CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES

 To provide basic for implementation and design

 To satisfy the requirement for research and design in partial fulfillment for
requirement for award of certificate in civil engineering
 To enhance practical training skills to research ,data collection and
implementation of the same by designer

The project shall entail:

1. Surveying
2. Soil investigation and analysis
3. Architectural design
4. Measurement of building works
5. Estimating and costing
6. Site organization and administration

LOCATION

The project is located at P.C. Kinyanjui.T.T.I, Dagoretti south sub county in Nairobi and the site
is adjacent to the ladies’ hostel.

TOPOGRAPHY

The site is fairly flat and consists of a semi temporary building which will be demolished. The
site also consists of sewer line which shall be re-routed. The soil on the site is black cotton soil
with soft rock below

SOILS

Four trial pits were dug at six meters intervals each of an average 2.0 by 2.0 m deep. The soil
type found was black cotton soil and soft rock which is expected to be the formation level for the
foundation.

CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY

The temperature of the site ranges from 30°C during the day and 20°C during the night
 CHAPTER TWO
SURVEYING
INTRODUCTION
Surveying is the measurement and mapping of our surrounding environment using mathematics,
specialist technology and equipments. (Such as dumpy level, theodolite and tacheometry)
The aims of surveying:

I. To prepare site plans showing all existing features

II. To prepare contour maps
III. To know existing ground levels

The surveying work was done in three stages

I. Reconnaissance survey
II. Preliminary survey
III. Detailed survey

RECONNAISSAINCES SURVEY

This is an examination of all or part of an area accomplished in sufficient detail to make

generalizations about the type and distribution of historic properties that may be present within a
given project area. This done by visiting the site of the proposed building in order to determine:
i. Site location
ii. Accessibility to site
iii. Obstacles on site
iv. Sources of construction materials
v. Condition of the area i.e. topography, population density and activities in the area

The study helped to determine the condition of the proposed site condition of drainage system,
the soil alignment of the area and meteorological information.

PRELIMINARY SURVEY

This is a critical part of an audit and is the auditions best tool for gaining the insight information
and perspective needed to support a successful audit. This is done in order to make the final
choice of the alignment of the proposed site.

The following assist in the design of the proposed building

I. Geological features
II. Type of soil existing on site
III. Weather conditions
IV. Depth of p[permanent structures
GEOLOGY
The science devoted to the study of earth, particularly the solid earth and the rocks that compose
it.
The area consist of black cotton soil with soft rock formation level

WEATHER CONDITION

1. CLIMATE AND WEATHER CONDITION

MONTH RAINFALL
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER

PERMITS AND RESTRICTION

This will be obtained from the Nairobi city council and it will be in line with the construction
industry

SOURCES OF MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

The material will be obtained naturally or from finished product e.g. cement

WATER SUPPLY

This will be obtained from the Nairobi water and sewerage company

DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE

This shows the existing drainage structures in the area that can be used for disposal of waste and
water

POWER SUPPLY

Power will be supplied by the Kenya Power and Lightening Company (K.P.L.C).The nearest
power station is in Karen substation which has capacity of 11kv to supply the industries.
COMMUNICATION
Communication services will be provided by Safaricom airtel and Orange

DETAILED SURVEY

This is used to determine and locate the features and improvement on a parcel of land. This was
carried by use of dumpy level.

CONTOURING

A contour is an imaginary line joining two line of same elevation on the ground. This aids in
estimation of earthworks and determination on the direction of the drainage.

Using the reduced levels, the points were plotted and by use of interpolation smooth lines were
joined to drawing.

PROJECT______________________________LOCATION_____________________________
SURVEYOR___________________________________________________________________
DATE________________________________________________________________________

BACK INTERMIDIATE FORE RISE FALL REDUCED DISTANCES REMARKS

SIGHT SIGHT SIGHT LEVEL
 CHAPTER THREE
SOIL INVESTIGATION

INTRODUCTION

Analysis of soil for the proposed building was carried out by the soil samples taken to the
laboratory for testing based on BS 1377 soil classification system.

