Sample();
}
}

Methods in java:

 Method in Java is a collection of instructions that performs a specific task. It provides

the reusability of code.
 Syntax of Defining a Method in java:
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Types of Method

There are two types of methods in Java:

o Predefined Method
o User-defined Method

Predefined method:

In Java, predefined methods are the method that is already defined in the Java class libraries
is known as predefined methods. It is also known as the standard library method or built-in
method. We can directly use these methods just by calling them in the program at any point.
Some pre-defined methods are length(), equals(), compareTo(), sqrt(), etc. When we call any
of the predefined methods in our program, a series of codes related to the corresponding method
runs in the background that is already stored in the library.

Each and every predefined method is defined inside a class. Such as print() method is
defined in the java.io.PrintStream class. It prints the statement that we write inside the method.
For example, print("Java"), it prints Java on the console.

Example:

public class Demo

public static void main(String[] args)

// using the max() method of Math class

System.out.print("The maximum number is: " + Math.max(9,7));

User-defined Method:

The method written by the user or programmer is known as a user-defined method.

These methods are modified according to the requirement.

Example:
import java.util.Scanner;
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

//user defined method

public static void findEvenOdd(int num)
{
//method body
if(num%2==0)
System.out.println(num+" is even");
else
System.out.println(num+" is odd");
}
public class EvenOdd
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
//creating Scanner class object
Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the number: ");
//reading value from the user
int num=scan.nextInt();
//method calling
findEvenOdd(num);
}
}

Overloaded Methods or Method Overloading:

If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in parameters, it is
known as Method Overloading.
Example:
class Method
{
int add(int a,int b)
{
System.out.println("I am Integer method");
return a+b;
}
float add(float a,float b,float c)
{
System.out.println("I am float method");
return a+b+c;
}
int add(int a,int b,int c)
{
System.out.println("I am Integer method");
return a+b+c;
}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

float add(float a,float b)

{
System.out.println("I am float method");
return a+b;
}
}
class MethodOverLoad
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Method m=new Method();
System.out.println(m.add(10,20));
System.out.println(m.add(10.2f,20.4f,30.5f));
System.out.println(m.add(10,20,30));
System.out.println(m.add(10.2f,20.4f));

}
}

Recursive Methods:

 A method in java that calls itself is called recursive method.

 It makes the code compact but complex to understand.
Syntax:
returntype methodname()
{
//code to be executed
methodname();//calling same method
}
Example:
public class Recursion
{
static int count=0;
static void p()
{
count++;
if(count<=5)
{
System.out.println("hello "+count);
p();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
p();
}
}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Nesting of Methods:

A method can be called by using only its name by another method of the same class that is
called Nesting of Methods.
Syntax:
class Main
{
method1()
{

// statements
}

method2()
{
// statements

// calling method1() from method2()

method1();
}
method3()
{
// statements

// calling of method2() from method3()

method2();
}
}

Example:
public class NestingMethod
{
public void a1()
{
System.out.println("****** Inside a1 method ******");
// calling method a2() from a1() with parameters a
a2();
}
public void a2()
{
System.out.println("****** Inside a2 method ******");
}
public void a3()
{
System.out.println("****** Inside a1 method ******");
a1();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// creating the object of class
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

NestingMethod n=new NestingMethod();

// calling method a3() from main() method

n.a3(a, b);
}
}
Overriding Method: If subclass has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is
known as method overriding.
Uses: runtime polymorphism
Rules:
 There must be a IS-A relationship(inheritance).
 The method must have same method signature as in the parent class.
Example:
class SuperClass
{
void calculate(double x)
{
System.out.println("Square value of X is: "+(x*x));
}
}
class SubClass extends SuperClass
{
void calculate(double x)
{
super();
System.out.println("Square root of X is: "+Math.sqrt(x));
}
}
class MethodOver
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
SubClass s=new SubClass();
s.calculate(2.5);
}
}

Note: when a super class method is overridden by the sub class method calls only the sub
class method and never calls the super class method. We can say that sub class method is
replacing super class method.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
ARRAYS
Introduction:
An array is a group of like-typed variables that are referred to by a common name. Arrays of any type
can be created and may have one or more dimensions. A specific element in an array is accessed by its
index. Arrays offer a convenient means of grouping related information.

Declaration and Initialization of Arrays

A one-dimensional array is, essentially, a list of like-typed variables. To create an array, you first must
create an array variable of the desired type.

Declaration:

The general form of a one-dimensional array declaration is

type var-name[ ];

Here, type declares the element type (also called the base type) of the array. The element type
determines the data type of each element that comprises the array. Thus, the element type for the array
determines what type of data the array will hold.

For example, the following declares an array named month_days with the type “array of int”:
int month_days[];

Although this declaration establishes the fact that month_days is an array variable, no array actually
exists. In fact, the value of month_days is set to null, which represents an array with no value. To link
month_days with an actual, physical array of integers, you must allocate one using new and assign it to
month_days. new is a special operator that allocates memory.

The general form of new as it applies to one-dimensional arrays appears as follows:

array-var = new type [size];

Here, type specifies the type of data being allocated, size specifies the number of elements in the array,
and array-var is the array variable that is linked to the array. That is, to use new to allocate an array, you
must specify the type and number of elements to allocate. The elements in the array allocated by new
will automatically be initialized to zero (for numeric types), false (for boolean), or null.

This example allocates a 12-element array of integers and links them to month_days:
month_days = new int[12];

After this statement executes, month_days will refer to an array of 12 integers. Further, all elements in
the array will be initialized to zero.

Page 1
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Let’s review: Obtaining an array is a two-step process. First, you must declare a variable of the desired
array type. Second, you must allocate the memory that will hold the array, using new, and assign it to
the array variable. Thus, in Java all arrays are dynamically allocated.

A program that creates an array of the number of days in each month:

// Demonstrate a one-dimensional array.
class Array {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int month_days[];
month_days = new int[12];
month_days[0] = 31; month_days[1] = 28; month_days[2] = 31; month_days[3] = 30;
month_days[4] = 31; month_days[5] = 30; month_days[6] = 31; month_days[7] = 31;
month_days[8] = 30; month_days[9] = 31; month_days[10] = 30; month_days[11] = 31;
System.out.println("April has " + month_days[3] + " days.");
}
}
When you run this program, it prints the number of days in April. As mentioned, Java array indexes start
with zero, so the number of days in April is month_days[3] or 30.

Initialization:

Arrays can be initialized when they are declared. The process is much the same as that used to initialize
the simple types. An array initializer is a list of comma-separated expressions surrounded by curly
braces. The commas separate the values of the array elements. The array will automatically be created
large enough to hold the number of elements you specify in the array initializer. There is no need to use
new.
For example, to store the number of days in each month, the following code creates an initialized array
of integers:

// An improved version of the previous program.

class AutoArray {
public static void main(String args[ ]) {
int month_days[ ] = { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };
or
int month_days[ ] = new int [ ] { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 }; //you may use new
System.out.println("April has " + month_days[3] + " days.");
}
}
When you run this program, you see the same output as that generated by the previous version.
Java strictly checks to make sure you do not accidentally try to store or reference values outside of the
range of the array. The Java run-time system will check to be sure that all array indexes are in the
correct range. For example, the run-time system will check the value of each index into month_days to
make sure that it is between 0 and 11 inclusive. If you try to access elements outside the range of the
array (negative numbers or numbers greater than the length of the array), you will cause a run-time
error.

Page 2
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Alternative Array Declaration Syntax:

Java also supports the following type of code for array declaration. In this declaration the type is
followed by square bracket and the name or identifier of the array follows the square bracket.
type [ ] identifier; //one dimensional
type [ ] [ ] identifier; //two dimensional
Example: int [ ] num;
NOTE: Use of a square bracket before and after the identifier will create a multi-dimensional array.
int [ ] num [ ];
the above declaration is equivalent to
int [ ] [ ] num; or int num [ ] [ ];

Storage of Array in Computer Memory

The operator new which is a keyword, allocates memory for storing the array elements.
For example with the following declaration
int [] num = new int [4];
The compiler allocates 4 memory spaces each equal to 4 bytes for storing the int type values of elements
of array numbers. When an array is created as above, elements of the array are automatically initialized
to 0 by the compiler.
int num [ ] = {10,20,30,40};

A two dimensional array may be declared and initialized as

int [ ] [ ] num = new int [ ] [ ] ({1,2,3},{4,5,6}};
or
int [ ] [ ] num = ({1,2,3},{4,5,6}};

Accessing Elements of Arrays

The individual member of an array may be accessed by its index value. The index value represents the
place of element in the array.

Page 3
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Operations on Array Elements
An array element is a variable of the type declared with the array. All the operations that are admissible
for that type of a variable can be applied to an individual array element.

Similar to primitive types or objects of classes, the array may also be declared as a parameter of a
method.
Acess_modifier type method_identifier (type array [], type other_parameter, …)

Assigning Array to another Array

Unlike in C and C++ languages, in Java, an array may be assigned as a whole to another array of same
data type. In this process, the second array identifier, in fact, becomes the reference to the assigned
array. The second array is not a new array, instead only a second reference is created.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a[] = { 1, 8, 3 }; // Create an array b[] of same size as a[]
int b[] = new int[a.length]; // Doesn't copy elements of a[] to b[], only makes b refer to same location
b = a;
// Change to b[] will also reflect in a[] as 'a' and 'b' refer to same location.
b[0]++;
System.out.println("Contents of a[] ");
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
System.out.print(a[i] + " ");
System.out.println("\n\nContents of b[] ");
for (int i = 0; i < b.length; i++)
System.out.print(b[i] + " ");
}
}
Output:
Contents of a[ ]
283
Contents of b[ ]
283

Page 4
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Dynamic Change of Array Size

The number of elements (size) of the array may change during the execution of the program. This
feature is unlike C and C++ wherein the array once declared is of fixed size, that is, the number of
elements cannot be changed.

In Java, however, you may change the number of elements by dynamically retaining the array name. In
this process, the old array is destroyed along with the values of elements.
Example:
int [ ] num = new int [5];
num = new int [10];

Sorting of Arrays

Sorting of arrays if often needed in many applications of arrays. For example, in the preparation of
examination results, you may require to arrange the entries in order of grades acquired by students or in
alphabetical order in dictionary style. The arrays may be sorted in ascending or descending order.
Several methods are used for sorting the arrays that include the following:
1. Bubble sort
2. Selection sort
3. Sorting by insertion method
4. Quick sort

1. Bubble Sort 2. Selection Sort

Page 5
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)

3. Insertion Sort 4. Quick Sort

Search for Values in Arrays

Searching an array for a value is often needed. Let us consider the example of searching for your name
among the reserved seats in a retail reservation chart, air travel reservation chart, searching for a book in
a library, and so on.
Two methods are employed: linear search and binary search for sorted arrays.

