Numpy | ndarray

N-Dimensional array(ndarray) in Numpy

Array in Numpy is a table of elements (usually numbers), all of the same type, indexed by a tuple of
positive integers. In Numpy, number of dimensions of the array is called rank of the array.A tuple of
integers giving the size of the array along each dimension is known as shape of the array. An array
class in Numpy is called as ndarray. Elements in Numpy arrays are accessed by using square brackets
and can be initialized by using nested Python Lists.

Example :

[[ 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 2, 5]]

Here, rank = 2 (as it is 2-dimensional or it has 2 axes)

First dimension(axis) length = 2, second dimension has length = 3
overall shape can be expressed as: (2, 3)

Python

# Python program to demonstrate

# basic array characteristics

import numpy as np

# Creating array object

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3],

[4, 2, 5]])

# Printing type of arr object

print("Array is of type: ", type(arr))

# Printing array dimensions (axes)

print("No. of dimensions: ", arr.ndim)

# Printing shape of array

print("Shape of array: ", arr.shape)

# Printing size (total number of elements) of array

print("Size of array: ", arr.size)

# Printing type of elements in array

print("Array stores elements of type: ", arr.dtype)

Output

Array is of type: <class 'numpy.ndarray'>

No. of dimensions: 2

Shape of array: (2, 3)

Size of array: 6

Array stores elements of type: int64

Array Creation

There are various ways to create arrays in NumPy.

 For example, you can create an array from a regular Python list or tuple using
the array function. The type of the resulting array is deduced from the type of the elements
in the sequences.

 Often, the elements of an array are originally unknown, but its size is known. Hence, NumPy
offers several functions to create arrays with initial placeholder content. These minimize the
necessity of growing arrays, an expensive operation.
For example: np.zeros, np.ones, np.full, np.empty, etc.

 To create sequences of numbers, NumPy provides a function analogous to range that returns
arrays instead of lists.

 arange: returns evenly spaced values within a given interval. step size is specified.

 linspace: returns evenly spaced values within a given interval. num no. of elements are
returned.

 Reshaping array: We can use reshape method to reshape an array. Consider an array with
shape (a1, a2, a3, …, aN). We can reshape and convert it into another array with shape (b1,
b2, b3, …, bM). The only required condition is:
a1 x a2 x a3 … x aN = b1 x b2 x b3 … x bM . (i.e original size of array remains unchanged.)

 Flatten array: We can use flatten method to get a copy of array collapsed into one
dimension. It accepts order argument. Default value is ‘C’ (for row-major order). Use ‘F’ for
column major order.

Note: Type of array can be explicitly defined while creating array.

Python

# Python program to demonstrate

# array creation techniques

import numpy as np

# Creating array from list with type float

a = np.array([[1, 2, 4], [5, 8, 7]], dtype='float')

print("Array created using passed list:\n", a)

# Creating array from tuple

b = np.array((1, 3, 2))

print("\nArray created using passed tuple:\n", b)

# Creating a 3X4 array with all zeros

c = np.zeros((3, 4))

print("\nAn array initialized with all zeros:\n", c)

# Create a constant value array of complex type

d = np.full((3, 3), 6, dtype='complex')

print("\nAn array initialized with all 6s."

"Array type is complex:\n", d)

Output

Array created using passed list:

[[1. 2. 4.]
[5. 8. 7.]]

Array created using passed tuple:

[1 3 2]

An array initialized with all zeros:

[[0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0.]]

An array initialized with all 6s.Array type is complex:

[[6.+0.j 6.+0.j 6.+0.j]
[6.+0.j 6.+0.j 6.+0.j]
[6.+0.j 6.+0.j 6.+0.j]]

Array Indexing

Knowing the basics of array indexing is important for analysing and manipulating the array object.
NumPy offers many ways to do array indexing.

 Slicing: Just like lists in python, NumPy arrays can be sliced. As arrays can be
multidimensional, you need to specify a slice for each dimension of the array.

 Integer array indexing: In this method, lists are passed for indexing for each dimension. One
to one mapping of corresponding elements is done to construct a new arbitrary array.

 Boolean array indexing: This method is used when we want to pick elements from array
which satisfy some condition.

Python
# Python program to demonstrate

# indexing in numpy

import numpy as np

# An exemplar array

arr = np.array([[-1, 2, 0, 4],

[4, -0.5, 6, 0],

[2.6, 0, 7, 8],

[3, -7, 4, 2.0]])

# Slicing array

temp = arr[:2, ::2]

print("Array with first 2 rows and alternate"

"columns(0 and 2):\n", temp)

# Integer array indexing example

temp = arr[[0, 1, 2, 3], [3, 2, 1, 0]]

print("\nElements at indices (0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1),"

"(3, 0):\n", temp)

# boolean array indexing example

cond = arr > 0 # cond is a boolean array

temp = arr[cond]

print("\nElements greater than 0:\n", temp)

Output

Array with first 2 rows and alternatecolumns(0 and 2):

[[-1. 0.]

[ 4. 6.]]

Elements at indices (0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1),(3, 0):

[4. 6. 0. 3.]

Elements greater than 0:

[2. 4. 4. 6. 2.6 7. 8....

Basic operations

Plethora of built-in arithmetic functions are provided in NumPy.

