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Module-3-Ohms-Law

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22 views

Module-3-Ohms-Law

Uploaded by

Jeoferson Jose Valdez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE 3 – Engineering Utilities 1

Ohms Law

OHM’S LAW

The first, and perhaps most important, the relationship between current, voltage, and
resistance is called Ohm’s Law, discovered by Georg Simon Ohm and published in his 1827
paper. It states that the Current is directly proportional with Voltage and inversely
proportional with the Resistance.

Voltage, Current, and Resistance

An electric circuit is formed when a conductive path is created to allow electric charge to
continuously move. This continuous movement of electric charge through the conductors
of a circuit is called a current. The unit of current is expressed in amperes or simply A.

The force motivating charge carriers to “flow” in a circuit is called voltage. Voltage is a
specific measure of potential energy that is always relative between two points. It expressed
in volts, or simply v or V.

Current tends to move through the conductors with some degree of friction, or opposition
to motion. This opposition to motion is more properly called resistance (R). It is expressed
in Ohms and abbreviated (Ω) The amount of current in a circuit depends on the amount of
voltage and the amount of resistance in the circuit to oppose current flow.

Ohm's law formula:

I=V/R

The resistor's current I in amps (A) is equal to the resistor's voltage V in volts (V) divided
by the resistance R in ohms (Ω): V is the voltage drop of the resistor, measured in Volts
(V). In some cases Ohm's law uses the letter E to represent voltage.

Electrical Power in Circuits

Electrical Power, ( P ) in a circuit is the rate at which energy is absorbed or produced


within a circuit. A source of energy such as a voltage will produce or deliver power while
the connected load absorbs it. Light bulbs and heaters for example, absorb electrical power
and convert it into either heat, or light, or both. The higher their value or rating in watts the
more electrical power they are likely to consume.
The quantity symbol for power is P and is the product of voltage multiplied by the current
( V x I ) with the unit of measurement being the Watt ( W ).

Prefixes are used to denote the various multiples or sub-multiples of a watt, such as:
milliwatts (mW = 10-3W) or kilowatts (kW = 1000 W).

Then by using Ohm’s law and substituting for the values of V, I and R the formula for
electrical power can be found as:

[ P = V x I ] P (watts) = V (volts) x I (amps)


Also:
[ P = V2 ÷ R ] P (watts) = V2 (volts) ÷ R (Ω)

Also:
[ P = I2 x R ] P (watts) = I2 (amps) x R (Ω)

Resistors in Series –

A series generally means connected along a line, or in a row, or in an order. In electronics,


series resistance means that the resistors are connected one after the other and that there is
only one path for current to flow.

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 + ….. + Rn
It = I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 = I5 = ………….. = In
Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5 + …….+ Vn
Resistors in Parallel –
There are many different ways to organize a parallel circuit. In the practical word, most of
the wiring is done in parallel so that the voltage to any one part of the network is the same
as the voltage supplied to any part of it.

Vt

1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ……. + 1/Rn


It = I1 + I1 + I3 + I4 + I5 + …………… + In
Vt = V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = V5 = ……. = VN

Equivalent Resistance
I/Rt = 1/ R1 + 1/R2
1/Rt = 1/4 + 1/4
1/Rt = ½

Combinations of Series and Parallel


Combinations of series and parallel can be reduced to a single equivalent resistance using
the technique illustrated in Figure below. Various parts are identified as either series or
parallel, reduced to their equivalents, and further reduced until a single resistance is left.
The process is more time consuming than difficult.
This combination of seven resistors has both series and parallel parts. Each is identified and
reduced to an equivalent resistance, and these are further reduced until a single equivalent
resistance is reached.

Example #1.
Solve for Rt, It, Pt R1 = 6Ω

Vt = 56V R2 = 12Ω

R3= 10Ω It = 2A

Pt = 112W
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 = 6 +12 + 10 = 28Ω Rt = 28Ω
It = Vt / Rt = 56 V / 28 Ω = 2A
Pt = I2 x R = 22 x 28 = 112 Watts

Example #2
Calculate the value of

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