A PROJECT REPORT

On

IOT-BASED HOME AUTOMATION

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

three years engineering diploma in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO

HARYANA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, PANCHKULA

HARYANA

SUBMITTED BY

ADARSH GANDHI
(200171000002)
KAPIL
(200171000022)
SATYAM KUMAR
(200171000053)
Under the Supervision of
DR. SUKHBIR SINGH
KINHA
Head of the department

Electronics & Communication Engineering Department

CHHOTU RAM POLYTECHNIC, ROHTAK

June 2023
 CHHOTU RAM POLYTECHNIC, ROHTAK( HARYANA)

CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in this project work entitled, “IOT BASED
HOME AUTOMATION” GROUP (ADARSH GANDHI, KAPIL and SATYAM KUMAR) in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the diploma in Electronics & Communication
Engineering submitted in the E.C.E Department at CHHOTU RAM POLYTECHNIC, ROHTAK
(HARYANA), is an authentic record of my project work carried out during the period from March 2023 to
June 2023 under the supervision of DR. SUKHBIR SINGH KINHA, H.O.D. The matter presented in this
project work has not been submitted in any other polytechnic for the award of the diploma.

Signature of candidates

ADARSH GANDHI KAPIL SATYAM

KUMAR
SBR- 200171000002 200171000022 200171000053

Place:- Rohtak
Date :-

Ⅰ
 CHHOTU RAM POLYTECHNIC, ROHTAK ( HARYANA)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Group (Adarsh Gandhi, Kapil and Satyam) has satisfactorily completed the
project work entitled "IOT BASED HOME AUTOMATION" in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the diploma in Electronics & Communiaction Engineering at the
Chhotu Ram Polytechnic, Rohtak during a period from March 2023 to June 2023.

Signature of the students

Adarsh Gandhi Kapil Satyam kumar

SBR: 200171000002 200171000022 200171000053

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best
of my knowledge.

Signature of Lab coordinator Signature of Guide

Er. Rajesh Hooda and H.O.D
Dr. Sukhbir Singh
Kinha

Signature of Principal
Dr. Subhash Dahiya

Ⅱ
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people and this work is no different.
We find great pleasure in expressing our deep sense of gratitude towards all those who
have made it possible for me to complete this project with success.

We would like to express true sense and sincerest gratitude to Dr. Sukhbir Singh Kinha our
supervisor H.O.D , E.C.E, for his dynamic and valuable guidance and keep interest in our project
work. We aregrateful to him for his constant encouragement in the fulfillment of the project work.

We also extend our sincere thanks to Er. Rajesh Hooda as Lab Coordinator, Er Suresh Nehra
as PCB guide ,and Dr. Sitender Pawadia as Programing Guide from our ECE department.

Our sincere gratitude to Sh. Jai Kanwar, TPO and Dr. Subhash Dahiya, Principal of our
institute for inspiration and motivation for developing a competitive environment for innovative
technical projects.

We would also like to thank Hemant Saini, project builder at Prem Nagar, Rohtak. who guided
us in providing various hardware and software requirements.

We would also like to express appreciation and thanks to all our classmates, who knowingly
assisted us with their valuable suggestions and support, and we are very grateful for their
assistance.

Ⅲ
 ABSTRACT

This project presents the overall design of Home Automation System (HAS) with low cost
and wireless system. It specifically focuses on the development of an IOT based home automation
system that is able to control various components via internet or be automatically programmed to
operate from ambient conditions. In this project, we design the development of a firmware for smart
control which can successfully be automated minimizing human interaction to preserve the integrity
within whole electrical devices in the home. We used Node MCU, a popular open source IOT platform,
to execute the process of automation. Different components of the system will use different
transmission mode that will be implemented to communicate the control of the devices by the user
through Node MCU to the actual appliance. The main control system implements wireless technology
to provide remote access from smart phone. We are using a cloud server-based communication that
would add to the practicality of the project by enabling unrestricted access of the appliances to the user
irrespective of the distance factor. We provided a data transmission network to create a stronger
automation. The system intended to control electrical appliances and devices in house with relatively
low cost design, user-friendly interface and ease of installation. The status of the appliance would be
available, along with the control on an android platform. This system is designed to assist and provide
support in order to 1fulfil the needs of elderly and disabled in home. Also, the smart home concept in
the system improves the standard living at home.

Ⅳ
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Figure Page No.

No.
1. Model of phases in project management 6
2. Working of IOT enables care devices 18
3. IOT controlled greenhouse environment 19
4. Node MCU Development Board 22
5. ESP8266 Node MCU pinout 25
6. ESP 12E module in Node MCU Development board 26
7. Power module on a Node MCU development board 26
8. GPIO pins on Node MCU development board 27
9. ON board switches and LED indicators on Node MCU development board 28

10. CP2120 on Node MCU development board 28

11. Block diagram of proposed system 30
12. Creating an account and generating unique ID in Blynk Server 32
13. Setup to control Node MCU from Blynk application 32
14. Connection diagram of Node MCU controlling 2 channel relay 33
module
15. Setup Blynk application 37
16. Node MCU & 2 channel relay connection 41
17. Flow chart of prototype function 43
18. Working principle of Blynk application 45
19. Node MCU module 54
20. Resistor 54
21. Colour code of resistor 55
22. 6V cube relay 56
23. Channel 5V Relay Module 56
24. Schematic of relay module 57

Ⅴ
 ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS

SL. NO ACRONYM M EXPANSION

1. IOT Internet of Things

2. RF Comm Radio Frequency Communication
3. NodeMC Node Micro Controller Unit
U
4. Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
5. SSL Secure Socket Layer
6. GPIO General Purpose Input/Output
7. NFC Near Field Communication
8. LAN Local Area Network
9. LoRaWA N Low Power Wide Area Network
10. DIP Dual In-line Package
11. UBW Ultra-Wide Band
12. PIR Passive Infrared Sensor
13. UID Unique Identifier
14. HAS Home Automation System
15. TCP Transmission Control Protocol
16. SSH Secure Socket Shell
17. IIOT Industrial Internet of Things
18. GSM Global System for Mobile
19. BLE Bluetooth Low Energy
20. SoC System on a Chip
21. USB Universal Serial Bus
22. LDR Light Dependent Resistor
23. HMI Human Machine Interaction
24. MQTT Message Queue Telemetry Transport
25. WSN Wireless Sensor Network
26. NLP Natural Language Processing
27. PCB Printed Circuit Board
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No Table Page No

