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Lecture 5 Input Output Functions

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Lecture 5 Input Output Functions

Uploaded by

ahra8462967
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C++

Input Output
Functions/casting
Lecture 5
Taking Input in the Program

#include <iostream.h>
Output
#include <conio.h> Enter first value 4
void main(void) Enter second value 3
4+3=7
{ clrscr();
int a, b;
cout<<"Enter first value ";
cin>>a;
cout<<"Enter second value ";
cin>>b;
cout<<a<<" + "<<b<<" = "<<a+b;
getch();
}
Temperature Conversion Program

#include <conio.h>
void main(void)
{ clrscr();
int fah;
cout<<"Enter Temperature in Fahrenheit ";
cin>>fah;
int cel = (fah - 32) * 5/9;
cout<<"Equivalent temperature in Celsius is "<<cel;
getch();
}
Const Qualifier

• The qualifier const variable is used to indicate that its value will
not be changed.
• A const must be initialized with some value.
The Const Qualifier

#include <iostream.h> Output


#include <conio.h> Enter radius of circle 0.5
Area of the circle is 0.785
void main(void)
{ clrscr();
float radius;
const float PIE = 3.14;
cout<<"Enter radius of circle ";
cin>>radius;
float area = PIE * radius * radius;
cout<<"Area of the circle is "<<area;
getch();
}
TASK : what will be the output of this
code.
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main(void)
{ int radius;
float PIE = 3.14;
cout<<"Enter radius of circle ";
cin>>radius;
float area = PIE * radius * radius;
cout<<"Area of the circle is "<<area;
getch();
}
Type Conversion

• If we try to perform some Arithmetic operation on different data


types, i.e. int, float and double etc then C/C++ calculates the
result of such type of Arithmetic expression without giving any
error.
Type Conversion

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main(void)
{ clrscr();
int count=7;
float weight=200.5;
double totalweight = count * weight;
cout<<"Total weight calculated is "<<totalweight;
getch();
}
Output : Total weight calculated is 1403.5
Type Conversation

• A type cast is basically a conversion from one type to another.


• There are two types of type conversion:
• Implicit Type Conversion
• Explicit Type Conversion
Implicit Type Conversion
• Done by the compiler on its own, without any external trigger from the user.
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x = 10; // integer x
char y = 'a'; // character y
// y implicitly converted to int. ASCII , value of 'a' is 97
x = x + y;
// x is implicitly converted to float
float z = x + 1.0;
cout << "x = " << x << endl
<< "y = " << y << endl
<< "z = " << z << endl;
return 0;
}
Explicit Type Conversion
This process is also called type casting and it is user-
defined.

//C++ program to demonstrate explicit type casting


#include <iostream.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
double x = 1.2;
// Explicit conversion from double to int
int sum = (int)x + 1;
cout << "Sum = " << sum;
return 0;
}
Casts

• Cast is a way through which we change the type of the variable


during the execution of the program for a limited time, because
variables previously defined type can not calculate the values
correctly due to its low range.
Output :
Casts Result is -1214
Result now is 25000

#include <conio.h>
void main(void)
{ clrscr();
int test=25000; //range is -32,768 to +32,767
test = (test * 10)/10;
cout<<"Result is "<<test<<endl;
test = 25000;
test = (long(test)*10)/10;
cout<<"Result now is "<<test;
getch();
}
Arithmetic Operators

• Following are the basic Arithmetic operators used in C/C++:


i) + (Addition)
ii) - (Subtraction)
iii) * (Multiplication)
iv) / (Division)
Arithmetic Operators

• Apart from the specified basic operators, there are


some other operators used in C/C++, and are

v) % (Remainder or Modulus)
vi) ++ (Increment)
vii) -- (Decrement)
viii) += (Increment Assignment)
ix) -= (Decrement Assignment)
x) *= (Multiplication Assignment)
xi) /= (Division Assignment)
xii) %= (Remainder Assignment)
Arithmetic Operators