The following tests were carried out:

I. Soil identification
II. Atterberg limits
III. Gradation
IV. Classification
V. Settlement
VI. Bearing capacity
VII. Chloride/sulphate content

SOIL SAMPLING

Soil sample were taken from 3 trial pits distributed evenly on the proposed site consequently
stripping of the top soil and dumping it away.

Objectives of carrying out the test:

I. To determine the nature of the soil
II. To plan for material to be used
III. To assess the general suitability of the surrounding
IV. To get data for design of permanent buildings and its constituents materials

TOOLS USED FOR SAMPLING

I. Sampling polythene bag
II. Mattock
III. Spade

The soil samples from each trial pits were packed separately and were taken to the Ministry
of Roads Laboratory (Materials testing research and laboratory department).

SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Classification of soil is the separation of soil into a limited number of classes or groups each
having a similar behavior.
The aim of the classification system is to establish a set of condition which allows using
comparison to make between soils.
 The sieve sizes were 2mm, 5mm, 20mm, 600µm, 425µm, 300µm, 212µm, 180µm and 75µm.

APPARATUS USED
I. A balanced
II. Sodium hexametamosphate
III. Scoop
IV. Metal tray
V. Evaporating dish
VI. Oven
VII. Sieves
VIII. Riffle box

PROCEDURE
I. A soil sample is taken from the soil sample and divided using a riffle box for even
distribution of particles
II. A sample of 700g is measured from solid sieved through 20mm BS test sieve
III. Sodium hexametamosphate is added soil at a rate of 2g /litre of water and whole stirred
well
IV. The sample is then socked in water for 24hrs
V. After 24hrs the sample is then washed under running water from tap in sieve to remove
dust and very minute particles till it gives it clear water
VI. The soil sample is then oven dried at 105-110 to obtain minimum mass
VII. After drying the sample is left to cool then its weighed
VIII. The sample is then passed through sieves
IX. The sieves are then shaken by machine or manually
X. Calculate the percentage total sample retained and percentage total sample passing
XI. After calculating the result are then plotted and then the soil can be described from the
results obtained

ANALYSIS
Calculation of percentage retained
W1+W2+……………Wn×100%

Calculation of percentage passing

W1+W2………………∑W1+∑W2×100%

Where;
W-total weight of materials
W1-weight of materials retained on the sieve size
W2-total weight of other sieves results
Results
The sample is plotted on a logarithmic graph.

Conclusion
The soil was found to be well graded.

ATTERBERG LIMITS
These tests were done in order to determine the consistency of soils
The tests include:

I. Liquid limit
II. Plastic limit
III. Plastic index
IV. Linear shrinkage

LIQUID LIMIT
This is carried out to determine moisture content at which the soil passes from plastic to liquid
state. It’s done by use of a cone penetrometer.

APPARATUS
I. Flat glass plate(10mm thick and 500 square)
II. Two palette knives
III. A cone penetrometer
IV. A cone of stainless steel approximate 35mm long
V. Metal cup
VI. A wash bottle
VII. Moisture tins

PROCEDURE
I. A soil sample passing through BS sieve of 425µm was weighed and at least 200g of
materials was taken.
II. The sample is placed on the glass and mixed thoroughly with distilled water using palette
knives
III. The soil paste at cone penetration of 2mm interval is release 5 seconds determination and
soil sample taken to determine moisture content
IV. The step in(iii) is repeated 5 times
V. The liquid limit is taken at moisture content against cone penetration of 20mm

RESULTS
 Results were plotted on a graph of moisture content against cone penetration

PLASTIC LIMIT
This covers the determination of lowest moisture content at which soil plastic

APPARATUS
I. A flat glass plate
II. Two palette knives
III. Apparatus for moisture content determination of fine graded soils
IV. Metal rod 3mm diameter and about 100mm long

PROCEDURE

I. A soil sample of air dried soil passing through 425µm BS sieve thoroughly mixed with
distilled water in a glass plate using palette knives
II. The paste is molded into balls
III. The balls then rolled into threads of 3mm in betweens fingers until cracks appear on them
and they are taken for moisture content determination
IV. The rolled specimens are then weighed and weights recorded
V. The rolls are then put on an evaporating dish
VI.
VII. then put in an oven for 24 hours at temperatures of 1080 c
VIII. Remove the sample from the oven and weigh, find the average moisture contents of
rolled and dried specimen to be plastic limit of the soil and it is expressed to the nearest
whole number.