1. Node MCU index ↔ GPIO mapping 23
2. Component listing 36
Comparison chart of Wi-Fi with other wireless 46
3.
communication protocols 47
4. Costing of Project 48

ⅶ
 CONTENTS
Topic Page Number
Candidate Declaration Ⅰ
Certificate Ⅱ
Acknowledgment Ⅲ
Abstract
Ⅳ
List of Figures
Ⅴ
Abbreviation and Acronyms ⅵ
List of Tables ⅶ

Chapter 1 (Introduction)

1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Background 4
1.3 Project objective 4
1.4 Scope 5
1.5 Project management 5
1.5.1 Project management process 6
1.1.6 Overview and Benefits 8
7 Organisation of thesis 8

Chapter 2 (Literature Review) 9

Chapter 3 (Theory)

3.1 IOT Internet of Things 14

3.2.3 Installation of Node MCU 29
3.2.4 What we need 29
3.3 Block diagram 30
3.3.1 Block diagram of proposed system 30
3.3.2 Proposed system 31
3.3.3 Iot home sensors for home Automation 31
3.4 Overview of the project 32
3.5 Circuit diagram 33

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Chapter 4 (Hardware modelling and setup)
4.1 Main features of prototype 35
4.2 Project Layout 36
4.3 Component required 36
4.4 Setting up the system 37

4.4.1 Downloading and installing and Blynk 37

application on smartphone
4.4.2 Coding on esp8266 40

4.5 Hardware assembly 41

Chapter 5 (Logic and Operation)

5.1 Flow chart 43

5.2 Principle and Operation 44

5.2.1 Advantage of Node MCU 44

5.2.2 Disadvantage of Node MCU 44

5.3 Blynk application 45
5.4 Wireless communication network 46
5.5 Cost estimation 48

Chapter 6 (Conclusion and Future Scope)

6.1 Result 50
6.2 Limitation 50
6.3 Further Enhancement and future scope 50
6.4 Conclusion 50
Chapter 7 (References) 51

Appendix A (Hardware Description) 53

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Page 3
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Internet of Things (IOT) is a concept where each device is assign to an IP address and through that
IP address anyone makes that device identifiable on internet. The mechanical and digital machines
are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. Basically, it started as the “Internet
of Computers.” Research studies have forecast an explosive growth in the number of “things” or
devices that will be connected to the Internet. The resulting network is called the “Internet of
Things” (IoT). The recent developments in technology which permit theuseof wireless controlling
environments like, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi that have enabled different devicesto have capabilities of
connecting with each other. Using a WIFI shield to act as a Micro web serverfor the Arduino which
eliminates the need for wired connections between the Arduinoboard and computer which reduces
cost and enables it to work as a standalone device. The Wi-Fishield needsconnection to the internet
from a wireless router or wireless hotspot and this wouldact as the gateway for the Arduino to
communicate with the internet. With this in mind, an internet based home automation system for
remote control and observing the status of home appliances is designed.
Due to the advancement of wireless technology, there are several different type of connectionsare
introduced such as GSM, WIFI, and BT. Each of the connection has their own unique specifications
and applications. Among the four popular wireless connections that often implemented in HAS
project, WIFI is being chosen with its suitable capability. The capabilities of WIFI are more than
enough to be implemented in the design. Also, most of the current laptop/notebook or Smartphone
come with built-in WIFI adapter. It will indirectly reduce the costof this system.

1.2 BACKGROUND
The concept of “Home Automation” has been in existence for several years. “Smart Home”,
“Intelligent Home” are terms that followed and is been used to introduce the concept of networking
appliance within the house. Home Automation Systems (HASs) includes centralized control and
distance status monitoring of lighting, security system, and other appliances and systems within a
house. HASs enables energy efficiency, improves the security systems, and certainly the comfort
and ease of users. In the present emerging market, HASs is gaining popularity and has attracted the
interests of many users. HASs comes with its own challenges. Mainly being, in the present day,
end users especially elderly and disabled, even though hugely benefited, aren’t seen to accept the
system due to the complexity and cost factors.

1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

Design of an independent HAS
To formulate the design of an interconnected network of home appliance to be integrated into the
HAS. The objective to account for every appliance and its control to be automated and integrated
into the network further formulated into the HAS.

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 Wireless control of home appliances (Switch )
To develop the application that would include features of switch modes to control the applications.

Monitoring status of appliances

Being able to view the status of home appliances on the application, in order have a better HAS.

Secure connection channels between application and Node MCU

Use of secure protocols over Wi-Fi so that other devices are prevented to achieve control over the
HAS. Secure connections are obtained by SSL over TCP, SSH.

Controlled by any device capable of Wi-Fi (Android, iOS, PC)

To achieve flexibility in control of the home appliances, and device capable of Wi-Fi connectivity
will be able to obtain a secure control on the HAS.

Extensible platform for future enhancement

With a strong existing possibility of adding and integrating more features and appliances to the
system, the designed system needs to be highly extensible in nature.

1.4 SCOPE
The aim is to design a prototype that establishes wireless remote control over a network of home
appliances. The application is designed to run on android device providing features like, switch
mode control and a provision to view the status of the devices on the application itself. Considering
its wide range of application, following are the scope of this prototype.
The system can be implemented in homes, small offices and malls as well, being in-charge of
control of the electrical appliances.
For remote access of appliances in internet or intranet. The appliances in the above mentioned
environment can be controlled in intra-network or can be accessed via internet.
The development of technology friendly environment. The system incorporates the use of
technology and making HAS. By the use of day to day gadgets we can utilize them for a different
perspective.