  Operations on single array: We can use overloaded arithmetic operators to do element-wise
operation on array to create a new array. In case of +=, -=, *= operators, the exsisting array is
modified.

Python

# Python program to demonstrate

# basic operations on single array

import numpy as np

a = np.array([1, 2, 5, 3])

# add 1 to every element

print("Adding 1 to every element:", a+1)

# subtract 3 from each element

print("Subtracting 3 from each element:", a-3)

# multiply each element by 10

print("Multiplying each element by 10:", a*10)

# square each element

print("Squaring each element:", a**2)

# modify existing array

a *= 2

print("Doubled each element of original array:", a)

# transpose of array

a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5], [9, 6, 0]])

print("\nOriginal array:\n", a)

print("Transpose of array:\n", a.T)

Output

Adding 1 to every element: [2 3 6 4]

Subtracting 3 from each element: [-2 -1 2 0]

Multiplying each element by 10: [10 20 50 30]

Squaring each element: [ 1 4 25 9]

Doubled each element of original ...

 Unary operators: Many unary operations are provided as a method of ndarray class. This
includes sum, min, max, etc. These functions can also be applied row-wise or column-wise by
setting an axis parameter.
Python

# Python program to demonstrate

# unary operators in numpy

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1, 5, 6],

[4, 7, 2],

[3, 1, 9]])

# maximum element of array

print("Largest element is:", arr.max())

print("Row-wise maximum elements:",

arr.max(axis=1))

# minimum element of array

print("Column-wise minimum elements:",

arr.min(axis=0))

# sum of array elements

print("Sum of all array elements:",

arr.sum())

# cumulative sum along each row

print("Cumulative sum along each row:\n",

arr.cumsum(axis=1))

Output

Largest element is: 9

Row-wise maximum elements: [6 7 9]

Column-wise minimum elements: [1 1 2]

Sum of all array elements: 38

Cumulative sum along each row:

[[ 1 6 12]

[ 4 11 13]

[ 3 4 13]]
  Binary operators: These operations apply on array elementwise and a new array is created.
You can use all basic arithmetic operators like +, -, /, , etc. In case of +=, -=, = operators, the
exsisting array is modified.

Python

# Python program to demonstrate

# binary operators in Numpy

import numpy as np

a = np.array([[1, 2],

[3, 4]])

b = np.array([[4, 3],

[2, 1]])

# add arrays

print("Array sum:\n", a + b)

# multiply arrays (elementwise multiplication)

print("Array multiplication:\n", a*b)

# matrix multiplication

print("Matrix multiplication:\n", a.dot(b))

Output

Array sum:

[[5 5]

[5 5]]

Array multiplication:

[[4 6]

[6 4]]

Matrix multiplication:

[[ 8 5]

[20 13]]

 Universal functions (ufunc): NumPy provides familiar mathematical functions such as sin,
cos, exp, etc. These functions also operate elementwise on an array, producing an array as
output.

Note: All the operations we did above using overloaded operators can be done using ufuncs like
np.add, np.subtract, np.multiply, np.divide, np.sum, etc.
Python

# Python program to demonstrate

# universal functions in numpy

import numpy as np

# create an array of sine values

a = np.array([0, np.pi/2, np.pi])

print("Sine values of array elements:", np.sin(a))

# exponential values

a = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])

print("Exponent of array elements:", np.exp(a))

# square root of array values

print("Square root of array elements:", np.sqrt(a))

Output

Sine values of array elements: [0.0000000e+00 1.0000000e+00 1.2246468e-16]

Exponent of array elements: [ 1. 2.71828183 7.3890561 20.08553692]

Square root of array elements: [0. 1. ...

Data Type

Every ndarray has an associated data type (dtype) object. This data type object (dtype) informs us
about the layout of the array. This means it gives us information about :

 Type of the data (integer, float, Python object etc.)

 Size of the data (number of bytes)

 Byte order of the data (little-endian or big-endian)

 If the data type is a sub-array, what is its shape and data type.

The values of a ndarray are stored in a buffer which can be thought of as a contiguous block of
memory bytes. So how these bytes will be interpreted is given by the dtype object.

Every Numpy array is a table of elements (usually numbers), all of the same type, indexed by a tuple
of positive integers. Every ndarray has an associated data type (dtype) object.

This data type object (dtype) provides information about the layout of the array. The vaues of an
ndarray are stored in a buffer which can be thought of as a contiguous block of memory bytes which
can be interpreted by the dtype object. Numpy provides a large set of numeric datatypes that can be
used to construct arrays.

At the time of Array creation, Numpy tries to guess a datatype, but functions that construct arrays
usually also include an optional argument to explicitly specify the datatype.

Python

# Python Program to create a data type object

import numpy as np

# np.int16 is converted into a data type object.

print(np.dtype(np.int16))

Output

int16

Python

# Python Program to create a data type object

# containing a 32 bit big-endian integer

import numpy as np

# i4 represents integer of size 4 byte

# > represents big-endian byte ordering and

# < represents little-endian encoding.

# dt is a dtype object

dt = np.dtype('>i4')

print("Byte order is:", dt.byteorder)

print("Size is:", dt.itemsize)

print("Data type is:", dt.name)

Output

Byte order is: >

Size is: 4

Data type is: int32