Class Arrays

The package java.util defines the class arrays with static methods for general processes that are carried
out on arrays such as sorting an array for full length of the array or for part of an array, binary search of
an array for the full array or part of array, for comparing two arrays if they are equal or not, for filling a
part of the full array with elements having a specified value, and for copying an array to another array.
The sort method of arrays class is based on quick sort technique.

The methods are applicable to all primitive types as well as to class objects.

The class arrays are declared as

public class Arrays extends Object

Page 6
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Methods of Class Arrays

The methods of class arrays are as follows:

 Sort
 Binary Search
 Equals
 Fill
 CopyOf
 AsList
 ToString
 deepToString
 hashCode

Two-dimensional or multi-dimensional Arrays

In Java, multidimensional arrays are actually arrays of arrays. These, as you might expect, look and act
like regular multidimensional arrays. However, as you will see, there are a couple of subtle differences.
To declare a multidimensional array variable, specify each additional index using another set of square
brackets.
For example, the following declares a twodimensional array variable called twoD:
int twoD[][] = new int[4][5];
This allocates a 4 by 5 array and assigns it to twoD. Internally this matrix is implemented as an array of
arrays of int. Conceptually, this array will look like the one shown in below figure.

The following program numbers each element in the array from left to right, top to bottom, and then
displays these values:
// Demonstrate a two-dimensional array.
class TwoDArray {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int twoD[][]= new int[4][5];
int i, j, k = 0;
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
for(j=0; j<5; j++) {
twoD[i][j] = k;

Page 7
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
k++;
}
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
System.out.print(twoD[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
}
This program generates the following output:
01234
56789
10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19

When you allocate memory for a multidimensional array, you need only specify the memory for the first
(leftmost) dimension. You can allocate the remaining dimensions separately. For example, this
following code allocates memory for the first dimension of twoD when it is declared. It allocates the
second dimension manually.
int twoD[][] = new int[4][];
twoD[0] = new int[5];
twoD[1] = new int[5];
twoD[2] = new int[5];
twoD[3] = new int[5];
While there is no advantage to individually allocating the second dimension arrays in this situation,
there may be in others. For example, when you allocate dimensions manually, you do not need to
allocate the same number of elements for each dimension. As stated earlier, since multidimensional
arrays are actually arrays of arrays, the length of each array is under your control. For example, the
following program creates a two-dimensional array in which the sizes of the second dimension are
unequal:
// Manually allocate differing size second dimensions.
class TwoDAgain {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int twoD[][] = new int[4][];
twoD[0] = new int[1];
twoD[1] = new int[2];
twoD[2] = new int[3];
twoD[3] = new int[4];
int i, j, k = 0;
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
for(j=0; j<i+1; j++) {
twoD[i][j] = k;
k++;
}
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {

Page 8
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
for(j=0; j<i+1; j++)
System.out.print(twoD[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
}
This program generates the following output:
0
12
345
6789
The array created by this program looks like this:

The use of uneven (or irregular) multidimensional arrays may not be appropriate for many applications,
because it runs contrary to what people expect to find when a multidimensional array is encountered.
However, irregular arrays can be used effectively in some situations. For example, if you need a very
large two-dimensional array that is sparsely populated (that is, one in which not all of the elements will
be used), then an irregular array might be a perfect solution.
It is possible to initialize multidimensional arrays. To do so, simply enclose each dimension’s initializer
within its own set of curly braces. The following program creates a matrix where each element contains
the product of the row and column indexes. Also notice that you can use expressions as well as literal
values inside of array initializers.
// Initialize a two-dimensional array.
class Matrix {
public static void main(String args[]) {
double m[][] = {
{ 0*0, 1*0, 2*0, 3*0 },
{ 0*1, 1*1, 2*1, 3*1 },
{ 0*2, 1*2, 2*2, 3*2 },
{ 0*3, 1*3, 2*3, 3*3 }
};
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
System.out.print(m[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
}

Page 9
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
This program generates the following output:
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
01234
02468
0 3 6 9 12
00000
02468
0 4 8 12 16
0 6 12 18 24

Alternative Array Declaration Syntax

There is a second form that may be used to declare an array:

type[ ] var-name;
Here, the square brackets follow the type specifier, and not the name of the array variable.
For example, the following two declarations are equivalent:
int al[] = new int[3];
int[] a2 = new int[3];
The following declarations are also equivalent:
char twod1[][] = new char[3][4];
char[][] twod2 = new char[3][4];
This alternative declaration form offers convenience when declaring several arrays at the same time. For
example,
int[] nums, nums2, nums3; // create three arrays
creates three array variables of type int. It is the same as writing
int nums[], nums2[], nums3[]; // create three arrays
The alternative declaration form is also useful when specifying an array as a return type for a method.

Arrays as Vectors

Similar to arrays, vectors are another kind of data structure that is used for storing information. Using
vector, we can implement a dynamic array. As we know, an array can be declared in the following way:
int marks[ ] = new int [7];

the basic difference between arrays and vectors is that vectors are dynamically allocated, where as
arrays are static. The size of vector can be changed as and when required, but this is not true for arrays.

The vector class is contained in java.util package. Vector stores pointers to the objects and not objects
themselves. The following are the vector constructors.

Vector vec = new Vector( 5 ); // size of vector is

Page 10
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Inheritance
Introduction:
Inheritance is the technique which allows us to inherit the data members and methods from base class to
derived class.
• Base class is one which always gives its features to derived classes.
• Derived class is one which always takes features from base class.
A Derived class is one which contains some of features of its own plus some of the data
members from base class.

Process of inheritance

Syntax for INHERITING the features from base class to derived class:

class <clsname-2> extends <clsname-1>

{
Variable declaration;
Method definition;
};

Here, clsname-1 and clsname-2 represents derived class and base class respectively.
Extends is a keyword which is used for inheriting the data members and methods from base class to
the derived class and it also improves functionality of derived class.

For example:
class c1;
{
int a;
void f1()
{
…………;
}
};
class c2 extends c1
{
int b;
void f2()
{
…………;
}
};

Whenever we inherit the base class members into derived class, when we creates an object of
derived class, JVM always creates the memory space for base class members first and later memory
space will be created for derived class members.

Page 11
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Example:
Write a JAVA program computes sum of two numbers using inheritance?
Answer:
class Bc
{
int a;
};
class Dc extends Bc
{
int b;
void set (int x, int y)
{
a=x;
b=y;
}
void sum ()
{
System.out.println ("SUM = "+(a+b));
}
};
class InDemo
{
public static void main (String k [])
{

Dc do1=new Dc ();
do1.set (10,12);
do1.sum ();
}
};

Types of Inheritances

Single Inheritance: It means when a base class acquired the properties of super class
class Animal
{
void eat()
Page 12
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
{
System.out.println("eating...");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal
{
void bark()
{
System.out.println("barking...");
}
}
class TestInheritance
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Dog d=new Dog();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}
}
In this example base class is Dog and super class is Animal:

Multilevel Inheritance:

Multilevel inheritance refers to a mechanism in OO technology where one can inherit from a derived
class, thereby making this derived class the base class for the new class. As you can see in below flow
diagram C is subclass or child class of B and B is a child class of A
Example:
Class X
{
public void methodX()
{
System.out.println("Class X method");
}
}

Page 13
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Class Y extends X
{
public void methodY()
{
System.out.println("class Y method");
}
}
Class Z extends Y
{
public void methodZ()
{
System.out.println("class Z method");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Z obj = new Z();
obj.methodX(); //calling grand parent class method
obj.methodY(); //calling parent class method
obj.methodZ(); //calling local method
}
}

Hierarchical Inheritance
In such kind of inheritance one class is inherited by many sub classes. In below example class B,C and
D inherits the same class A. A is parent class (or base class) of B,C & D

Example:
class A
{
public void methodA()
{
System.out.println("method of Class A");
}
}
class B extends A
{
public void methodB()
{

Page 14
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
System.out.println("method of Class B");
}
}
class C extends A
{
public void methodC()
{
System.out.println("method of Class C");
}
}
class D extends A
{
public void methodD()
{
System.out.println("method of Class D");
}
}
class JavaExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B obj1 = new B();
C obj2 = new C();
D obj3 = new D();
}
}
Output:
method of Class A
method of Class A
method of Class A

Multiple Inheritance:

Multiple Inheritance” refers to the concept of one class extending (Or inherits) more than one base class.
The inheritance we learnt earlier had the concept of one base class or parent. The problem with
“multiple inheritance” is that the derived class will have to manage the dependency on two base classes.

Page 15
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Note: Multiple Inheritance is very rarely used in software projects. Using Multiple inheritance often
leads to problems in the hierarchy. This results in unwanted complexity when further extending the
class.

Hybrid Inheritance in Java

A hybrid inheritance is a combination of more than one types of inheritance. For example when class A
and B extends class C & another class D extends class A then this is a hybrid inheritance, because it is a
combination of single and hierarchical inheritance.

The diagram is just for the representation, since multiple inheritance is not possible in java

class C
{
public void disp()
{
System.out.println("C");
}
}

class A extends C
{
public void disp()
{
System.out.println("A");
}
}

class B extends C
{
public void disp()
{
System.out.println("B");
}

class D extends A
{

Page 16
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
public void disp()
{
System.out.println("D");
}
public static void main(String args[]){

D obj = new D();

obj.disp();
}
}

This example is just to demonstrate the hybrid inheritance in Java. Although this example is
meaningless, you would be able to see that how we have implemented two types of inheritance(single
and hierarchical) together to form hybrid inheritance.

Class A and B extends class C → Hierarchical inheritance

Class D extends class A → Single inheritance

Inhibiting Inheritance of Class Using Final

The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in many
context.
Final can be:
1. variable
2. method
3. class

The main purpose of using a class being declared as final is to prevent the class from being subclassed.
If a class is marked as final then no class can inherit any feature from the final class.
Example:
final class Bike
{
}
class Honda1 extends Bike
{
void run()
{
System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Honda1 honda= new Honda1();
honda.run();
}
}

Page 17
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Output:
Compile time error

Since class Bike is declared as final so the derived class Honda cannot extend Bike

Access Control and Inheritance

Although a subclass includes all of the members of its superclass, it cannot access those members of the
superclass that have been declared as private.

class A
{
int i; // public by default
private int j; // private to A
void setij(int x, int y)
{
i = x;
j = y;
}
}
// A's j is not accessible here.
class B extends A
{
int total;
void sum()
{
total = i + j; // ERROR, j is not accessible here
}
}
class Access
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B subOb = new B();
subOb.setij(10, 12);
subOb.sum();
System.out.println("Total is " + subOb.total);
}
}
This program will not compile because the reference to j inside the sum( ) method of B
causes an access violation. Since j is declared as private, it is only accessible by other members
of its own class. Subclasses have no access to it.