1.5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Management of any project can be briefly disintegrated into several phases. Our project has been
decomposed into the following phases:

Page 5
 Information Gathering
ENVISIONED PHASE

PLANNING PHASE

MODELLING PHASE
CONSTRUCTION Coding and hardware assembly
PHASE

DEPLYOMENT
Feedback
PHASE
Figure 1. Model of phases in project management. ProjectManagement Process

1.5.1 Project Management Process

The company can use various methodologies, and the results are always a success, provided the rules
set out by the methodology are followed appropriately. In this project, we consider the kanban
methodology. The reason for choosing this methodology is because it carries the best outlines. As a
result, an adequate workforce is achieved by following the processes outlined in the methodology.
Kanban is adopted procedurally and is employed by employment. The main aim of Kanban is to
determine setbacks that are likely to disrupt the management process and correct them to achieve a
good flow of the process.

The goal of this methodology is to ensure the company produces only enough to avoid waste of
resources. Producing more than what is required will amount to a waste of resources. At first, Kanban
was developed by the senior management to avoid inefficiency, and inadequate production of Toyota
Company compared to other American rivals. Kanban methodology controls the whole chain from
the procedure to the consumer. This methodology perfectly increases efficiency in the company’s
reliability and flexibility since it can easily adjust to the outstanding conditions in the market. It also
requires the attention of the whole process to achieve a required aim.

Page 6
 Experimentation
This phase involved discussions regarding necessary equipment regarding the project. The study
of related already existing projects, gathering required theoretical learning. It also included
figuring out the coding part, by developing simple algorithms and flowcharts to design the whole
process
Design
This phase was, designing layout of the application, and the necessary features to be included.
This involved the complete hardware assembly and installing the code to Node MCU. The power
strip wasdesigned to connect the home appliances that can be controlled via GPIO pins.
Development and testing
This phase had the development of the application. The android device was connected to the Node
MCU via wireless network (WiFi) and the whole prototype was tested for identification and
removal of bugs.
Real-world testing
The prototype was ready to be tested into the real world and integrated with various real time
electrical appliances.

1.6 OVERVIEW AND BENEFITS

The benefits of an established wireless remote switching system of home appliances include:
No legal issues
Obtaining access to or traversing properties with hard lines is extremely difficult.

Reduced wiring issues

Considering the increase in price of copper, thus increases the possibility of the wire to be stolen.
The use of a wireless remote system to control home appliances means no wire for thieves to
steal.

Extended range
As the system establishes control over Wi-Fi, it was a generally considered descent range. That
is 150 feet indoors. Outdoors it can be extended to 300 feet, but since the application is of a
HAS,an indoor range is considered.

Security
As the connection of the control of the HAS is established over a secure network the system
ensures security to the maximum extent.

Integrable and extensive nature

The prototype design can be integrated into larger scale. Also, it has an extensive nature being able to
addor remove the appliances under control according to application.

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1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS

The thesis is organised into seven chapters including the introduction. Each chapter is unique on
its own and is described with necessary theory to comprehend it.

Chapter 2 deals with Literature Review, this chapter reflects a comprehended form of the existing
projects related to the topic. It credits the projects along with a brief paragraph of summery about
the project. This reflects the various people worked on this area, how different and advanced each
project is from one another.

Chapter 3 has the Theory that has been acquired to commence the project work. This discussed
about IOT, the advantages, disadvantages the network topologies and communication protocols.
This chapter also briefs about the main microcontroller unit of the prototype, Node MCU. Its pin
configuration, various functional units of the development board and the installation process of the
device. The chapter further giver a brief overview of the project, a block diagram of the systemand
the circuit diagram.

Chapter 4 describes the Hardware Modelling and setup of the project. The chapter points the main
features of the prototype, gives a layout of the project, lists the components requires. It briefly
describes the various setup processes involved with the project, including hardware interfacing and
software installation and setup according to our experiment. It finally gives the hardware assembly
involved.

Chapter 5 is the Logic and operation of the project. A flow chart presents the actions that describe
working process of the prototype. It discussed the principle of operation of the system with the
advantages and disadvantages of the microcontroller unit. It describes Blynk application and the
wireless network established to attain remote control over the system. It describes the process of
voice control mode and gives an overall cost estimation of the project.

Chapter 6 is the conclusion and Future scope. This chapter includes the result of the project work
carried, the limitations it possesses, the further enhancements and modifications that can be integrated
into the prototype and finally concludes the project work carried out so far.

Chapter 7 lists the References that have been used for the commencement of the project work.

Appendix A individual hardware description of the prototype and associated data sheets.

Page 8
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Page 9
“Smart Energy Efficient Home Automation System using IOT”, by Satyendra K. Vishwakarma,
Prashant Upadhyaya, Babita Kumari, Arun Kumar Mishra.
This paper presents a step-by-step procedure of a smart home automation controller. It uses IOT to
convert home appliances to smart and intelligent devices, with the help of design control. An energy
efficient system is designed that accesses the smart home remotely using IOT connectivity. The
proposed system mainly requires, Node MCU as the microcontroller unit, IFTTT to interpret voice
commands, Adafruit a library that supports MQTT acts as an MQTT broker and Arduino IDE to code
the microcontroller. This multimodal system uses Google Assistant along with a web based application
to control the smart home. The smart home is implemented with main controller unit that is connected
with the 24-hour available Wi-Fi network. To ensure, that the Wi-Fi connection do not turn off, the
main controller is programmed to establish automatic connection with the available network and
connected to the auto power backup.

