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19Ec307-Communication Engineering Part A

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23 views5 pages

19Ec307-Communication Engineering Part A

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ShAkThi
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19EC307-COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PART A
1. Assess the reasons for using VSB in TV video transmission.
TV transmitters one for picture transmission, another for sound transmission. Both are
operated in VHF or UHF range. The picture transmission are amplitude modulated occupying
a bandwidth of above 5.5MHz.In this case Vestigial Side Band is mainly used for TV
transmission, since low frequencies near fc represent significant picture details. They are
unaffected due to VSB.

2. Calculate the bandwidth and identify the frequency limits for the upper sidebands in an
AM DSBFC modulator with a carrier frequency fc = 200 kHz and a maximum modulating
signal frequency fm(max) = 4 kHz.

USB= fc to [ fc+ fm(max) ]


=200KHz to( 200+4)KHz
= 200KHz to 204KHz
Bandwidth B =2fm(max)
=2(4KHz)
= 8KHz

3. Infer the term amplitude Modulation.


Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high
frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
4. Illustrate the term pulse code modulation.
In pulse code modulation, analog signal is sampled and converted to fixed length, serial
binary bits for transmission. The binary bits vary according to the amplitude of the analog
signal.
5. Interpret sampling theorem. Determine the minimum sampling frequency required for a 3.4
kHz bandwidth speech signal.
If a finite energy signal g(t) contains no frequency component higher than W Hz, it is
completely determined by specifying its ordinates at a separation of points spaced 1/ 2W
seconds apart. If a finite energy signal g(t) contains no frequency component higher than W
Hz, it is completely recovered from its ordinates at a separation of points spaced 1/ 2W
seconds apart.
Minimum sampling frequency required = 3.4 kHz * 2 = 6.8 kHz

6. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of single-sideband transmission.


Ans:
The advantages of single-sideband modulation mainly include the following.
 The occupied spectrum space otherwise BW is smaller than amplitude modulation &
DSB signals.
 Broadcast of an additional number of signals can be allowable.
 Power can be saved
 The transmission of the high signal can be done
 The amount of noise present is less
 Loss of signal is less
The disadvantages of single-sideband modulation mainly include the following.
 The discovery & generation process of the single-sideband signal is complex.
 Signal quality will be affected when the transmitter & receiver of SSB have
outstanding frequency strength.

7. Compute the total transmitted power in a DSB-FC AM for a modulation coefficient m =


0.2 and an unmodulated carrier power Pc = 100 W.
Total transmitted power Pt=Pc(1+ma2/2)
= 100(1+0.04/2)
=100(1.02)
= 102W

8. State Carson’s rule for determining approximate Band Width of FM signal.


Carson rule states that the bandwidth required to transmit an angle modulated wave as twice
the sum of the peak frequency deviation and the highest modulating signal frequency.
Band Width = 2 [ ∆f + fm(max) ] Hz
∆f = frequency deviation in Hz
fm(max) = highest modulating signal frequency in Hz

9. Interpret the concept of reducing the slope overload distortion.


Slope overload error in DM system can be eliminated by
(i)Filtering the signal to limit the maximum rate of change.
(ii) Increasing step size.
(iii) Increasing sample rate.(fs)

10. Relate any four primary applications to Frequency-division multiplexing.


 The most natural example of frequency-division multiplexing is radio and television
broadcasting, in which multiple radio signals at different frequencies pass through the
air at the same time.
 Another example is cable television, in which many television channels are carried
simultaneously on a single cable.
 FDM is also used by telephone systems to transmit multiple telephone calls through
high capacity trunk lines,
 Used in satellite Communication to transmit multiple channels of data on uplink and
downlink radio beams, and broadband DSL modems to transmit large amounts of
computer data through twisted pair telephone lines, among many other uses.

PART B
1.Derive the relationship between the voltage amplitudes of the sideband frequencies and the
carrier, its bandwidth, and the frequency spectrum of DSB-FC AM.

2.Interpret working operation of the Varactor Diode direct frequency modulator and derive
the FM equation.

3.Illustrate the operation of a single channel PCM transmission system with neat sketch and
discuss the sampling types.

4.(i)Express the importance of Nyquist sampling rate and also illustrate the effect of aliasing
error with neat sketch.
(ii)Analyze the working principle of a sample and hold circuit in a PCM
communication system.
5.Analyze the DSB-SC AM and derive the expression for voltage distribution, frequency
spectrum, total power distribution, and percentage of power saving when compared to DSB-
FC AM.

6.Interpret in detail the working of SSB-SC AM using Phase shift method. Calculate the
percentage power saving in SSB signal if AM wave is modulated to a depth of (a) 100% and
(b) 50%.

7.Analyze the generation and detection of a pulse amplitude modulated signal, and support
your explanation with a necessary diagram.

8.Summarize the concept of a DPCM system and describe the working operation at both the
transmitter and receiver.

PART C
1.(i) Obtain the relationship between carrier and sideband powers in an AM DSBFC wave
and explain how power distribution takes place in the AM DSB FC system.
(ii) Examine the working operation of Balanced Ring Modulator for AM generation.

2.One input to a conventional AM modulator is a 1MHz carrier with an amplitude of


20Vp.The second input is a 10KHz modulating signal that is of sufficient amplitude to cause a
change in the output wave of ±10Vp. Determine
a. Upper and lower side frequencies.
b. Modulation coefficient and percent modulation.
c. Peak amplitude of the modulated carrier and upper, lower side frequency voltages.
d. Maximum and minimum amplitude of the envelope.
e. Draw the AM Frequency Spectrum.
Solution:
(i)
a.The upper and lower side frequencies are simply the sum and difference frequencies.
Fusf= fc+fm=1MHz+10kHz= 1010kHz
Flsf= fc-fm=1MHz -10kHz = 990kHz

b.Modulation Coefficient ma=Vm/Vc= 10/20=0.5


Percent Modulation Ma=ma*100= 0.5 *100= 50%

c. The peak amplitude of the modulated carrier and the upper and lower side frequencies

Vc(modulated) =Vc(unmodulated) =20V

Vusf=Vlsf=maVc/2= (0.5)(20)/2=5V
d. The maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope are determined as follows

Vmax=Vc+Vm= 20+10= 30V


Vmin=Vc-Vm= 20-10 = 10V
e.AM Frequency Spectrum
Draw Frequency spectrum with values

3.With the neat block diagram, explain the operation of high gain, high selectivity and
sensitivity AM receiver used to recover the message signal through the heterodyning process.
Block Diagram (3 Marks)
Working Operation of each Block (11 Marks)

4.For an FM modulator with a peak frequency deviation ∆f =10KHz, a modulating signal


frequencyfm = 10KHz, Vc=10V,n=3 and a 500 KHz carrier. From Bessel table
J0=0.77,J1=0.44,J2=0.11 and J3=0.02 Determine
a. Actual minimum bandwidth from the Bessel function table.
b. Approximate minimum bandwidth using Carson’s rule.
c. Plot the output frequency spectrum for Carson’s rule

Solution:

Modulation index mf =∆f/ fm


= 10KHz/10KHz
=1

Bandwidth using Carson’s rule


B= 2(∆f +fm) Hz
= 2(10KHz+10KHz)
= 40 KHz

Bandwidth using Bessel function table


B=2(n× fm) Hz
= 2(3×10KHz)
=60KHz
The relative amplitudes of the carrier and sideband frequencies are
J0= 0.77(10V)=7.7V
J1= 0.44(10V)=4.4V
J2= 0.11(10V)=1.1V
J3= 0.02(10V)=0.2V

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