Page 18
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Application of Keyword Super

Super keyword is used for differentiating the base class features with derived class features.
Super keyword is placing an important role in three places.
 variable level
 method level
 constructor level

Super at variable level:

Whenever we inherit the base class members into derived class, there is a possibility that
base class members are similar to derived class members.

In order to distinguish the base class members with derived class members in the derived
class, the base class members will be preceded by a keyword super.

For example:
class Bc
{
int a;
};
class Dc extends Bc
{
int a;
void set (int x, int y)
{
super.a=x;
a=y; //by default 'a' is preceded with 'this.' since 'this.' represents current class
}
void sum ()
{
System.out.println ("SUM = "+(super.a+a));
}
};
class InDemo1
{
public static void main (String k [])
{

Dc do1=new Dc ();
do1.set (20, 30);
do1.sum ();
}
};

Page 19
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Super at method level:
Whenever we inherit the base class methods into the derived class, there is a possibility that
base class methods are similar to derived methods.

To differentiate the base class methods with derived class methods in the derived class, the
base class methods must be preceded by a keyword super.

Syntax for super at method level: super. base class method name

For example:
class Bc
{
void display ()
{
System.out.println ("BASE CLASS - DISPLAY...");
}
};
class Dc extends Bc
{
void display ()
{
super.display (); //refers to base class display method
System.out.println ("DERIVED CLASS- DISPLAY...");
}
};
class InDemo2
{
public static void main (String k [])
{
Dc do1=new Dc ();
do1.display ();
}
};

Constructor Method and Inheritance

Super at constructor level:
super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

class A
{
int i,j;
A(int a,int b)
{
i=a;
j=b;

Page 20
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
}
void show()
{
System.out.println("i and j values are"+i+" "+j);
}
}
class B extends A
{
int k;
B(int a, int b, int c)
{
super(a, b);//super class constructor
k = c;
}
// display k – this overrides show() in A
void show()
{
super.show();
System.out.println("k: " + k);
}

class Override
{

public static void main(String args[])

{
B subOb = new B(1, 2, 3);
subOb.show(); // this calls show() in B

}
}
Method Overriding // Refer 2nd unit
Dynamic Method Dispatch // Refer 2nd unit

Abstract Classes:

In JAVA we have two types of classes. They are concrete classes and abstract classes.

• A concrete class is one which contains fully defined methods. Defined methods are also known as
implemented or concrete methods. With respect to concrete class, we can create an object of that
class directly.

Page 21
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
 An abstract class is one which contains some defined methods and some undefined
methods. Undefined methods are also known as unimplemented or abstract methods.
Abstract method is one which does not contain any definition.

To make the method as abstract we have to use a keyword called abstract before the function
declaration.

Syntax for ABSTRACT CLASS: abstract return_type method_name (parameters list);

// A Simple demonstration of abstract.

abstract class A
{
abstract void callme();

// concrete methods are still allowed in abstract classes

void callmetoo()
{
System.out.println("This is a concrete method.");
}
}
class B extends A
{
void callme()
{
System.out.println("B's implementation of callme.");
}
}
class AbstractDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B b = new B();
b.callme();
b.callmetoo();
}
}

Notice that no objects of class A are declared in the program. As mentioned, it is not possible to
instantiate an abstract class.

One other point: class A implements a concrete method called callmetoo( )

Page 22
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Interface in Java
Introduction
An interface in java is a blueprint of a class.
It has static constants and abstract methods. The interface in java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction.
There can be only abstract methods in the java interface not method body.
It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.

 Using the keyword interface, you can fully abstract a class’ interface from its implementation.
 That is, using interface, you can specify what a class must do, but not how it does it.
 Interfaces are syntactically similar to classes, but they lack instance variables, and their methods
are declared without any body
 Variables can be declared inside of interface declarations.
 They are implicitly final and static, meaning they cannot be changed by the implementing class.
 They must also be initialized. All methods and variables are implicitly public.

Declaring an Interface

An interface is defined much like a class. This is the general form of an interface:

access interface name {

return-type method-name1(parameter-list);
return-type method-name2(parameter-list);
type final-varname1 = value;
type final-varname2 = value;
// ...
return-type method-nameN(parameter-list);
type final-varnameN = value;
}

Here is an example of an interface definition. It declares a simple interface that contains one method
called callback( ) that takes a single integer parameter.

interface Callback
{
void callback(int param);
}

Implementing Interfaces

Once an interface has been defined, one or more classes can implement that interface. To implement an
interface, include the implements clause in a class definition, and then create the methods defined by the
interface. The general form of a class that includes the implements clause looks like this:

Page 23
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
class classname [extends superclass] [implements interface [,interface...]] {
// class-body
}

If a class implements more than one interface, the interfaces are separated with a comma.

Here is a small example class that implements the Callback interface shown earlier.

class Client implements Callback

{
// Implement Callback's interface
public void callback(int p)
{
System.out.println("callback called with " + p);
}
}

Notice that callback( ) is declared using the public access specifier.

It is both permissible and common for classes that implement interfaces to define additional members
of their own. For example, the following version of Client implements callback( ) and adds the method
nonIfaceMeth( ):

class Client implements Callback

{
// Implement Callback's interface
public void callback(int p)
{
System.out.println("callback called with " + p);
}
void nonIfaceMeth()
{
System.out.println("Classes that implement interfaces " +
"may also define other members, too.");
}
}

Accessing Implementations Through Interface References:

You can declare variables as object references that use an interface rather than a class type.
Any instance of any class that implements the declared interface can be referred to by such
a variable. When you call a method through one of these references, the correct version will
be called based on the actual instance of the interface being referred to.

Page 24
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
The following example calls the callback( ) method via an interface reference variable:

class TestIface
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Callback c = new Client();
c.callback(42);
}
}

The output of this program is shown here:

callback called with 42

Multiple Interfaces

Multiple inheritance in java can be achieved through interfaces:

Example:
interface Printable
{
void print();
}

interface Showable
{
void show();
}

class A7 implements Printable,Showable

{
public void print()
{
System.out.println("Hello");
}
public void show()
{
System.out.println("Welcome");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
A7 obj = new A7();
obj.print();
obj.show();
}

Page 25
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
}

Output: Hello
Welcome

Nested Interfaces:
An interface i.e. declared within another interface or class is known as nested interface. The nested
interfaces are used to group related interfaces so that they can be easy to maintain. The nested interface
must be referred by the outer interface or class. It can't be accessed directly.

There are given some points that should be remembered by the java programmer.
o Nested interface must be public if it is declared inside the interface but it can have any access
modifier if declared within the class.
o Nested interfaces are declared static implicitly.
Example:
interface Showable
{
void show();
interface Message
{
void msg();
}
}
class TestNestedInterface1 implements Showable.Message
{
public void msg()
{
System.out.println("Hello nested interface");
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
Showable.Message message=new TestNestedInterface1();//upcasting here
message.msg();
}
}
As you can see in the above example, we are acessing the Message interface by its outer interface
Showable because it cannot be accessed directly. It is just like almirah inside the room, we cannot
access the almirah directly because we must enter the room first.

Inheritance of Interfaces

One interface can inherit another by use of the keyword extends. The syntax is the same as for inheriting
classes. When a class implements an interface that inherits another interface, it must provide
implementations for all methods defined within the interface inheritance chain.

Page 26
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
// One interface can extend another.
interface A
{
void meth1();
void meth2();
}
// B now includes meth1() and meth2() -- it adds meth3().
interface B extends A
{
void meth3();
}
// This class must implement all of A and B
class MyClass implements B
{
public void meth1()
{
System.out.println("Implement meth1().");
}
public void meth2()
{
System.out.println("Implement meth2().");
}
public void meth3()
{
System.out.println("Implement meth3().");
}
}
class IFExtend
{
public static void main(String arg[])
{
MyClass ob = new MyClass();
ob.meth1();
ob.meth2();
ob.meth3();
}
}

Default methods in interfaces

Before Java 8, interfaces could have only abstract methods. The implementation of these methods has to
be provided in a separate class. So, if a new method is to be added in an interface, then its
implementation code has to be provided in the class implementing the same interface. To overcome this
issue, Java 8 has introduced the concept of default methods which allow the interfaces to have methods
with implementation without affecting the classes that implement the interface

Page 27
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
Example:

interface TestInterface
{
// abstract method
public void square(int a);

// default method
default void show()
{
System.out.println("Default Method Executed");
}
}

class TestClass implements TestInterface

{
// implementation of square abstract method
public void square(int a)
{
System.out.println(a*a);
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
TestClass d = new TestClass();
d.square(4);

// default method executed

d.show();
}
}.

Output:
16
Default Method Executed
Default methods are also known as defender methods or virtual extension methods.

Static methods in interfaces

The interfaces can have static methods as well which is similar to static method of classes.

Example:
interface TestInterface
{
// abstract method

Page 28
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
public void square (int a);

// static method
static void show()
{
System.out.println("Static Method Executed");
}
}

class TestClass implements TestInterface

{
// Implementation of square abstract method
public void square (int a)
{
System.out.println(a*a);
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
TestClass d = new TestClass();
d.square(4);

// Static method executed

TestInterface.show();
}
}

Output:
16
Static Method Executed

Functional Interfaces
A functional interface is an interface that contains only one abstract method. They can have only one
functionality to exhibit. From Java 8 onwards, lambda expressions can be used to represent the instance
of a functional interface.
A functional interface can have any number of default methods. Runnable, ActionListener, Comparable
are some of the examples of functional interfaces.

FunctionalInterface annotation is used to ensure that the functional interface can’t have more
than one abstract method. In case more than one abstract methods are present, the compiler flags an
‘Unexpected @FunctionalInterface annotation’ message.
@FunctionalInterface
interface Square
{
int calculate(int x);
}

class Test
{

Page 29
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER
(R20)
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a = 5;

// lambda expression to define the calculate method

Square s = (int x)->x*x;

// parameter passed and return type must be

// same as defined in the prototype
int ans = s.calculate(a);
System.out.println(ans);
}
}

Output:
25

Page 30
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

UNIT IV
Packages and Java Library: Introduction, Defining Package, Importing Packages and
Classes into Programs, Path and Class Path, Access Control, Packages in Java SE, Java.lang
Package and its Classes, Class Object, Enumeration, class Math, Wrapper Classes, Auto-
boxing and Auto-unboxing, Java util Classes and Interfaces, Formatter Class, Random Class,
Time Package, Class Instant (java. time. Instant), Formatting for Date/Time in Java, Temporal
Adjusters Class, Temporal Adjusters Class.