“IOT Based Smart Security and Home Automation”, by Shardha Somani, Parikshit Solunke,
ShaunakOke, Parth Medhi, Prof. P. P. Laturkar.
This paper focuses on a system that provides features of Home Automation relying on IOT to operate
easily, in addition to that it includes a camera module and provides home security. The android
application basically converts Smartphone into a remote for all home appliances. Security is achieved
with motion sensors if movement is sensed at the entrance of the house; a notification is sent that
contains a photo of house entrance in real time. This notification will be received by the owner of the
house via internet such that app can trigger a notification. So owner can raise an alarm in case of any
intrusion or he/she can toggle the appliances like opening the door if the person is a guest. The system
uses Raspberry Pi, a small sized computer which acts as server for the system. The smart home consist
two modules. Home automation that consists; fan light and door controller, and security module that
consists; smoke sensor motion sensor and camera module.

“A Dynamic Distributed Energy Management Algorithm of Home Sensor Network for Home
Automation System”, by Tui-Yi Yang, Chu-Sing Yang, Tien-Wen Sung.
This paper proposes an optimization of home power consumption based on PLC (Power Line
Communication) for an easy to access home energy consumption. This also proposes a Zigbee and PLC
based renewable energy gateway to monitor the energy generation of renewable energies. ACS and
DDEM algorithm are proposed for the design of an intelligent distribution of power management
system to make sure ongoing power supply of home networks. To provide efficient power management
the power supply models of home sensor network are classified groups viz. main supplyonly, main
supply and backup battery, rechargeable battery power and non-rechargeable battery power. Devices
with particular features are assigned to these groups. It targets to establish real time processing scheme
to address variable sensor network topologies.

Page 10
“Enhance Smart Home Automation System based on Internet of Things”, by Tushar Churasia and
Prashant Kumar Jain.
This paper proposes a system that develops a model to reduce the computation overhead in existing
smart home solutions that uses various encryption technologies like AES, ECHD, hybrid, etc. these
solutions use intermediate gateway for connecting various sensor devices. The proposed modelprovides
a method for automation with sensor based learning. The system uses temperature sensorfor
development but other sensors can also be used as per requirement. These smart home devices with
sensors can configure themselves autonomously and can operate without human intervention. This
work minimizes encryption decryption and focuses on authentication and automation of smart home
devices with learning. The system bypasses local gateway mentioned in existing system to provide
better security for smart home devices and sensor data and save computation overhead. The real time
broker cloud is directly connected with smart home and manages all incoming and outgoing request
between users and devices. The main purpose to use real time broker cloud is save time of cryptographic
operations.

“Visual Machine Intelligence for Home Automation”, by Suraj, Ish Kool, Dharmendra Kumar,
Shovan Barman.
The paper present a vision-based machine intelligence system to sense on/off state of common home
appliance. The proposed method of sensing the state of appliances results on a novel home automation
system. The accessibility of the suite of devices in the home over a remote network is facilitated by the
IP Addressing methods in the IOT. This project uses two boards viz. Raspberry Pi and Intel Galileo
Gen 2. The communication between the User devices, Raspberry Pi and the Intel Galileo boards
happens over a wireless network. The UDP protocol is deployed to facilitate the wireless
communication of the nodes present in the home automation network. A Pi Cam and a
USBLogitechcamera attached to the rotating shaft of two different servo motor capture snapshots that
are passed as inputs to the Machine Learning based models trained using dlib-C++ to detect the
stateof the operation of the appliances. The proposed method uses visual modality to automate the
appliances, as privacy concerns may emerge while using the images from some specific places, as a
counter to this issue, an SPDT switch is added to the Raspberry Pi which when turned off ensures
thateven if the images are taken from the webcams, they are just passed as inputs to the machine
learning models and are not displayed on the website when the users access the website on the server
address obtained from Raspberry Pi.

“A Low Cost Home Automation System Using Wi-Fi based Wireless Sensor NetworkIncorporating
internet of Things”, by Vikram.N, Harish.K.S, Nihaal.M.S, Raksha Umesh, Shetty Aashik Ashok
Kumar.
This paper illustrates a methodology to provide a low cost Home Automation System (HAS) using
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi).This crystallizes the concept of internetworking of smart devices. A Wi-Fi
based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is designed for the purpose of monitoring and controlling
environmental, safety and electrical parameters of a smart interconnected home. The different

Page 11
sections of the HAS are; temperature and humidity sensor, gas leakage warning system, fire alarm
system, burglar alarm system, rain sensing, switching and regulation of load & voltage and current
sensing. The primary requirement of HAS to monitor and control of devices is accomplished using a
Smartphone application. The application is developed using Android Studio based on JAVA
platformand User Interface of those are exemplified. The primary focus of the paper is to develop a
solution cost effective flexible in control of devices and implementing a wide range of sensors to to
capture various parameters.

“Voice Controlled Home Automation System using Natural Language Processing and Internet of
Things”, by Mrs. Paul Jasmin Rani, Jason Bakthakumar, Praveen Kumaar.B, Praveen
Kumaar.U, Santhosh Kumar.
The paper focuses on the construction of a fully functional voice based Home automation system that
uses Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing (NLP) to providea
cost- effective, efficient way to work together with home appliances using various technologies suchas
GSM, NFC, etc. it implements a seamless integration of all the appliances to a central console, i.e.the
mobile device. The prototype uses Arduino MK1000, known as Genuino MK1000. The NLP in
thisproject gives the user the freedom to interact with the home appliances with his/her own voice
andnormal language rather than complicated computer commands. The appliances are connected to
themobile device through an Arduino Board that establishes the concept of Internet of Things. The
Arduino Boards are interfaced with the appliances and programmed in such a way that they respondto
mobileinputs.

Page 12
CHAPTER 3
THEORY

Page 13
 3.1 IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS)
IOT as a term has evolved long way as a result of convergence of multiple technologies, machine
learning, embedded systems and commodity sensors. IOT is a system of interconnected devices
assigned a UIDS, enabling data transfer and control of devices over a network. It reduced the necessity
of actual interaction in order to control a device. IOT is an advanced automation and analytics system
which exploits networking, sensing, big data, and artificial intelligence technologyto deliver complete
systems for a product or service. These systems allow greater transparency, control, and performance
when applied to any industry or system.