RESULTS
The soil sample was found to have a plastic limit of 17%

PLASTIC INDEX
This is the difference between liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil

PLASTIC INDEX =LIQUID LIMIT –PLASTIC LIMIT

STANDARD CLASSIFICATION
S/NO PLASTICITY STATE OF
PLASTICITY
1 0 Non plastic
2 1-5 Slightly
3 5-10 Low
4 10-20 Medium
5 20-40 High
6 40 Very plastic

RESULTS
The results show that the soil has a plastic index of 23.this ranges from 20-40.This indicates that
the soil has a high elasticity

LINEAR SHRINKAGE
This covers the determination of linear shrinkage of a soil i.e. the water content at which further
loss of water in the soil will not cause reduction in volume of soil.

PROCEDURE
I. The mould is cleaned and a thin film of silicon grease is applied on its inner wall to
prevent adhering
II. Material weighing 250gms taken from materials passing 425mm BS test sieve
III. The material is then thoroughly mixed with distilled water using palette knives until a
smooth homogeneous paste with moisture content approximately to liquid content of
20mm cone penetration
IV. Soil water mixture is placed in the mould such that its lightly round on sides of mould.
The mould shall then be gently jarred to remove air pockets.

Calculation
Percentage linear shrinkage=(1-linear shrinkage) ×100% .
Initial length of specimen

RESULTS
The results of the linear shrinkage 20%
 CHAPTER FOUR
DRAINAGE DESIGN

The drainage design to the civil engineering block was designed to cater for water and sewerage
disposal

The drainage system will be in such a way that safety is ensured to the existing channels and
septic tank

The design criteria will involve:

I. Maximum discharge
II. Area of channel
III. Manning’s equation
IV. Material for construction

The design of flow will be an open channel flow, which has a bed and a side bank within which
flow occurs within a free surface

Manning’s equation will be used in the design;

V=1/n M2/3i1/2

Where;

M=A/P Where; A=area of flow

P=wetted perimeter

N=Manning’s coefficient of roughness

I=hydraulic gradient

The rainfall intensity indicates that the area experienced 74mm/year

Calculation of the catchment area in ha

Area of building=25375×12450=0.032ha

Area of the surrounding building=47125×12450=0.056 ha

Area of surrounding building=27170×18900=0.051ha

Total area=0.032+0.056+0.051=0.139ha
HYDRAULIC DESIGN

BEST RECTANGULAR SECTION

A=bd

P=b+2d

P=Ad-1+2d

For pmin=dp/dd=Ad-2+2=0

Or

A=2d2

But A=bd

ARCHITECTURAL REQUIREMENTS

This shows plans, sections, and roof plans and staircase for proposed PC KTTI civil engineering
block.

Design requirements were first considered before coming up with the structure.

The following factors were considered;

I. Adequate space for movement

 II. Good air circulation and enough natural light in the building
III. Security
IV. Availability of suitable materials to come up with a rigid and long lasting building

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL SAMPLE

Your Ref black cotton soil

Chloride as Cl- 0.0017

DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDES IN SOIL

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE
Dry a representative sample in the oven at 105°C to 110°C sieve the crushed sample to pass a
20mm BS sieve

ANALYSIS
Accurately weigh a50g sample into a plastic bottle, add 250mls of water (1:5) tighten lid and
shake for at least one hour
Allow it to settle, carefully decant the liquid and acidify with a few drops of nitric acid. Boil the
neutralize with calcium carbonate adding slowly while stirring, filter through No.1 filter
paper( do not wash). Cool pipette 100ml and titrate against 0.1N silver nitrate using potassium
chromate as the indicator.