Exception Handling: Introduction, Hierarchy of Standard Exception Classes, Keywords

throws and throw, try, catch, and finally Blocks, Multiple Catch Clauses, Class Throwable,
Unchecked Exceptions, Checked Exceptions, try-with-resources, Catching Subclass
Exception, Custom Exceptions, Nested try and catch Blocks, Rethrowing Exception, Throws
Clause.

Packages and Java Library: Introduction

 It is necessary in software development to create several classes and interfaces.

 After creating these classes and interfaces, it is better if they are divided into some
groups depending on their relationship.
 So these classes and interfaces are stored in some directory.
 This directory or folder is also known as package.

Advantages of packages:
 packages hide the classes and interfaces in a separate sub directory, so accidental
deletion of classes and interfaces will not take place.
 Two classes in two different packages can have the same name.
 A group of packages is called a library. The reusability nature of packages makes
programming easy.

There are two types of packages.
o Built-in packages/Java API packages.
o User Defined Packages.
Java API Packages:
o Java API provides a large number of classes grouped into different packages
according functionality.

Page | 1
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Packages from java API are:

java

lan uti io awt net apple

Package Contents
name
java.lang lang package contains language support classes. There classes are imported
by java compiler automatically for its usage.
lang package contains classes for primitive types, string, threads,
exceptions, etc…….
java.util Utility classes such as vectors, hash tables, etc…….
java.io Contains classes for input/output of data.
java.awt Contains for graphical user interface, classes for windows, buttons, lists,
menus, etc…..
java.net Classes for networking, contains classes for communicating local
computers and internet servers.
Java.applet Classes for creating and implementing applets

Defining Package
 A package is created using keyword package
o Syntax:
package <package>;
 Package statement must be the first statement in a java source file.
o Ex:
package studentspack; // package declaration
class Student // class declaration
{

}
Create a package which contans Addition class in that.

package pack;
public class Addition
{
private double a,b;

Page | 2
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

public Addition(double a,double b)

{
this.a=a;
this.b=b;
}
public void sum()
{
System.out.println("Sum="+(a+b));
}
}
Compiling the program:
> javac –d . Addition.java

 -d tells java compiler to create a separate sub directory and place the .class file there.
 Dot (.) indicates that the package should be created in the current directory.
Program to use Addition.class from mypack:
class UsePack
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
pack.Addition obj=new pack.Addition(10,20.5);
obj.sum();
}
}
Note:

 Instead of referring the package name every time, we can import the package like this
o import pack.Addition;
 Then the program can be written asS....

import pack.Addition;
class UsePack
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Addition obj=new Addition(10,20.5);
obj.sum();
}
}

Page | 3
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Importing Packages and Classes into Programs

There are two ways of accessing classes stored in a package.
1. Fully qualified class name
2. Using Import Statement
1. Fully qualified class name:
double y=java.lang.Math.sqrt(x);
2. Using Import Statement:
syntax:-
import packagename.classname;
or
import packagename.*;

import java.awt.Font;
- imports Font class in our program.
(or)
import java.awt.*;
- imports all classes of awt package in our program.

Path and Class Path

PATH CLASSPATH
PATH is an environment CLASSPATH is an environment variable that tells the java
variable. compailer where to look for class files to import. Generally
CLASSPATH is set to a directory or JAR file.
It is used by the operating It is used by Application ClassLoader to locate the .class file.
system to find the executable
files (.exe).
You are required to include You are required to include all the directories which contain
the directory which contains .class and JAR files.
.exe files.
PATH environment variable The CLASSPATH environment variable can be overridden
once set, cannot be by using the command line option -cp or -CLASSPATH to
overridden. both javac and java command.

How to Set CLASSPATH in Windows Using Command Prompt

CLASSPATH is an environment variable that tells the java compailer where to look for class
files to import. Generally CLASSPATH is set to a directory or JAR file.

Type the following command in your Command Prompt and press enter.
set CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%;C:\Program Files\Java\jre1.8\rt.jar;

Page | 4
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

In the above command, the set is an internal DOS command that allows the user to change the
variable value. CLASSPATH is a variable name. The variable enclosed in percentage sign (%)
is an existing environment variable. The semicolon is a separator, and after the (;) there is the
PATH of rt.jar file.

Access Control:

 This table only applies to members of classes

 A class has only two access levels
o Public – accessible any where
o Default – accessible with in the same package.

Packages in Java SE:

Java Standard Edition provides 14 packages namely –
 applet − This package provides classes and methods to create and communicate with
the applets.
 awt− This package provides classes and methods to create user interfaces.
 io− This package contains classes and methods to read and write data standard input
and output devices, streams and files.
 lang− This package contains the fundamental classes, methods, and, interfaces of
Java language. 
 math− This package contains classes and methods which helps you to perform
arithmetic operations using the Java language. 
 net− This package provides classes to implement networking applications.
 rmi− This package provides classes, methods, and interfaces for Remote Method
Invocation.
 security− This package provides classes and interfaces for security framework.
 sql− This package provides classes and methods to access and process the data stored
in a data source.
 text− This package provides classes and interfaces to handle text.
 time− This package provides API for dates, times, instants, and durations. 
 util− This package contains collection framework, collection classes, classes related
to date and time, event model, internationalization, and miscellaneous utility classes.

Page | 5
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Java. lang Package and its Classes:

The most important classes are of lang are

 Object, which is the root of the class hierarchy, and Class, instances of which
represent classes at runtime.
o protected Object clone()
o boolean equals(Object obj)
o protected void finalize()
o Class getClass()
o int hashCode()
o void notify()
o void notifyAll()
o void wait()
o String toString()
 The wrapper classes
o Boolean
o Character
o Integer
o Short
o Byte
o Long
o Float
o Double
 The classes String, StringBuffer, and StringBuilder similarly provide commonly used
operations on character strings.
 Class Throwable encompasses objects that may be thrown by the throw statement.
Subclasses of Throwable represent errors and exceptions.

Enumeration in java:
class EnumExample
{
//defining enum within class
public enum Season { WINTER, SPRING,
SUMMER, FALL } public static void main(String[]
args)
{
//printing all enum
for (Season s : Season.values())
{
System.out.println(s);
}
System.out.println("Value of WINTER is: "+Season.valueOf("WINTER"));
System.out.println("Index of WINTER is:
"+Season.valueOf("WINTER").ordinal()); System.out.println("Index of
SUMMER is: "+Season.valueOf("SUMMER").ordinal());
}}
Page | 6
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

class Math:
class MathClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Absolute value-"+Math.abs(-90));
System.out.println("Minimum value-"+Math.min(90,20));
System.out.println("Maximum value-"+Math.max(90,20));
System.out.println("round value-"+Math.round(79.52));
System.out.println("sqrtroot value-"+Math.sqrt(25));
System.out.println("cuberoot value-"+Math.cbrt(125));
System.out.println("power value-"+Math.pow(2,5));
System.out.println("ceil value-"+Math.ceil(2.2));
System.out.println("ceil value-"+Math.floor(2.8));
System.out.println("floorDiv value-"+Math.floorDiv(25,3));
System.out.println("random value-"+Math.random());
System.out.println("rint value-"+Math.rint(81.68));
System.out.println("subtractExact value-"+Math.subtractExact(732, 190));
System.out.println("multiplyExact value-"+Math.multiplyExact(732, 190));
System.out.println("incrementExact value-"+Math.incrementExact(732));
System.out.println("decrementExact value-"+Math.decrementExact(732));
System.out.println("negateExact value-"+Math.negateExact(90));
}
}
Wrapper Classes:

Primitive data types can be converted into object types by using the wrapper classes
contained in java.lang package.
Below table shows the simple data types and their corresponding wrapper classes:

Simple type Wrapper class

int Integer
char Character
float Float
double Double
long Long
boolean Boolean

The wrapper classes have a number of unique methods for handling primitive data types and
objects.

Converting primitive type to object type using Constructor methods:

Page | 7
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Constructor Conversion Action

Integer x=new Integer(i) Primitive integer to Integer object
Float x=new Float(f) Primitive float to Float object
Double x=new Double(d) Primitibe double to Double object
Long x=new Long(l) Primitive long to Long object

Converting object numbers to Primitive numbers using typeValue() method:

Method Conversion Action
int i=x.intValue() Object to primitive integer
float f=x.floatValue() Object to primitive float
long l=x.longValue() Object to primitive long
double d=x.doubleValue() Object to primitive double

Converting numbers to string using toString() method:

Method Conversion Action
str=Integer.toString(i) primitive integer to String
str=Float.toString(f) Primitive float to String
str=Double.toString(d) Primitive double to String
str=Long.toString(l) Primitive long to String

Converting string Objects to Numeric objects using static method value Of().
Method Conversion Action
X=Double.valueOf(str) Converts string to Double object
X=Float.valueOf(str) Converts string to Float object
X=Integer.valueOf(str) Converts string to Integer Object
X=Long.valueOf(str) Converts string to Long object

Converting Numeric string to primitive type using parsing methods:

Method Conversion Action

Page | 8
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

int i=parseInt(Str) Converts string to integer

long l=parseLong(str) Converts string to long
Ex:-
A simple integer can be changed to object type:
int x=100;
Integer ob1=new Integer(x);
Now ob1 is an integer object which contains the 100 as its value.
Object can be converted into primitive type:
int x=ob1.intValue();
now x will contain the value 100.

Byte class:
The following are the Byte class constructures
Byte(byte N);
Byte(String str);

Ex:
Byte b1=new Byte(100);
Byte b2=new Byte("Hello");

Note:
Byte class constructor accepts number as well as string as its parameters.

The following are the methods of Byte class:

byte byteValue() – returns byte value of the object.
Int compareTo(Byte b) – it accepts byte object and compares with invoking
object.