3.1.1 Features of IOT

3.1.1.1 Intelligence
IOT comes with the combination of algorithms and computation, software & hardware that makesit
smart. Ambient intelligence in IOT enhances its capabilities which facilitate the things to respond in
an intelligent way to a particular situation and supports them in carrying out specific tasks. In spite
of all the popularity of smart technologies, intelligence in IOT is only concerned as a means of
interaction between devices, while user and device interaction are achieved by standard input
methods and graphical user interface

3.1.1.2 Connectivity
Connectivity empowers the Internet of Things by bringing together everyday objects. Connectivity
of these objects is pivotal because simple object level interactions contribute towards collective
intelligence in the IOT network. It enables network accessibility and compatibility in the things.
With this connectivity, new market opportunities for the Internet of things can be created by the
networking of smart things and applications

3.1.1.3 Dynamic Nature

The primary activity of Internet of Things is to collect data from its environment, this is achieved
with the dynamic changes that take place around the devices. The state of these devices change
dynamically, example sleeping and waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well as the context
of devices including temperature, location and speed. In addition to the state of the device,the number
of devices also changes dynamically with a person, place and time

3.1.1.4 Enormous Scale

The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be
much larger than the devices connected to the current Internet. The management of data generated
from these devices and their interpretation for application purposes becomes more critical. Gartner
(2015) confirms the enormous scale of IOT in the estimated report where it statedthat 5.5 million
new things will get connected every day and 6.4 billion connected things will be in use worldwide
in 2016, which is up by 30 percent from 2015. The report also forecasts that the number of
connected devices will reach 20.8 billion by 2020

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3.1.1.5 Sensing
IOT wouldn’t be possible without sensors that will detect or measure any changes in the
environment to generate data that can report on their status or even interact with the environment.
Sensing technologies provide the means to create capabilities that reflect a true awareness of the
physical world and the people in it. The sensing information is simply the analoginput from the
physical world, but it can provide a rich understanding of our complex world

3.1.1.6 Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity in Internet of Things as one of the key characteristics. Devices in IOT are based on
different hardware platforms and networks and can interact with other devices or service platforms
through different networks. IOT architecture should support direct network connectivity between
heterogeneous networks. The key design requirements for heterogeneous things and their
environments in IOT are scalabilities, modularity, extensibility and interoperability.

3.1.1.7 Security
IOT devices are naturally vulnerable to security threats. As we gain efficiencies, novel experiences,
and other benefits from the IOT, it would be a mistake to forget about security concerns associated
with it. There is a high level of transparency and privacy issues with IOT. It is important to secure
the endpoints, the networks, and the data that is transferred across all of it means creating a security
paradigm.

3.1.2 Advantages of IOT

3.1.2.1 Communication

IOT encourages the communication between devices, also famously known as Machine-to-Machine
(M2M) communication. Because of this, the physical devices are able to stay connected and hence
the total transparency is available with lesser inefficiencies and greater quality.

3.1.2.2 Automation and Control

Due to physical objects getting connected and controlled digitally and centrally with wireless
infrastructure, there is a large amount of automation and control in the workings. Without human
intervention, the machines are able to communicate with each other leading to faster and timely output.

3.1.2.3 Information

It is obvious that having more information helps making better decisions. Whether it is mundane
decisions as needing to know what to buy at the grocery store or if your company has enough
widgets and supplies, knowledge is power and more knowledge is better.

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3.1.2.4 Monitor

The second most obvious advantage of IOT is monitoring. Knowing the exact quantity of supplies or
the air quality in your home, can further provide more information that could not have previously
been collected easily. For instance, knowing that you are low on milk or printer ink could save you
another trip to the store in the near future. Furthermore, monitoring the expiration of products can and
will improve safety.

3.1.2.5 Time

As hinted in the previous examples, the amount of time saved because of IOT could be quite large.
And in today’s modern life, we all could use more time.

3.1.2.6 Money

The biggest advantage of IOT is saving money. If the price of the tagging and monitoring equipment
is less than the amount of money saved, then the Internet of Things will be very widely adopted.
IOT fundamentally proves to be very helpful to people in their daily routines by making the
appliances communicate to each other in an effective manner thereby saving and conserving energy
and cost. Allowing the data to be communicated and shared between devices and thentranslating it
into our required way, it makes our systems efficient.

3.1.2.7 Automation of daily tasks leads to better monitoring of devices

The IOT allows you to automate and control the tasks that are done on a daily basis, avoiding human
intervention. Machine-to-machine communication helps to maintain transparency in the processes. It
also leads to uniformity in the tasks. It can also maintain the quality of service. We canalso take
necessary action in case of emergencies.

3.1.2.8 Efficient and Saves Time

The machine-to-machine interaction provides better efficiency, hence; accurate results can be
obtained fast. This results in saving valuable time. Instead of repeating the same tasks every day, it
enables people to do other creative jobs.

3.1.2.9 Saves Money

Optimum utilization of energy and resources can be achieved by adopting this technology and
keeping the devices under surveillance. We can be alerted in case of possible bottlenecks,
breakdowns, and damages to the system. Hence, we can save money by using this technology.

3.1.2.10 Better Quality of Life

All the applications of this technology culminate in increased comfort, convenience, and better
management, thereby improving the quality of life.

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3.1.3 Disadvantages of IOT
3.1.3.1 Compatibility

Currently, there is no international standard of compatibility for the tagging and monitoring
equipment. I believe this disadvantage is the most easy to overcome. The manufacturing companiesof
these equipment just need to agree to a standard, such as Bluetooth, USB, etc. This is nothing new or
innovative needed.

3.1.3.2 Complexity

As with all complex systems, there are more opportunities of failure. With the Internet of Things,
failures could sky rocket. For instance, let’s say that both you and your spouse each get a message
saying that your milk has expired, and both of you stop at a store on your way home, and you both
purchase milk. As a result, you and your spouse have purchased twice the amount that you both
need. Or maybe a bug in the software ends up automatically ordering a new ink cartridge for your
printer each and every hour for a few days, or at least after each power failure, when you only needa
single replacement.

