INEL 4202 – 2S2021 8/12/2024

Last Lecture – MOS & BJT Basics

• Large Signal Model BJT Equivalent Impedance
Base 𝑟𝜋 1 + 𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝑍𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
• Small Signal Model
Collector 𝑟0 1 + 𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝑍𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
• Small Signal Analysis
Emitter 1Τ𝑔𝑚 + 𝑍𝑏 Τ(𝛽 + 1)
• Amplification Stages
• Terminal Impedances MOSFET Equivalent Impedance
Gate ∞
Drain 𝑟0 1 + 𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝑍𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
Source 1Τ𝑔𝑚

The equivalent impedance at a node will be the parallel

combination of all the impedances attached to it!
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Electronics I
INEL 4202 – 2S2021

Frequency Response Transfer Function

V (s ) + V2 (s ) 
Vout (s ) = Av (s )V1 (s ) − V2 (s )  Ac (s ) 1 
 2
phase response

where Av(s) → transfer function

Av (s ) = Av (s ) Av (s )
s=σ+jω → complex frequency
magnitude response
σ → Neper frequency (Np/s)
ω → angular frequency (rad/s) 𝑨𝒗 𝒔 𝒅𝑩 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝑨𝒗 𝒔
real
complex
roots
(conjugate pairs)
𝑵 𝒔 𝒔 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒔 − 𝒛𝟐 … 𝒔 − 𝒛𝒎 zeros – s = zi where N(s)=0
𝑨𝒗 𝒔 = = 𝑨𝟎 poles – s = pi where D(s)=0
𝑫 𝒔 𝒔 − 𝒑𝟏 𝒔 − 𝒑𝟐 … 𝒔 − 𝒑𝒏
scaling factor

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 3

Amplifier Frequency Response – Appendix F

8/12/2024
1
𝐴𝑣 𝑠 = 𝐴𝑣0 𝑠
ൗ𝑝1 + 1 𝑠ൗ𝑝2 + 1 𝑠ൗ𝑝3 + 1

Unity Gain Bandwidth

The frequency response is directly

Gain linked to the stability of the amplifier
Bandwidth Freq. Corner
Dominant Pole Non-dominant Poles
 4

A One Pole System

𝟏
𝑨𝑽 𝒔 =
𝟏 + 𝒔ൗ𝝎𝟎
𝑨𝒗 𝒅𝑩 @ 𝝎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔

∴ P and Z can be approximated as…

s s

Magnitude - |Av(jω)|dB

• pole → -20dB/dec for ω > ω0

Phase Angle - <Av(jω)

• pole → -450/dec for 0.1∙ω0 < ω < 10∙ω0
 5

A One Pole & One Zero System

𝒔ൗ
𝝎𝟎
𝑨𝑽 𝒔 =
𝟏 + 𝒔ൗ𝝎𝟎 𝑨𝒗 𝒅𝑩 @ 𝝎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔

∴ P and Z can be approximated as…

s s

Magnitude - |Av(jω)|dB

• pole → -20dB/dec for ω > ω0

• zero → +20dB/dec for ω > ω0

Phase Angle - <Av(jω)

• pole → -450/dec for 0.1∙ω0 < ω < 10∙ω0
• zero → +450/dec for 0.1∙ω0 < ω < 10∙ω0
• A0 → ±1800 for A0 < 0
INEL 4202 – 2S2021 8/12/2024

Transfer Function → Example

Find the location of the poles and zeros for the following transfer
function:
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒔 𝒔 − 𝟏 2 zeros!
𝑨𝑽 𝒔 =
𝒔 − 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 3 poles!

𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒔 → 𝒔 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝟏
𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 → 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝒔 = −𝟏𝟎𝟎
∴ 𝒁𝟏 = 𝟎 [𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔]
∴ 𝒁𝟐 = 𝟏 [𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔] ∴ 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 [𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔]
∴ 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 [𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔]
∴ 𝑷𝟑 = −𝟏𝟎𝟎 [𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔]

Electronics II – G. Serrano 6
INEL 4202 – 2S2021 8/12/2024

Transfer Function → Example

Sketch the Bode Plot of the following transfer function:
𝟏𝒌 < @𝒔 < 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌
𝒔 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌
𝑨𝑽 𝒔 =
𝒔 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌 𝒔 + 𝟏𝒌 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌
𝐴𝑣 → 𝑨𝑽 𝒔 ≈ ≈ 𝟏𝟎
𝑑𝐵 𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌
|𝝎𝒛𝟏 | = 𝟎 [𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔]
|𝝎𝒑𝟐 | = 𝟏𝒌 [𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔]
𝟐𝟎𝒅𝑩
|𝝎𝒑𝟐 | = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌 [𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔]

o 𝟏𝟎𝟎
x
𝟏𝒌 𝟏𝟎𝒌
x
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌 𝟏𝑴
log 𝜔

Electronics II – G. Serrano 7
INEL 4202 – 2S2021 8/12/2024

Circuit Capacitors Load Capacitors

Vdd
Coupling Capacitors • External Element
• External Element • Compensation
Vdd
• AC coupling RD • [pF] range → (10-12)
Cgd
• [µF] range → (10-6)
R2 • • • Vout
Rs
C1
Cload
Vin • • •

R1 •
Cgs
R4 C2 Bypass Capacitors
• External Element
• Gain increase
Parasitic Capacitors • [µF] range → (10-6)
• Inherent to the transistors (not external!) Note that…
• Limit high frequency response 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 & 𝐶𝑏𝑦𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 ≫ 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 & 𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐
• [fF] range → (10-15) low – freq. behavior high – freq. behavior
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G. Serrano -UPRM
INEL 4202 – 2S2021 8/12/2024

Circuit Frequency Behavior

@ 𝛚 ≪ 𝝎𝑳 𝝎𝑳 ≪ @𝛚 ≪ 𝝎𝑯 @ 𝛚 ≫ 𝝎𝑯

ZCparasitic ≈ ∞ ZCparasitic ≈ ∞ ZCbypass ≈ 𝟎 ZCbypass ≈ 𝟎

ZCload ≈ ∞ ZCload ≈ ∞ ZCcoupling ≈ 𝟎 ZCcoupling ≈ 𝟎

Simplify circuit analysis

for each region of
interest: low, mid, or
high frequencies!!!
remember that…
1 1
𝑍𝐶 = =
𝑠𝐶 𝑗𝜔𝐶

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G. Serrano -UPRM
INEL 4202 – 2S2021 8/12/2024

Mid-Band Gain Analysis

Find the small signal mid-band gain Av of
the given circuit.

Mid-Band → Cbypass & Ccoupling = short!

Mid-Band Small Signal Circuit

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G. Serrano -UPRM
INEL 4202 – 2S2021 8/12/2024

Mid-Band Gain Analysis

Find the small signal mid-band gain Av of
the given circuit. 𝒗𝟎 𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟎
𝑨𝒗 = =
𝒗𝒔𝒊𝒈 𝒗𝒔𝒊𝒈 𝒗𝟏
𝑹𝒊𝒏𝟏 = 𝒓𝝅
𝑹𝟏 ԡ𝑹𝟐 ԡ𝑹𝒊𝒏𝟏
𝑹𝒊𝒏𝟏 𝑨𝒗 = −𝒈𝒎𝟏 𝑹𝑪 ԡ𝑹𝟑
𝑹𝑰 + 𝑹𝟏 ԡ𝑹𝟐 ԡ𝑹𝒊𝒏𝟏

𝟏𝟎𝒌ԡ𝟑𝟎𝒌ԡ𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝒌
𝑨𝒗 =
𝟏𝒌 + 𝟏𝟎𝒌ԡ𝟑𝟎𝒌ԡ𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝒌
∙ −𝟕𝟎. 𝟒𝒎 𝟒. 𝟑𝒌ԡ𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌
𝑨𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟒 ∙ −𝟐𝟗𝟎 = −𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝑽/𝑽
Mid-Band Small Signal Circuit

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G. Serrano -UPRM