%Chloride=mls of AgNO3×3.55 ×250 ×100

1000 100 50
 REPUBLIC OF KENYA
MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT AND INFRASTRUCTURE

ATTERBERG LIMITS TEST

CONE PENETROMETER METHOD

Project
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………..

Chainage or material No…………………………………………Date

Tested……………………………………………….

Sample No………………………………………………….Trough
No……………………………………………………………….

Sample Description………………………………………………………….specimen length=…………………mm

Container no. 1 2 3 4 PL PL
cone penetration (mm)
Mass of tin + wet soil(m2) g
Mass of tin+ dry soil(m3) g
Mass of tin(m1) g
Mass of water(m4=m2-m1) g
Mass of dry(m5=m3-m1) g
Moisture content(m4/m5)×100=(w)
%
Average moisture content(w)%

Liquid limit (LL)

Plastic limit (PL)

Plastic index (PI)

Linear shrinkage (LS)

 CHAPTER FIVE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
SCOPE
This chapter deals with the structural design of members in a structure. It includes design of:
I. Reinforced concrete slabs
II. Reinforced concrete beams
III. Reinforced concrete columns
IV. Stairs

APPLICATIONS: BUILDING
To design an analysis of reinforced concrete members applies to the design of structural
members. They should be able to resist failure and various aspects of design.

REFERENCES

i. BS8110
ii. Structural books
iii. BS 6399

DEFINATIONS
1. SLABS
These are structural members that are used as floors and roofs

2. BEAMS
Beams are of three types:
i. Rectangular beams
ii. T – beam
iii. L – beam

3. COLUMNS
These are long vertical compression members

SYMBOLS
Fq -calculated shear
Po –axial permissible load

W -tatol load per unit area

ßx, ßy - bending moment’s coefficient for the longer span and shorter span respectively

pq –permissible shear stress

m –modular ratio

M –bending moment

Ly –length of longer span of slab

Lx –length of shorter span of slab

d-effective depth

D-overall depth

b-breath

br-breath of rib

Ast- area of steel in tension

Pst-permissible tensile stress

Pcb- permissible compressive stress in bending

Qmax- total shear stress

S-spacing of bars

Ø-diameter of bar
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CALCULATION

PROJECT: PROPOSED PC KTTI MEN’S HOSTEL

TITLE:STRUCTURAL DESIGN ANALYSIS
ELEMENTS: NAME:
SHEET NO:
REFERENCE CALCULATION OUTPUT
 CHAPTER SIX
MEASUREMENTS

PROJECT:PROPOSED PC KTTI MEN’S HOSTEL

TITLE: ABSTRACT PREPARED BY:
DESCRIPTION PAGE DESCRIPTION PAGE
PROJECT:PROPOSED PC KTTI MEN’S HOSTEL
TITLE:BILLING SHEET SHEET NO:
PREPARED BY:
ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE KSHS CTS
PROJECT:PROPOSED PC KTTI MEN’S HOSTEL
TITLE:TAKING OFF PRAPARED BY:
ELEMENT: SHEETNO:
 DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION

PROJECT: PROPOSED PC KTTI MEN’S HOSTEL

TITLE:ESTIMATING AND COSTING
PREPARED BY: SHEET NO:
ITEMS: KSH CTS

DURATION TABLE
PROJECT:PROPOSED PC KTTI CIVIL MEN’S HOSTEL
PREPARED BY:
ELEMENT: Duration of working days
SHEET NO:
REFRENCE CALCULATION OUTPUT
 CHAPTER SEVEN
WORK PROGRAMME

SITE MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATION

PROJECT:PROPOSED PC KTTI CIVIL MEN’S HOSTEL

TITLE:ANALYSIS SHEET
CRITICAL PATH: PREPARED BY:
ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION DURATION EVENT
PROJECT:PROPOSED P.C KTTI CIVIL MEN’S HOSTEL
TITLE: APPROXIMATE DURATION SHEET
TITLE:CRITICAL PATH PREPARED BY:
ACTIVITY EVENT DURATION EARLIEST LATEST FLOAT CRITICAL
T.F F.F PATH