3.1.3.3 Privacy/Security

With all of this IOT data being transmitted, the risk of losing privacy increases. For instance, how
well encrypted will the data be kept and transmitted with? Do you want your neighbours or
employers to know what medications that you are taking or your financial situation?

3.1.3.4 Safety

Imagine if a notorious hacker changes your prescription. Or if a store automatically ships you an
equivalent product that you are allergic to, or a flavour that you do not like, or a product that is
already expired. As a result, safety is ultimately in the hands of the consumer to verify any and all
automation.

As all the household appliances, industrial machinery, public sector services like water supply and
transport, and many other devices all are connected to the Internet, a lot of information is availableon
it. This information is prone to attack by hackers. It would be very disastrous if private and
confidential information is accessed by unauthorized intruders.

3.1.3.5 Lesser Employment of Menial Staff

The unskilled workers and helpers may end up losing their jobs in the effect of automation of daily
activities. This can lead to unemployment issues in the society. This is a problem with the advent of
any technology and can be overcome with education. With daily activities getting automated,
naturally, there will be fewer requirements of human resources, primarily, workers and less
educated staff. This may create Unemployment issue in the society.

3.1.3.6 Technology Takes Control of Life

Our lives will be increasingly controlled by technology, and will be dependent on it. The younger
generation is already addicted to technology for every little thing. We have to decide how much of
our daily lives are we willing to mechanize and be controlled by technology.

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3.1.4 Application Grounds of IOT
3.1.4.1 Wearables
Wearable technologies is a hallmark of IOT applications and is one of the earliest industries to have
deployed IOT at its services. Fit Bits, heart rate monitors, smartwatches, glucose monitoring devices
reflect the successful applications of IOT.
3.1.4.2 Smart homes
This area of application concerned to this particular project, so a detailed application is discussed
further. Jarvis, an AI home automation employed by Mark Zuckerberg, is a remarkable example in this
field of application.
3.1.4.3 Health care
IOT applications have turned reactive medical based system into proactive wellness based system. IOT
focuses on creating systems rather than equipment. IOT creates a future of medicine andhealthcare
which exploits a highly integrated network of sophisticated medical devices. The integration of all
elements provides more accuracy, more attention to detail, faster reactions to events, and constant
improvement while reducing the typical overhead of medical research and organizations

Figure 2. Working of IOT enables care devices.

3.1.4.4 Agriculture
A greenhouse farming technique enhances the yield of crops by controlling environmental
parameters. However, manual handling results in production loss, energy loss, and labour cost,
making the process less effective. A greenhouse with embedded devices not only makes it easier tobe
monitored but also, enables us to control the climate inside it. Sensors measure different parameters
according to the plant requirement and send it to the cloud. It, then, processes the dataand applies a
control action.

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 Figure 3. IOT controlled greenhouse environment.
3.1.4.5 Industrial Automation
For a higher return of investment this field requires both fast developments and quality of products.
This vitality thus coined the term IIOT. This whole schematic is re-engineered by IOTapplications.
Following are the domains of IOT applications in industrial automation

• Factory Digitalization
• Product flow Monitoring
• Inventory Management
• Safety and Security
• Quality Control
• Packaging optimization
• Logistics and Supply Chain Optimization

3.1.4.6 Government and Safety

IOT applied to government and safety allows improved law enforcement, defence, city planning,
and economic management. The technology fills in the current gaps, corrects many current flaws,
and expands the reach of these efforts. For example, IOT can help city planners have a clearer view
of the impact of their design, and governments have a better idea of the local economy.

3.1.5 IOT Technologies and Protocols

Several communication protocols and technologies cater to and meet the specific functionalrequirements
of IOT system.

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3.1.5.1 Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a short range IOT communication protocol/technology that is profound in many
consumer product markets and computing. It is expected to be key for wearable products in
particular, again connecting to the IOT albeit probably via a smartphone in many cases. The new
Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) – or Bluetooth Smart, as it is now branded – is a significant protocol
forIOT applications. Importantly, while it offers a similar range to Bluetooth it has been designed to
offer significantly reduced power consumption.
3.1.5.2 Zigbee
ZigBee is similar to Bluetooth and is majorly used in industrial settings. It has some significant
advantages in complex systems offering low-power operation, high security, robustness and highand
is well positioned to take advantage of wireless control and sensor networks in IOT applications.
The latest version of ZigBee is the recently launched 3.0, which is essentially the unification of the
various ZigBee wireless standards into a single standard.
3.1.5.3 Z-Wave
Z-Wave is a low-power RF communications IOT technology that primarily design for home
automation for products such as lamp controllers and sensors among many other devices. A Z- Wave
uses a simpler protocol than some others, which can enable faster and simpler development,but the
only maker of chips is Sigma Designs compared to multiple sources for other wireless technologies
such as ZigBee and others.
3.1.5.4 Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi connectivity is one of the most popular IOT communication protocol, often an obvious choice
for many developers, especially given the availability of Wi-Fi within the home environment within
LANs. There is a wide existing infrastructure as well as offering fast data transfer and the ability to
handle high quantities of data. Currently, the most common Wi-Fi standard used in homes and
many businesses is 802.11n, which offers range of hundreds of megabit per second, which is fine
for file transfers but may be too power-consuming for many IOT applications.

3.1.5.5 Cellular
Any IOT application that requires operation over longer distances can take advantage of
GSM/3G/4G cellular communication capabilities. While cellular is clearly capable of sending high
quantities of data, especially for 4G, the cost and also power consumption will be too high for many
applications. But it can be ideal for sensor-based low-bandwidth-data projects that will send very
low amounts of data over the Internet.