•Increment and Decrement


operators can be used in two
ways, i.e.
• i) Prefix
• ++var, --var

• ii) Postfix
• Var++, var--
Basic operators
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main(void)
{ clrscr();
int a=5,b=2;
cout<<"A = 5 and B = 2"<<endl<<endl;
cout<<a<<" + "<<b<<" = "<<a+b<<endl;
cout<<a<<" - "<<b<<" = "<<a-b<<endl;
cout<<a<<" x "<<b<<" = "<<a*b<<endl;
cout<<a<<" / "<<b<<" = "<<a/b<<endl;
cout<<a<<" % "<<b<<" = "<<a%b;
getch();
}
Other operators
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main(void)
{ clrscr();
int a=5,b=2;
a+=b;
cout<<"a += b means value of a is "<<a<<endl;
a=5,b=2;
a-=b;
cout<<"a -= b means value of a is "<<a<<endl;
a=5,b=2;
a*=b;
cout<<"a *= b means value of a is "<<a<<endl;
a=5,b=2;
a/=b;
cout<<"a /= b means value of a is "<<a<<endl;
a=5,b=2;
a%=b;
cout<<"a %= b means value of a is "<<a<<endl;
getch();
}
Prefix Increment

• int x = 5;
• int y = ++x;
• // x is now equal to 6, and 6 is assigned to y
Postfix increment

• int x = 5;
• int y = x++;
• // 5 is assigned to y, and x is now equal to 6
Example

int x = 5, y = 5;
cout << x << " " << y << '\n';
// prefix
cout << ++x << " " << --y << '\n';
cout << x << " " << y << '\n';
// postfix
cout << x++ << " " << y-- << '\n';
cout << x << " " << y << '\n';
Prefix and Postfix

Suppose, a = 5 then,
++a; //a becomes 6
a++; //a becomes 7
--a; //a becomes 6
a--; //a becomes 5
Prefix - Postfix

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main(void)
{ clrscr();
int a=5;
cout<<"Value of A now is "<<a<<endl<<endl;
cout<<"Prefix operator ++a gives "<<++a<<endl;
cout<<"Value of a after Prefix is "<<a<<endl<<endl;
cout<<"Postfix operator a++ gives "<<a++<<endl;
cout<<"Value of a after Postfix "<<a<<endl<<endl;
getch();
}
• #include <iostream>
• using std::cout;
• using std::endl;
• int main()
• {
• int c;
• c = 5; // assign 5 to c 13
• cout << c << endl;
• cout << c++ << endl;
• cout << c << endl;
• cout << endl;
• c = 5;
• cout << c << endl;
• cout << ++c << endl;
• cout << c << endl;
• }
QUESTION

Inspect the following code:


int x = 99;
int y = 10;
y = ++x ;
// prefix increment operator
cout<<"x: " + x + " y: " + y ;
What does this fragment write out?
Relational Operators

A relational operator compares two values.


Comparisons involved in relation operators can be
i) < Less than
ii) > Greater than
iii) == Equals to
iv) != Not equals
v) <= Less than or equals
vi) >= Greater than or equals
If result = 1,means True
If result= 0, it means False.
Relational Operators

#include <iostream.h> Output


Enter a Number 10
#include <conio.h> number < 10 = 0
void main(void) number > 10 = 0
number == 10 = 1
{ clrscr();
int number;
cout<<"Enter a Number ";
cin>>number;
cout<<"number < 10 = "<<(number<10)<<endl;
cout<<"number > 10 = "<<(number>10)<<endl;
cout<<"number == 10 = "<<(number==10)<<endl;
getch();
}
Using Library Functions

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main(void)
{ clrscr();
int a;
cout<<"Enter a value ";
cin>>a;
cout<<"Square Root of "<<a<<" is "<<sqrt(a);
getch();
}
Using Library Functions

Assignment
Use at least 15 library function from more than one header files
in a program.

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