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Chapter 3 Methods of Analysis

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Chapter 3 Methods of Analysis

Uploaded by

Lim Vanthien
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

SEMESTER 1

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CHAPTER 3: METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Here we apply the fundamental laws of


circuit theory (Ohm’s Law & Kirchhoff’s
Laws) to develop two powerful
techniques for circuit analysis.

1. Nodal Analysis (based on KCL)


2. Mesh Analysis (based on KVL)

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1. NODAL ANALYSIS

We analyze circuit using node voltages as the circuit variables.

Back to previous example:

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1. NODAL ANALYSIS
Step 0: Determine the number of nodes n.
Step 1: Select a node as a reference node (ground node). Assign voltages
v1, v2, · · · , vn−1 to the remaining n − 1 nodes.
• The voltage are now referenced with respect to the reference node.
• The ground node is assumed to have 0 potential.

• Recall that voltages are measured between two points. For node
voltages, the second point is always the ground node.
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1. NODAL ANALYSIS
Step 1s: If a voltage source is connected between the reference node and a
nonreference node, we simply set the voltage at the nonreference node
“equal” to the voltage of the voltage source.
Step 2: Apply KCL to each of the remaining nonreference nodes
a) Use Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of the node
voltages
b) Current source automatically gives current value
Caution: Watch out for the direction of the arrow
Step 3: Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown
node voltages.
Step 4: After all the node voltages are determined, it is easy to find
everything else.
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1. NODAL ANALYSIS

Remarks: There are multiple methods to solve the simultaneous equations


in Step 3.
➢ Method 1: Elimination technique (good for a few variables)
➢ Method 2: Write in term of matrix and vectors (write Ax = b), then use
Cramer’s rule.
➢ Method 3: Use
• computer (e.g., MATLAB) to find A-1 and then find x = A−1b
• calculator (fx-991MS can solve simultaneous linear equations with two
or three unknowns.)

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1. NODAL ANALYSIS
Example: Calculate the node voltages in the circuit below.

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1. NODAL ANALYSIS
Example: Calculate the node voltages in the circuit below.

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1. NODAL ANALYSIS
Practical Problem: Find v and i in the circuit below

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1. NODAL ANALYSIS
Step 1ns: If there is a voltage source connected between two nonreference
nodes, the two nonreference nodes form a supernode. We apply both KCL
and KVL to determine the node voltages.
Note the following properties of a supernode:
(a) The voltage source inside the supernode provides a constraint equation
needed to solve for the node voltages.
(b) A supernode has no voltage of its own.
(c) We can have more than two nodes forming a single supernode.
(d) The supernode are treated differently because nodal analysis requires
knowing the current through each element. However, there is no way of
knowing the current through a voltage source in advance.

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2. MESH ANALYSIS
Mesh analysis provides another general procedure for analyzing circuits, using
mesh currents as the circuit variables.
Definition: Mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loop within it.
Steps to Determine Mesh Currents:
Step 0: Determine the number of meshes n.
Step 1: Assign mesh currents i1, i2, . . ., in, to the n meshes.
• The direction of the mesh current is arbitrary–(clockwise or counterclockwise)–and does
not affect the validity of the solution.

• For convenience, we define currents flow in the clockwise (CW) direction.

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2. MESH ANALYSIS
Step 2a: From the current direction in each mesh, define the voltage drop polarities.
Step 2b: Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages
in terms of the mesh current.
Tip (for combining Step 2a and 2b): Go around the loop in the same direction2 as the mesh
current (of that mesh). When we pass a resistor R, the voltage drops by I × R where I is the
branch current (algebraic sum of mesh currents) through that resistor in the mesh-current
direction.

Step 3: Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations for the mesh currents.
Step 4: Other quantities related to the circuit can be found from the mesh currents.

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2. MESH ANALYSIS
Example: Calculate the node voltages in the circuit below.

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2. MESH ANALYSIS
Find the branch currents I1, I2, and I3 using mesh analysis.

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2. MESH ANALYSIS

Remarks: on Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis


➢ Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown (node) voltages in a
given circuit, while mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown
(mesh) currents.
➢ Mesh analysis is not quite as general as nodal analysis because
it is only applicable to a circuit that is planar.
A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane with no branches
crossing one another; otherwise it is nonplanar

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2. MESH ANALYSIS

Nodal Analysis vs. Mesh Analysis:


Given a network to be analyzed, how do we know which method is better or
more efficient?
Suggestion: You should be familiar with both methods. Choose the method
that results in smaller number of variables or equations.
A circuit with fewer nodes than meshes is better analyzed using nodal
analysis, while a circuit with fewer meshes than nodes is better analyzed
using mesh analysis.
You can also use one method to check your results of the other method.

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THANK YOU !!!
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PRACTICAL PROBLEM:
1. Calculate the node voltages in the circuits below

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PRACTICAL PROBLEM:
2. Calculate v1 v2 v3 by using nodal analysis

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PRACTICAL PROBLEM:
3. Calculate the node voltages in the circuit below

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PRACTICAL PROBLEM:
4. Calculate i1 i2 by using mesh analysis

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PRACTICAL PROBLEM:
5. By using mesh analysis, determine io

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