3.1.5.6 NFC
NFC (Near Field Communication) is an IOT technology. It enables simple and safe
communicationsbetween electronic devices, and specifically for smartphones, allowing consumers
to perform transactions in which one does not have to be physically present. It helps the user to
access digital content and connect electronic devices. Essentially it extends the capability of
contactless card technology and enables devices to share information at a distance that is less than
4cm.

Page 20
3.1.5.7 LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN is one of popular IOT Technology, targets wide-area network (WAN) applications. The
LoRaWAN design to provide low-power WANs with features specifically needed to support low-
costmobile secure communication in IOT, smart city, and industrial applications. Specifically meets
requirements for low-power consumption and supports large networks with millions and millions of
devices, data rates range from 0.3 kbps to 50 kbps.

3.1.6 IOT software

IOT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through platforms, embedded
systems, partner systems, and middleware. These individual and master applications are responsible
for data collection, device integration, real-time analytics, and application and processextension
within the IOT network. They exploit integration with critical business systems (e.g., ordering
systems, robotics, scheduling, and more) in the execution of related tasks.
3.1.6.1 Data Collection
This software manages sensing, measurements, light data filtering, light data security, and
aggregation of data. It uses certain protocols to aid sensors in connecting with real-time, machine-
to-machine networks. Then it collects data from multiple devices and distributes it in accordance
with settings. It also works in reverse by distributing data over devices. The system eventually
transmits all collected data to a central server.
3.1.6.2 Device Integration
Software supporting integration binds (dependent relationships) all system devices to create the
body of the IOT system. It ensures the necessary cooperation and stable networking between
devices. These applications are the defining software technology of the IOT network because
without them, it is not an IOT system. They manage the various applications, protocols, and
limitations of each device to allow communication.
3.1.6.3 Real-Time Analytics
These applications take data or input from various devices and convert it into feasible actions or
clear patterns for human analysis. They analyse information based on various settings and designsin
order to perform automation-related tasks or provide the data required by industry.
3.1.6.4 Application and Process Extension
These applications extend the reach of existing systems and software to allow a wider, more
effective system. They integrate predefined devices for specific purposes such as allowing certain
mobile devices or engineering instruments access. It supports improved productivity and more
accurate data collection.

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3.2 NODE MCU

NodeMCU (Node Microcontroller Unit) is a low-cost open source IOT platform. It initially included
firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which was
based on the ESP-12 module. Later, support for the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added.

Figure 4. Node MCU Development Board.

NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board designs are available.
The name “NodeMCU” combines “node” and “MCU” (micro-controller unit). The term “NodeMCU”
strictly speaking refers to the firmware rather than the associated development kits.
Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.
The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua project, and built on
the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua- cjson
and SPIFFS. Due to resource constraints, users need to select the modules relevant for their project and
build a firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been implemented.
The prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board functioning as a dual in-line package (DIP)
which integrates a USB controller with a smaller surface-mounted board containing the MCU and
antenna. The choice of the DIP format allows for easy prototyping on breadboards. The design was
initially was based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, which is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated witha
Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IOT applications.

3.2.1 Pin Configuration of Node MCU Development Board

This module provides an access to the GPIO subsystem. All the access is based on I/O index number
of Node MCU kits, not the internal GPIO pins. For example, the D0 pin on the development kit is
mapped to GPIO pin 16. Node MCU provides access to the GPIO pins and the following pin mapping
table is a part of the API documentation.

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 Table 1. Node MCU index ↔ GPIO mapping.
PIN NAME PIN NAME ON ESP8266
ESP8266
ON NODEMCU INTERNALGPIO
INTERNALGPIO
NODEMCU DEVELOPMENT PIN NUMBER
PIN NUMBER
DEVELOPME KIT
NTKIT
0 GPIO16 7 GPIO13
[*
]
1 GPIO5 8 GPIO15

2 GPIO4 9 GPIO3

3 GPIO0 10 GPIO1

4 GPIO2 11 GPIO9

5 GPIO14 12 GPIO10

[*]DO(GPIO16) can only be used for GPIO read/write. It does not support open-
drain/interrupt/PWM/I²C or 1-Wire.

The ESP8266 Node MCU has total 30 pins that interface it to the outside world. The pins are grouped
by their functionality as:

Power pins: There are four power pins viz. one VIN pin & three 3.3V pins. The VIN pin can be used
to directly supply the ESP8266 and its peripherals, if you have a regulated 5V voltage source. The 3.3V
pins are the output of an on-board voltage regulator. These pins can be used to supply power to external
components.

GND: is a ground pin of ESP8266 Node MCU development board.

12 IC Pins: are used to hook up all sorts of I2C sensors and peripherals in your project. Both I2C
Master and I2C Slave are supported. I2C interface functionality can be realized programmatically, and
the clock frequency is 100 kHz at a maximum. It should be noted that I2C clock frequency should be
higher than the slowest clock frequency of the slave device.

GPIO Pins: ESP8266 Node MCU has 17 GPIO pins which can be assigned to various functions such
as I2C, I2S, UART, PWM, IR Remote Control, LED Light and Button programmatically. Each digital
enabled GPIO can be configured to internal pull-up or pull-down, or set to high impedance. When
configuredas an input, it can also be set to edge-trigger or level-trigger to generate CPU interrupts.

Page 23
ADC Channel: The Node MCU is embedded with a 10-bit precision SAR ADC. The two functions
can be implemented using ADC viz. Testing power supply voltage of VDD3P3 pin and testing input
voltageof TOUT pin. However, they cannot be implemented at the same time.

UART Pins: ESP8266 Node MCU has 2 UART interfaces, i.e. UART0 and UART1, which provide
asynchronous communication (RS232 and RS485), and can communicate at up to 4.5 Mbps. UART0
(TXD0, RXD0, RST0 & CTS0 pins) can be used for communication. It supports fluid control.
However, UART1 (TXD1 pin) features only data transmit signal so, it is usually used for printing log.