Page | 9
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

static byte parseByte(String str) throws NumberFormatException

- it accepts string object and converts into byte. It is static so it can be called
directly using the class name.

static Byte valueOf(String str)throws NumberFormatException

- it accepts a String object and converts into Byte class object.
Integer class:
The following are the Integer class constructures
Integer(int N);
Integer(String str) throws NumberFormatException

The following are the methods of Integer class:

int intValue() – To get integer from Integer object.
int compareTo() -

Auto-boxing and Auto-unboxing:

The automatic conversion of primitive data types into its equivalent Wrapper type is
known as boxing and opposite operation is known as unboxing. This is the new feature of
Java5. So java programmer doesn't need to write the conversion code.
Advantage of Autoboxing and Unboxing:
No need of conversion between primitives and Wrappers manually so less coding is required.
AutoBoxing Example:

class BoxingExample1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=50;
Integer a2=new Integer(a);//Boxing
Integer a3=5;//Boxing
System.out.println(a2+" "+a3);
}
}
UnBoxing Example
class UnboxingExample1
{

Page | 10
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

public static void main(String args[])

{
Integer i=new Integer(50);
int a=i;
System.out.println(a);
}
}

Java util Classes and Interfaces:

Classes of util package:
 ArrayDeque
 ArrayList
 Arrays
 BitSet
 Calendar
 Collections
 Currency
 Date
 Dictionary
 EnumMap
 EnumSet
 Formatter
 GregorianCalendar
 HashMap
 HashSet
 Hashtable
 IdentityHashMap
 LinkedHashMap
 LinkedHashSet
 LinkedList
 ListResourceBundle
 Locale
 Observable
 PriorityQueue
 Properties
 PropertyPermission
 PropertyResourceBundle
 Random
 ResourceBundle
 ResourceBundle.Control
 Scanner
 ServiceLoader
 SimpleTimeZone

Page | 11
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

 Stack
 StringTokenizer
 Timer
 TimerTask
 TimeZone
 TreeMap
 TreeSet
 UUID
 Vector
 WeakHashMap
Interfaces of util package
 Collection<E>
 Comparator<T>
 Deque<E>
 Enumeration<E>
 EventListener
 Formattable
 Iterator<E>
 List<E>
 ListIterator<E>
 Map<K,V>
 Map.Entry<K,V>
 NavigableMap<K,V>
 NavigableSet<E>
 Observer
 Queue<E>
 RandomAccess()
 Set<E>
 SortedMap<K,V>
 SortedSet<E>

Formatter Class:
The java.util.Formatter class provides support for layout justification and alignment, common
formats for numeric, string, and date/time data, and locale-specific output.

Once the Formatter object is created, it may be used in many ways. The format specifier
specifies the way the data is formatted.

A few common format specifiers are:

 %S or %s: Specifies String

 %X or %x: Specifies hexadecimal integer
 %o: Specifies Octal integer
 %d: Specifies Decimal integer
 %c: Specifies character

Page | 12
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

 %T or %t: Specifies Time and date

 %n: Inserts newline character
 %B or %b: Specifies Boolean
 %A or %a: Specifies floating point hexadecimal
 %f: Specifies Decimal floating point
Example:
Formatter f=new Formatter();
f.format("%3$3s %2$3s %1$3s", "fear","strengthen", "weakness");
System.out.println(f);

Random Class:
//all the functions of Random class will generate Pseudo random numbers
import java.util.Random;
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Random random = new Random();
System.out.println(random.nextInt(10));
System.out.println(random.nextBoolean());
System.out.println(random.nextDouble());
System.out.println(random.nextFloat());
System.out.println(random.nextGaussian());
}
}
Time Package
Class Instant (java. time. Instant)

Formatting for Date/Time in Java:

//Formatting for Date/Time in Java
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
class SimpleDateFormatExample2
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Date date = new Date();
SimpleDateFormat formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/dd/yyyy");
String strDate = formatter.format(date);
System.out.println("Date Format with MM/dd/yyyy : "+strDate);

formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("dd-M-yyyy hh:mm:ss");

strDate = formatter.format(date);
System.out.println("Date Format with dd-M-yyyy hh:mm:ss : "+strDate);

formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("dd MMMM yyyy");

strDate = formatter.format(date);
System.out.println("Date Format with dd MMMM yyyy : "+strDate);

formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("dd MMMM yyyy zzzz");

Page | 13
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

strDate = formatter.format(date);

Page | 14
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

System.out.println("Date Format with dd MMMM yyyy zzzz : "+strDate);

formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("E, dd MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss z");

strDate = formatter.format(date);
System.out.println("Date Format with E, dd MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss z :
"+strDate);
}
}

Temporal Adjusters
Class:
ixmport java.time.DayOfWeek;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjusters;
public class TemporalAdjusterExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{

LocalDate now = LocalDate.now();

System.out.println("Current date : " + now);

LocalDate output = null;

output = now.with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfMonth());
System.out.println("firstDayOfMonth :: " + output);

output = now.with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfNextMonth());
System.out.println("firstDayOfNextMonth :: " + output);

output = now.with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfNextYear());
System.out.println("firstDayOfNextYear :: " + output);

output = now.with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfYear());
System.out.println("firstDayOfYear :: " + output);

output = now.with(TemporalAdjusters.lastDayOfYear());
System.out.println("lastDayOfYear :: " + output);

output = now.with(TemporalAdjusters.dayOfWeekInMonth(2, DayOfWeek.FRIDAY));

System.out.println("dayOfWeekInMonth(1, DayOfWeek.FRIDAY) :: " + output);

output = now.with(TemporalAdjusters.lastDayOfMonth());
System.out.println("lastDayOfMonth :: " + output);

output = now.with(TemporalAdjusters.lastDayOfYear());
System.out.println("lastDayOfYear :: " + output);
}

Page | 15
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Exception Handling: Introduction

 An exception is an abnormal condition that arises in a code
sequence at run time. Exception is a run time error.
 Java and other programming languages have mechanisms for
handling exceptions that you can use to keep your program from
crashing. In Java, this is known as catching an
exception/exception handling.
 When java interpreter encounters an error, it creates an
exception object and throws it( informs us that an error
occurred).
 If the exception object is not caught and handled properly,
the interpreter will display a message and stops the program
execution.
 If we want the program to continue with the execution of the
remaining code, then we should try to catch the exception
object thrown by the error condition and then display an
appropriate message for taking corrective actions.

Errors are broadly classified into two categories.

1. Compile time exception(error)
2. Run Time exception(error)

Compile-time errors:
 All syntax errors will be detected and displayed by the java
compiler and therefore these errors are known as compile-time
errors.
 Whenever the compiler displays an error, it will not create
the .class file.

Run-time errors:

Sometimes a program may compile successfully creating the
.class file but may not run properly because of abnormal
conditions.
 Common run-time errors are
o The file you try to open may not exist.
o Dividing an integer by Zero.
o Accessing an element that is out of the bonds of an array
type.
o Trying to store a value into an array of an incompatiable
class or type.
o Trying to cast an instance of a class to one of its
subclasses.
o And many more……………..
Each exception is a class, part of java.lang package and it is
derived from Throwable class.

Page | 16
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Hierarchy of Standard Exception Classes:

There are two types of exceptions in Java:

 Unchecked Exceptions
 Checked Exceptions

Unchecked Exceptions:

 Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeExceptions and any of its

subclasses.
 Error class and its subclasses are also called unchecked
exceptions.
 Compiler does not force the program to catch the exception or
declare in a throws clause.
o Ex: ArithMeticException
 Unchecked exceptions can occur anywhere in a program and in a
typical program can be very numerous.

Checked Exceptions:

 A checked exception is any subclass of Exception (or Exception

class itself), excluding class RuntimeException and its
subclasses.
 Checked exceptions must be handled by the programmer to avoid a
compile-time error.
 There are two ways to handle checked exceptions.
o Declare the exception using a throws clause.
o catch the exception.

The compiler requires a throws clause or a try-catch statement for

any call to a method that may cause a checked exception to occur.

 Checked Exceptions are checked at compile time, where as

unchecked exceptions are at runtime.

Page | 17
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

We can know whether the exception is Checked or Unchecked in two

ways:
 Using Java API
 By Experience

Some common exceptions Unchecked (Runtime Exceptions):

Exception type Cause of exception

Arithmetic Exception Caused by math errors such as
division by zero

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Caused by bad array indxes

ArrayStoreException Caused when a program tries to
store the wrong type of data in an
array

ClassCastException Invalid cast

NullPointerException Invalid use of a null reference

Page | 18
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

NumberFormatException Invalid conversion of a string to a

numeric format

StringIndexOutOfBounds Attempt to index outside the bounds

of a string

Some common exceptions Checked (Compiletime Exceptions):

Exception type Cause of exception

ClassNotFound Class not found
IllegalAccessException Access to a class denied

InstantiationException Attempt to create an object of an abstract

class or interface

NoSuchFieldException A requested field does not exist

NoSuchMethodException A requested method does not exist

Java Exception handling is managed by 5 keywords:

1. try
2. catch
3. throw
4. throws
5. finally
If these abnormal conditions are not handled properly, either the
program will be aborted or the incorrect result will be carried on
causing more and more abnormal conditions.

Example to see what happens if the exceptions are not handled:

class NoException
{

public static void main(String[] args)

{
int no=10;
int r=0;
r=no/0;
System.out.println("Result is:"+r);
}
}

Page | 19
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

The above program gives the following error:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at NoException.main(NoException.java:8)

In the above program the error is handled by the default exception

handler which is provided by java run-time system.

If the exception is handled by the user then it gives two benefits.

1. Fixes the error.
2. Avoids automatic termination of program.

try
{
statement; // generates exception
}
catch(Exception-type e)
{
statement; // process the exception
}

 Java uses a keyword try to preface a block of code that is

likely to cause an error and “throw” an exception.
 A catch block is defined by the keyword catch “catches” the
exception “thrown” by the exception block.
 Catch block should be immediately after the try block.
 try block can have one or more statements that could generate
an exception.

Page | 20
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

 If any one statement generates an exception, the remaining

statements in the block are skipped and control jumps to the
catch block that is placed next to the try block.
 The catch block too can have one or more statements that are
necessary to process the exception.
 Every try block should be followed by at least one catch
statement.
 Catch statement works like a method definition, contains one
parameter, which is reference to the exception object thrown
by the try block.

Program:
class TryCatch
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=10;
int b=5;
int c=5;
int r;

try
{ r=a/(b-c); // exception here
System.out.println("This will not be executed. .... ");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{ System.out.println("Cannot divide by 0....."); }
System.out.println("After catch statement. ... ");
}
}
Note: Once an exception is thrown, control is transferred to catch
block and never returns to try block again.

***Statements after the exception statement(try block) never get

executed.

Page | 21
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Multiple Catch Clauses:

Syntax:

try
{
statement;
}
catch(Exception-type 1 e)
{
statement; // process exception type 1
}
catch(Exception-type 2 e)
{
statement; // process exception type 2
}
catch(Exception-type N e)
{
statement; // process exception type N
}
 When an exception in a try block is generated, java treats the multiple catch
statements like cases in switch statement.
 The first statement whose parameter matches with the exception object will be
executed, and the remaining statements will be skipped.
 Code in the catch block is not compulsory.
o catch (Exception e){}
o the catch statement simply ends with a curly braces( {} ), which does nothing,
this statement will catch an exception and then ignore it.

import java.util.*;

class MultiCatch
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int no,d,r;
no=d=r=0;

try
{
no=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
d=Integer.parseInt(args[1]);

Page | 22
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

r=no/d;
System.out.println("Result :"+r);
}
catch (NumberFormatException nf)
{
System.out.println(nf);
}
catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ai)
{
System.out.println(ai);
}
catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{
System.out.println(ae);
}
}
}

try-with-resources:
In Java, the try-with-resources statement is a try statement that declares one or more
resources. The resource is as an object that must be closed after finishing the program. The try-
with-resources statement ensures that each resource is closed at the end of the statement
execution.

Syntax:
try(resource code)
{
use resources
}
catch()
{
handle exceptions
}

Example:
import java.io.*;
class TryWithRes
{
public static void main(String args[])
{

try (BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("Sample.java")))

{
String line;
while((line=br.readLine())!=null)
{
System.out.println(line);
}
Page | 23
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

}
catch(IOException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

Custom Exceptions:
we can create our own exceptions that are derived classes of the Exception class. Creating our
own Exception is known as custom exception or user-defined exception. Basically, Java custom
exceptions are used to customize the exception according to user need.

Example:

public class WrongFileNameException extends Exception {

public WrongFileNameException(String errorMessage) {
super(errorMessage);
}
}

Nested try and catch Blocks:

In Java, using a try block inside another try block is permitted. It is called as nested try block.

Syntax:

....
//main try block
try
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
//try catch block within another try block
try
{
statement 3;
statement 4;
//try catch block within nested try block
try
{
statement 5;
statement 6;
Page | 24
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

}
catch(Exception e2)
{
//exception message
}

}
catch(Exception e1)
{
//exception message
}
}
//catch block of parent (outer) try block
catch(Exception e3)
{
//exception message
}
....
Example:
class NestedExcep
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{

try
{

System.out.println("going to divide");
int b =39/0;
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("A number can't be divide with zero");
}

Page | 25
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

try
{
int a[]=new int[5];
a[5]=4;
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}

}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("handeled");
}

}
}

Throws Clause or Rethrowing Exception

import java.io.*;
class Test
{
void doWork() throws IOException
{
throw new IOException();
}
}

class ThrowsTest1
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
Test t1=new Test();
t1.doWork();
}
}

Page | 26
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

UNIT V
String Handling in Java: Introduction, Interface Char Sequence, Class String, Methods for
Extracting Characters from Strings, Methods for Comparison of Strings, Methods for
Modifying Strings, Methods for Searching Strings, Data Conversion and Miscellaneous
Methods, Class String Buffer, Class String Builder.

Multithreaded Programming: Introduction, Need for Multiple Threads Multithreaded

Programming for Multi-core Processor, Thread Class, Main Thread- Creation of New Threads,
Thread States, Thread Priority-Synchronization, Deadlock and Race Situations, Inter-thread
Communication - Suspending, Resuming, and Stopping of Threads.

Java Database Connectivity: Introduction, JDBC Architecture, Installing MySQL and MySQL
Connector/J, JDBC Environment Setup, Establishing JDBC Database Connections, ResultSet
Interface, Creating JDBC Application, JDBC Batch Processing, JDBC Transaction
Management.

String Handling in Java:

String: String is a group of characters surrounded by double quotes, in java String class is used
to represent these group of characters.
Ex:
String s="sai"

1. Address of the object is assigned to the variable s. This object will be like a character
array.
2. Once a string object is created, the data inside the object cannot be modified, that’s
why we say strings are immutable.
Different ways of creating String objects:
String s1=new String();
String s2=new String("sai");
String s3="sai";
Difference between new and " "
1. Using new keyword any number of objects are created for the same class.
String s1=new String("sai");
String s2=new String("sai");
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

The above statements will create two different objects, with different address(same
contents) assigned to different variable s1 and s2 respectively.

2. Assignment operator is used to assign the string to the variable s3. in this case, JVM
first of all checks whether the same object is already available in the string constant
pool or not. If it is available, then it creates another reference to it. If same object is
not available, then it creates another object with the with the content “PREM” and
stores it into the string constant pool.
String s3="sai”;
String s4="sai”;

class StringDiff
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1=new String("sai");
String s2=new String("sai");
String s3="sai";
String s4="sai";
if(s1==s2)
System.out.println("Equal..");
else
System.out.println("NOT Equal..");
if(s3==s4)
System.out.println("Equal..");
else
System.out.println("NOT Equal..");
}
}

Note: The java. lang. String class implements Serializable, Comparable and Char
Sequence interfaces.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Interface Char Sequence:

The CharSequence interface is used to represent the sequence of characters.
String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes implement it. It means, we can create strings in
Java by using these three classes.

The Java String is immutable which means it cannot be changed. Whenever we change
any string, a new instance is created. For mutable strings, you can use StringBuffer and
StringBuilder classes.
Class String:
The java. lang. String class provides many useful methods to perform operations on
sequence of char values.

No. Method Description

1 char charAt(int index) returns char value for the
particular index

2 int length() returns string length

3 static String format(String format, Object... args) returns a formatted string.

4 static String format(Locale l, String format, Object... returns formatted string with
args) givenlocale.

5 String substring(int beginIndex) returns substring for given

begin index.

6 String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex) returns substring for given

begin index and end index.

7 boolean contains(CharSequence s) returns true or false after

matchingthe sequence of char
value.
8 static String join(CharSequence delimiter, returns a joined string.
CharSequence... elements)

9 boolean equals(Object another) checks the equality of string

withthe given object.

10 boolean isEmpty() checks if string is empty.

11 String concat(String str) concatenates the specified string.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

12 String replace(char old, char new) replaces all occurrences of the

specified char value.
13 String replace(CharSequence old, CharSequence new) replaces all occurrences of the
specified CharSequence.
14 static String equalsIgnoreCase(String another) compares another string. It
doesn't check case.
15 String[] split(String regex) returns a split string matching
regex.
16 int indexOf(int ch) returns the specified char value
index.
17 int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) returns the specified char value
index starting with given index.
18 int indexOf(String substring) returns the specified
substring index.
19 int indexOf(String substring, int fromIndex) returns the specified
substring index starting
with given index.
20 String toLowerCase() returns a string in lowercase.
21 String toLowerCase(Locale l) returns a string in lowercase
usingspecified locale.
22 String toUpperCase() returns a string in uppercase.
23 String toUpperCase(Locale l) returns a string in uppercase
usingspecified locale.
24 String trim() removes beginning and ending
spaces of this string.
25 static String valueOf(int value) converts given type into string.
It isan overloaded method.
String concatenation:
Appending a string to another String is known as String concatenation.
The + symbol acts as concatenation operator.

class SCat
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
String s1="eng";
s1=s1+" college";
System.out.println(s1);
}
}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

We said that String objects immutable(contents of the object are not changed once created).

s1=s1+" Computers";
when this statement is executed a new string is created with the contents of LHS and RHS of
the + operator. And the old object will eligible for garbage collection.

Example to work with String functions:

class StringClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String name="ADITYA";
String name1="college";
String name3="";
String name4="Aditya College of Engineering and Technology";
String name5=" Aditya College of Engineering and Technology ";
char ch=name.charAt(4);//returns the char value at the 4th index
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println("string length is: "+name.length());
System.out.println("sub string example: "+name.substring(2,4));
System.out.println("contains example: "+name.contains("IT"));
System.out.println("join example: "+String.join("-","02","07","2021"));
System.out.println("equals example: "+name.equals(name1));
System.out.println("concat example: "+name.concat(name1));
System.out.println("replace example: "+name.replace('a','A'));
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

System.out.println("isEmpty example: "+name3.isEmpty());

System.out.println("isEmpty example: "+name1.isEmpty());
System.out.println("name 4 before spliting: "+name4);
String s[]=name4.split("\\s");
for(String word:s)
System.out.println(word);
System.out.println("indexof example: "+name.indexOf('t'));
System.out.println("tolowercase example: "+name.toLowerCase());
System.out.println("touppercase example: "+name1.toUpperCase());
System.out.println("name 5 is:-"+name5);
System.out.println("trim example: "+name5.trim());
}
}
Methods for Extracting Characters from Strings
The following methods are used to extract Characters from Strings
1. charAt()
2. getChars()
3. toCharArray()
4. getBytes()
Example:
class Extract
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s=new String("Aditya College of Engineering and technology");
System.out.println("character at 7th index is-"+s.charAt(7));
System.out.println(s.length());
char[] des=new char[44];
s.getChars(1,21,des,0);
System.out.println("Extracted characters-"+des);
String s1="ABCDEF";
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

byte b[]=s1.getBytes();
for(byte a:b)
System.out.println(a);
String s2="Aditya";
char[] ch=s2.toCharArray();
for(char c:ch)
System.out.print(c);
}
}
Methods for Comparison of Strings
The following methods are used to compare Strings
1. equals()
2. compareTo()
Example:
class Compare
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1="Aditya";
String s2="Sai";
String s3="aditya";
String s4="Aditya";
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s4));
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s2));
System.out.println(s2.compareTo(s1));
if(s1.equals(s4))
System.out.println("Equals");
else
System.out.println("Not Equals");
if(s1==s4)
System.out.println("Equals");
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

else
System.out.println("Not Equals");
}
}
Methods for Modifying Strings
The following methods are used to modify Strings
1. concat()
2. replace()
3. trim()
4. substring()
Example:
class StringClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String name="ADITYA";
String name1="college";
String name3="";
String name4="Aditya College of Engineering and Technology";
String name5=" Aditya College of Engineering and Technology ";
System.out.println("sub string example: "+name.substring(2,4));
System.out.println("concat example: "+name.concat(name1));
System.out.println("replace example: "+name.replace('a','A'));
System.out.println("trim example: "+name5.trim());
}
}
Methods for Searching Strings
The following methods are used searching Strings
1. indexOf()
2. lastIndex()
3. charAt()
4. contains()
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Example:
class StringClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String name="ADITYA";
String name1="college";
String name3="";
String name4="Aditya College of Engineering and Technology";
String name5=" Aditya College of Engineering and Technology ";
char ch=name.charAt(4);//returns the char value at the 4th index
System.out.println("contains example: "+name.contains("IT"));
System.out.println("indexof example: "+name.indexOf('t'));

}
}
Data Conversion and Miscellaneous Methods
Example:
class StringClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String name="ADITYA";
String name1="college";
String name3="";
String name4="Aditya College of Engineering and Technology";
String name5=" Aditya College of Engineering and Technology ";
char ch=name.charAt(4);//returns the char value at the 4th index
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println("string length is: "+name.length());
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

System.out.println("sub string example: "+name.substring(2,4));

System.out.println("contains example: "+name.contains("IT"));
System.out.println("join example: "+String.join("-","02","07","2021"));
System.out.println("equals example: "+name.equals(name1));
System.out.println("concat example: "+name.concat(name1));
System.out.println("replace example: "+name.replace('a','A'));
System.out.println("isEmpty example: "+name3.isEmpty());
System.out.println("isEmpty example: "+name1.isEmpty());
System.out.println("name 4 before spliting: "+name4);
String s[]=name4.split("\\s");
for(String word:s)
System.out.println(word);
System.out.println("indexof example: "+name.indexOf('t'));
System.out.println("tolowercase example: "+name.toLowerCase());
System.out.println("touppercase example: "+name1.toUpperCase());
System.out.println("name 5 is:-"+name5);
System.out.println("trim example: "+name5.trim());
}
}

StringBuffer class:
1. String buffer is a peer class of string. The string buffer class creates mutable strings of
flexible length which can be modified in terms of both length and content.
2. StringBuffer reserves space for 16 characters.
3. EnsureCapacity () adds double+2 spaces.
4. The following are methods of StringBuffer Class
1. length()
2. capacity()
3. charAt()
4. append()
5. toString()
6. reverse()
7. ensureCapacity()
8. setCharAt()
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

9. delete();
10. deleteCharAt();
11. replace();
12. substring();
13. insert()

Example 1:
class StringBufferDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer("Engineering Student");
System.out.println("Buffer:"+sb);
System.out.println("Length:"+sb.length());
System.out.println("Capacity:"+sb.capacity());
// Displaying all the characters of the string
for(int i=0;i<s.length();i++)
{
System.out.println("Character at position:" +i+" is "+s.charAt(i));
}
// Appending at the end
s.append(" CSE");
System.out.println("New string is:"+s);
}
}

Example 2:
class StringBufferDemo1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
StringBuffer sb1=new StringBuffer();
StringBuffer sb2=new StringBuffer(10);
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

StringBuffer sb3=new StringBuffer("Prem");

System.out.println("sb3 toString:"+sb3.toString());
System.out.println("sb1 length is:"+sb1.length());
System.out.println("sb2 length is:"+sb2.length());
System.out.println("sb3 length is:"+sb3.length());
System.out.println("sb1 capacity is:"+sb1.capacity());
System.out.println("sb2 capacity is:"+sb2.capacity());
System.out.println("sb3 capacity is:"+sb3.capacity());
sb1.ensureCapacity(50);
System.out.println("sb1 capacity is:"+sb1.capacity());
StringBuffer sb4=new StringBuffer("hi are u");
System.out.println("sb4 character is:"+sb4.charAt(0));
System.out.println("sb4 character is:"+sb4.charAt(4));
sb4.setCharAt(0,'H');
sb4.setCharAt(4,'H');
sb4.reverse();
System.out.println(sb4);

sb4.insert(4," Prem");
String s="Good Bye";
boolean b=true;
int i=99;
double d=99.99;

StringBuffer sb5=new StringBuffer();

sb5.append('r');
sb5.append('a');
sb5.append('j');
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

System.out.println(sb5);
StringBuffer sb6=new StringBuffer("Raj Jain");
sb6.insert(4," Kumar ");
System.out.println(sb6);
sb6.delete(1,3);
sb6.deleteCharAt(3);
sb6.replace(0,4,"Hello");
String s1=sb6.substring(4);
String s2=sb6.substring(0,4);
System.out.println(s1);
System.out.println(s2);
}
};
equals() and ==:
equals() and == performs two different operations. equals() method compares the characters
inside a String object.
The == operator compares two object references to see whether they refer to the same
instance.
StringBuilder class:
StringBuilder class has been added in JDK1.5 which has same features like
StringBuffer class. StringBuilder class objects are also mutable as the stringBuffer Objects.
Difference:
StringBuffer is class is synchronized and StringBuilder is not.
Multithreaded Programming:

Introduction, Need for Multiple Threads Multithreaded Programming for Multi-core

Processor

1. Multithreading in Java is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously.

2. A thread is a lightweight sub-process, the smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing
and multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking.
Advantages of Java Multithreading
1. It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and you can perform
multiple operations at the same time.
2. You can perform many operations together, so it saves time.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

3. Threads are independent, so it doesn't affect other threads if an exception

occurs in a single thread.
Multitasking
Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously. We use multitasking
to utilize the CPU. Multitasking can be achieved in two ways:
o Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)
o Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)
1) Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)
o Each process has an address in memory. In other words, each process allocates a
separate memory area.
o A process is heavyweight.
o Cost of communication between the process is high.
o Switching from one process to another requires some time for saving and
loading registers, memory maps, updating lists, etc.
2) Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)
o Threads share the same address space.
o A thread is lightweight.
o Cost of communication between the thread is low.

Thread Class
Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and perform operations on a
thread.Thread class extends Object class and implements Runnable interface.
Commonly used Constructors of Thread class:
 Thread()
 Thread(String name)
 Thread(Runnable r)
 Thread(Runnable r,String name)
Commonly used methods of Thread class:
 public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread.
 public void start(): starts the execution of the thread.JVM calls the run() method on
the thread.
 public void sleep(long miliseconds): Causes the currently executing thread to sleep
(temporarily cease execution) for the specified number of milliseconds.
 public void join(): waits for a thread to die.
 public void join(long miliseconds): waits for a thread to die for the specified
miliseconds.
 public int getPriority(): returns the priority of the thread.
 public int setPriority(int priority): changes the priority of the thread.
 public String getName(): returns the name of the thread.
 public void setName(String name): changes the name of the thread.
 public Thread currentThread(): returns the reference of currently executing thread.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

 public int getId(): returns the id of the thread.

 public Thread.State getState(): returns the state of the thread.
 public boolean isAlive(): tests if the thread is alive.
 public void yield(): causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause
and allow other threads to execute.
 public void suspend(): is used to suspend the thread(depricated).
 public void resume(): is used to resume the suspended thread(depricated).
 public void stop(): is used to stop the thread(depricated).
 public boolean isDaemon(): tests if the thread is a daemon thread.
 public void setDaemon(boolean b): marks the thread as daemon or user thread.
 public void interrupt(): interrupts the thread.
 public boolean isInterrupted(): tests if the thread has been interrupted.
 public static boolean interrupted(): tests if the current thread has been interrupted.
Main Thread:
 A Thread represents a separate path of execution.
 Group of statements executed by JVM one by one.
Program to find the thread used by JVM to execute the statements(Main Thread):
class ThreadName
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Welcome ");
Thread t=Thread.currentThread();
System.out.println("Current Thread is : "+t);
System.out.println("Current Thread Name is : "+t.getName());
}
}
In the above program currentThread() is a static method of Thread Class, which returns the
reference of the current running thread.
Thread[main,5,main]
 Here Thread indicates that t is thread class object.
 The First main indicates the name of the thread that is executing the current code.
 5 the is priority of thread.
The next main indicates the thread group name to which this thread belongs.

Creation of New Threads

Creating threads in java is simple. Threads are created in the form of objects that contain a
method called run(). The run() is heart and soul of any thread. The whole code that
constitutes a new thread is written inside the run() method.
Threads can be created by the user in two ways
1. By extending Thread class
2. By implementing Runnable interface
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Creating thread by extending Thread class

Syntax:-
class <class name> extends Thread
{
public void run()
{

---------- override run() method

}
}
ob1 ob2 ob3

Run() Run() Run()

Note:
 Methods of Thread class are inherited in our own class, so every
object created for our class is a thread.
 Every object(thread) has its own start(),run() and many more
methods.
 Whenever start() method is called run() is excuted.
 The run() method is just like your main() method where you can
declare variables, use other classes, and can call other methods.
 The run() is an entry point for another thread. This thread will end
when run() returns.

Example:
class NewThread1 extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
try
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" : "+i);
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e){}
System.out.println("Child thread exiting. .. ");
};
}
class NewThreadDemo1
{
public static void main(String args[])throws InterruptedException
{
NewThread1 t1=new NewThread1();
t1.setName("Child Thread");
t1.start();
}
};
By implementing Runnable interface:
 We can’t extend more than one class to our class because multiple inheritance is not
possible, in such situations we can implement runnable interface.
 Runnable implementation is slightly less simple. To run a separate thread, you still
need a thread instance.
 To implement Runnable interface, a class need to implement a single method called
run().
Syntax: Public void run()
Example:
class NewThread3 implements Runnable
{
public void run()
{
try
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" : "+i);
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

catch(InterruptedException e){}
System.out.println("Child thread exiting. .. ");
};
}
class NewThreadDemo3
{
public static void main(String args[])throws InterruptedException
{
NewThread3 obj=new NewThread3();
Thread t1=new Thread(obj);
t1.setName("Child Thread");
t1.start();
}
};
Thread Priorities:
When the threads are created and started, a ‘thread scheduler’ program in JVM will load them
into memory and execute them. This scheduler will allot more JVM time to those thread which are
having priority.
The priority numbers will change from 1 to 10.
Thread.MAX_PRIORITY – 10
Thread.MIN_PRIORITY – 1
Thread.NORM_PRIORITY - 5

Example:
class MyClass extends Thread
{
int count=0;
public void run()
{
for(int i=1;i<=10000;i++)
count++;

System.out.println("Completed Thread:"+Thread.currentThread().getName());
System.out.println("It's Priority:"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}
}
class Prior
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
MyClass m=new MyClass();
Thread t1=new Thread(m,"One");
Thread t2=new Thread(m,"Two");
t1.setPriority(2);
t2.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY);

t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Thread States (OR) Life Cycle of the Thread:

During the life time of a thread, there aremany states it can enter.They are
1. Newborn State
2. Runnable State
3. Running State
4. Blocked State
5. Dead Sate
A thread is always in one of these five states. It can move from one state to another state via a
variety of ways.

Newborn state:
When a thread object is created it is said to be in newborn state. It is not yet scheduled for
running. At this stage we can do only following things.
 Schedule it for running using start() method.
 Kill it using Stop() method.
If scheduled, it moves to the runnable state. If any other method is used an exception will be
thrown.

Runnable state:
 Runnable state means the thread is ready for execution and is waiting for the availability
of the processor. i.e The thread has joined the queue of threads that are waiting for
execution.
 If all threads have equal priority, they are given time slots for execution in round robin
fashion. i.e first come first serve manner.
 The thread that relinquishes control joins the queue at the end and again waits for its
turn. This process of assigning time to threads is knows as time slicing.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

If we want a thread to relinquish control to another thread of equal priority before its turn
comes, we can do so by using the yield().

Running State:

 Running means the processor has given its time to the thread for execution.
 A running thread may relinquish its control in one of the following situtations.
Suspend:
It has been suspended using suspend() method. A suspended thread can be revived using
resume() method. This is useful when we want to suspend a thread for some time due to certain
reason. But do not want to kill.

Sleep:
It has been made to sleep. We put a thread to sleep for a specified time period using the method
sleep(time) where time is in milliseconds. This means that the thread is out of the queue during
this time period. It re-enters the runnable state as soon as time period is elapsed.

Wait:
It had been told to wait until some event occurs. This is done using wait() method. The thread
can be scheduled to run again using notify() method.

Blocked State:
 A thread is said to be blocked when it is prevented from entering into the
Runnable state. Subsequently the running state.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

 This happens when the thread is suspended, sleeping or waiting in order to

satisfy certain requirements.
 A blocked thread is considered “NOT RUNNABLE” but not dead and
therefore fully qualified to run again.
Dead state:

Every thread has a life cycle.

A running thread ends its life when it has completed executing its run()
method.
 It is a natural death.
 We can kill a thread by sending stop message to it at any state thus causing a
premature death.
 A thread can be killed as soon as it is born, or while it is running or even when
it is in “NOT RUNNABLE”(blocked) condition.
Daemon Threads:
 Threads that work continuously without any interruption to provide services to other
threads (works in the background to support the runtime environment) are called
daemon threads.
Eg: the clock handler thread, the idle thread, the garbage collector thread, the screen
updater thread etc.
 By default a thread is not a daemon thread.
o setDaemon(true) turns a thread into deamon thread.
o isDaemon() to know whether a thread is Daemon or not.

Synchronization
 When a thread is already acting on an object, preventing any other thread from acting
on the same object is called “Thread synchronization” or “Thread safe”.
 Synchronized object is like a locked object, When a thread enters the object, it locks it,
so that the next thread cannot enter till it comes out.
 This means the object is locked mutually on threads, so this object is called
mutex(Mutually exclusive lock).
How to synchronize the object:
There are two ways
 Synchronized block
 Synchronized keyword
Synchronized block:
Here we can embed a group of statements of the object(inside run() method) within a
synchronized block.
synchronized(this)
{
Statements;
}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Synchronized keyword:
We can synchronize an entire method my using synchronized keyword.
synchronized void display()
{
Statements;
}
Example for Synchronized block can be executed only by one thread:
class Reserve implements Runnable
{
int avaliable=1;
int wanted;
Reserve(int i)
{
wanted=i;
}
public void run()
{
synchronized(this)
{
System.out.println("Avaliable Berths= " +avaliable);
if(avaliable>=wanted)
{
String name=Thread.currentThread().getName();
System.out.println(wanted+" berths reserved for "+name);
try
{
Thread.sleep(1000);
avaliable=avaliable-wanted;
}
catch(InterruptedException ie)
{ ie.printStackTrace(); }
}
else
System.out.println("Sorry no berths. ..");
}
}
}
class Sync
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Reserve obj=new Reserve(1);
Thread t1=new Thread(obj);
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Thread t2=new Thread(obj);

t1.setName("First person...");
t2.setName("Second Person. .. ");
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
};

Deadlock and Race Situations

 Deadlock in Java is a condition where two or more threads are blocked forever, waiting
for each other.
 This usually happens when multiple threads need the same locks but obtain them in
different orders.
 Multithreaded Programming in Java suffers from the deadlock situation because of the
synchronized keyword.
Example:

public class Example

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
final String r1 = "surya";
final String r2 = "java";
Thread t1 = new Thread()
{
public void run()
{
synchronized(r1)
{
System.out.println("Thread 1: Locked r1");
try
{
Thread.sleep(100);
}
catch(exception e)
{
}
}
}
};
Thread t2 = new Thread()
{
public void run()
{
synchronized(r1)
{
System.out.println("Thread 2: Locked r1");
try{ Thread.sleep(100);} catch(exception e) {}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

}
}
};
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}

Inter-thread Communication:
In some cases, two or more threads should communicate with each other. For example,
a consumer thread is waiting for a producer to produce the data. When the producer completes
the production of data, then the consumer thread should take that data and use it.
Methods used for inter -thread communication:
obj.wait() : This method makes a thread wait for the object(obj) till it receives a notification
from a notify() or notifyAll() method.
obj.notify() : This method releases an object(obj) and sends a notification to a waiting thread
that the object is available.
obj.notifyAll() : This method is useful to send notification to all waiting threads at once that
the object is available.
Example:
class Communicate1
{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception
{
Producer obj1=new Producer();
// pass producer object to Consumer
Consumer obj2=new Consumer(obj1);
//Create two threads and attach to producer and consumer
Thread t1=new Thread(obj1);
Thread t2=new Thread(obj2);
t2.start();//consumer waits
t1.start();//producer starts production
}
}
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

class Producer extends Thread

{
StringBuffer sb;
Producer()
{
sb=new StringBuffer();
}
public void run()
{
synchronized(sb)
{
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
try{
sb.append(i+":");
Thread.sleep(100);
System.out.println("Appending...");
}
catch(Exception e){}
}
//Production is over, so it is sending a notification to consumer
//thread that sb object is avaliable
sb.notify();
}
}//end of run
}//end of producer class
class Consumer extends Thread
{
Producer prod;
Consumer(Producer p)
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

{
prod=p;
}
public void run()
{
synchronized(prod.sb)
{
// wait till a notification is received from producer thread. Here
//there is no wastage of time of even a single millisecond
try{
prod.sb.wait();
}
catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println(prod.sb);
}//end of sync
}//end of run
}//end of consumer class

Java Database Connectivity:

Introduction
1. The term JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity and it is a specification from
Sun microsystems.
2. JDBC is an API (Application programming interface) in Java that helps users to interact
or communicate with various databases.
3. The classes and interfaces of JDBC API allow the application to send the request to the
specified database.
4. Using JDBC, we can write programs required to access databases. JDBC and the
database driver are capable of accessing databases and spreadsheets.
5. Interacting with the database requires efficient database connectivity, which we can
achieve using ODBC (Open database connectivity) driver. We can use this ODBC
Driver with the JDBC to interact or communicate with various kinds of databases, like
Oracle, MS Access, MySQL, and SQL, etc.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

6. The java.sql package contains classes and interfaces for JDBC API. A list of
popular interfaces of JDBC API are given below:
o Driver interface
o Connection interface
o Statement interface
o PreparedStatement interface
o CallableStatement interface
o ResultSet interface
o ResultSetMetaData interface
o DatabaseMetaData interface
o RowSet interface
A list of popular classes of JDBC API are given below:
o DriverManager class
o Blob class
o Clob class
o Types class
7. We can use JDBC API to handle database using Java program and can perform the
following activities:
1. Connect to the database
2. Execute queries and update statements to the database
3. Retrieve the result received from the database.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

Java Database Connectivity with MySQL

To connect Java application with the MySQL database, we need to follow 5 following steps.
In this example we are using MySql as the database. So we need to know following
informations for the mysql database:
1. Driver class: The driver class for the mysql database is com.mysql.jdbc.Driver.
2. Connection URL: The connection URL for the mysql database
is jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/aditya where jdbc is the API, mysql is the database, localhost
is the server name on which mysql is running, we may also use IP address, 3306 is the port
number and aditya is the database name. We may use any database, in such case, we need to
replace the aditya with our database name.
3. Username: The default username for the mysql database is root.
4. Password: It is the password given by the user at the time of installing the mysql database. In
this example, we are going to use root as the password.
Example:
Id Name City
2415 Vahida KKD
117 Ail RJY
Example:
import java.sql.*;
class MysqlCon
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection( "jdbc:mysql://localho
st:3306/aditya","root","root");
//here sai is database name, root is username and password
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
while(rs.next())
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2)+" "+rs.get

String(3));
con.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

JDBC Batch Processing:

 Batch Processing allows you to group related SQL statements into a batch and submit
them with one call to the database.
 When you send several SQL statements to the database at once, you reduce the amount
of communication overhead, thereby improving performance.

 JDBC drivers are not required to support this feature. You should use
the DatabaseMetaData.supportsBatchUpdates() method to determine if the target
database supports batch update processing. The method returns true if your JDBC
driver supports this feature.

 The addBatch() method of Statement, PreparedStatement, and CallableStatement is

used to add individual statements to the batch. The executeBatch() is used to start the
execution of all the statements grouped together.

 The executeBatch() returns an array of integers, and each element of the array
represents the update count for the respective update statement.

 Just as you can add statements to a batch for processing, you can remove them with
the clearBatch() method. This method removes all the statements you added with the
addBatch() method. However, you cannot selectively choose which statement to
remove.

Step to Batching with Statement Object

Here is a typical sequence of steps to use Batch Processing with Statement Object −
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

 Create a Statement object using either createStatement() methods. 

 Set auto-commit to false using setAutoCommit().

 Add as many as SQL statements you like into batch using addBatch() method on
created statement object.

 Execute all the SQL statements using executeBatch() method on created statement
object.

 Finally, commit all the changes using commit() method.

Example:
// Create statement object
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
// Set auto-commit to false
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
// Create SQL statement
String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " + "VALUES(200,'ravi', 'Ali', 30)";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);
// Create one more SQL statement
String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " + "VALUES(201,'Raj', 'Kumar', 35)";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);
// Create one more SQL statement
String SQL = "UPDATE Employees SET age = 35 " +"WHERE id = 100";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);
// Create an int[] to hold returned values
int[] count = stmt.executeBatch();
//Explicitly commit statements to apply changes
conn.commit();

Transaction Management in JDBC

 Transaction represents a single unit of work.
 The ACID properties describes the transaction management well. ACID stands for
Atomicity, Consistency, isolation and durability.
JAVA PROGRAMMING II B. TECH II SEMESTER

In JDBC, Connection interface provides methods to manage transaction.

Method Description
void setAutoCommit(boolean It is true bydefault means each transaction is committed
status) bydefault.
void commit() commits the transaction.
void rollback() cancels the transaction.
Example:
import java.sql.*;
class FetchRecords
{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception
{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:
1521:xe","system","oracle");
con.setAutoCommit(false);
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate("insert into user420 values(190,'abhi',40000)");
stmt.executeUpdate("insert into user420 values(191,'umesh',50000)");
con.commit();
con.close();
}}