SPI Pins: ESP8266 features two SPIs (SPI and HSPI) in slave and master modes. These SPIs also
support the following general-purpose SPI features:

• 4 timing modes of the SPI format transfer

• Up to 80 MHz and the divided clocks of 80 MHz
• Up to 64-Byte FIFO

SDIO Pins: ESP8266 features Secure Digital Input/output Interface (SDIO) which is used to
directly interface SD cards. 4-bit 25 MHz SDIO v1.1 and 4-bit 50 MHz SDIO v2.0 are supported.

PWM Pins: The board has 2 channels of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The PWM output can be
implemented programmatically and used for driving digital motors and LEDs. PWM frequency range
is adjustable from 1000 μs to 10000 μs, i.e., between 100 Hz and 1 kHz.

Control Pins: are used to control ESP8266. These pins include Chip Enable pin (EN), Reset pin
(RST)and WAKE pin.

• EN pin – The ESP8266 chip is enabled when EN pin is pulled HIGH. When pulled
LOWthe chip works at minimum power.
• RST pin – RST pin is used to reset the ESP8266 chip.
• WAKE pin – Wake pin is used to wake the chip from deep-sleep.

Page 24
 Figure 5. ESP8266 Node MCU pinout.

3.2.2 Parts of Node MCU Development Board

3.2.2.1 ESP 12-E Module

The development board equips the ESP-12E module containing ESP8266 chip having Tensilica
Xtensa® 32-bit LX106 RISC microprocessor which operates at 80 to 160 MHz adjustable clock
frequency and supports RTOS.

There’s also 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory (for program and data storage) just enough to
cope with the large strings that make up web pages, JSON/XML data, and everything we throw at IOT
devices nowadays.

The ESP8266 Integrates 802.11b/g/n HT40 Wi-Fi transceiver, so it can not only connect to a Wi-Fi
network and interact with the Internet, but it can also set up a network of its own, allowing other devices
to connect directly to it. This makes the ESP8266 Node MCU even more versatile.

Page 25
 • Tensilica Xtensa® 32-bit LX106
• 80 to 160 MHz clock frequency
• 128 kb internal RAM
• 4 MB external flash
• 802.11b/g/n HT40 Wi-Fi transceiver

Figure 6. ESP 12E module in Node MCU Development board.

3.2.2.2 Power Requirements

As the operating voltage range of ESP8266 is 3V to 3.6V, the board comes with a LDO voltage
regulator to keep the voltage steady at 3.3V. It can reliably supply up to 600mA, which should be more
than enough when ESP8266 pulls as much as 80mA during RF transmissions. The output of the
regulator is also broken out to one of the sides of the board and labelled as 3V3. This pin can be used
to supply power to external components.
Power to the ESP8266 Node MCU is supplied via the on-board Micro B USB connector.
Alternatively,if you have a regulated 5V voltage source, the VIN pin can be used to directly supply the
ESP8266 andits peripherals.

• Operating voltage 2.5V to 3.6V

• On-board 3.6V 600mA regulator
• 80 mA operating current
• 20 µA during sleep mode

Figure 7. Power module on a Node MCU development board.

Page 26
3.2.2.3 Peripheral I/O

The ESP8266 Node MCU has total 17 GPIO pins broken out to the pin headers on both sides of the
development board. These pins can be assigned to all sorts of peripheral duties, including:

• ADC channel – A 10-bit ADC channel.

• UART interface – UART interface is used to load code serially.
• PWM outputs – PWM pins for dimming LEDs or controlling motors.
• SPI, I2C & I2S interface – SPI and I2C interface to hook up all sorts of sensors
andperipherals.
• I2S interface – I2S interface if you want to add sound to your project.

As a result of the pin multiplexing feature (Multiple peripherals multiplexed on a single GPIO pin), a
single GPIO pin can act as PWM/UART/SPI.

Figure 8. GPIO pins on Node MCU development board.

3.2.2.4 On Board Switches and LED Indicators

The ESP8266 Node MCU features two buttons. One marked as RST located on the top left corner is
the Reset button, used of course to reset the ESP8266 chip. The other FLASH button on the bottom left
corner is the download button used while upgrading firmware. The board also has a LED indicatorwhich
is user programmable and is connected to the D0 pin of the board.

Page 27
 Switches and indicators

• RST: Reset the ESP8266 chip

• FLASH: Download new programs
• Blue LED: User programmable

Figure 9. ON board switches and LED indicators on Node MCU development board.

3.2.2.5 Serial Communication

The board includes CP2102 USB-to-UART Bridge Controller from Silicon Labs, which converts
USBsignal to serial and allows your computer to program and communicate with the ESP8266
chip.

• CP2120 USB-to-UART converter

• 4.5 Mbps communication speed
• Flow control support

Figure 10. CP2120 on Node MCU development board.

Page 28
3.2.3 Installation of Node MCU
Mostly these days devices download and install drivers on their own, automatically. Windows doesn’t
know how to talk to the USB driver on the Node MCU so it can’t figure out that the board is a Node
MCU and proceed normally. Node MCU Amica is an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module based development
board. It has got Micro USB slot that can directly be connected to the computer or other USB host
devices. Ti has got 15X2 header pins and a Micro USB slot, the headers can be mounted on a breadboard
andMicro USB slot is to establish connection to USB host device. It has CP2120 USB to serial
converter. In order to install CP2120 (USB to serial converter), user is needed to download thedriver
for the same. Once user downloads drivers as per its respective operating system, the systemestablishes
connection to Node MCU. The user needs to node down the COM post allotted to newlyconnected
USB device (Node MCU) from device manager of the system. This com port number will be required
while using Node MCU Amica. As the CP2120 driver is been installed, the Node MCU can be
programmed using Arduino IDE software by coding in embedded C. this requires ESP8266 board
installation in Arduino IDE from board manager, and assigning communication port.

3.2.4 What we need?

NodeMCU board: It’s an open-source development kit that allow us to prototype our IOT products
using its own development language (Lua) or MicroPython. NodeMCU board contains an ESP8266
Wi-Fi enabled chip.

A relay: An electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current that can turn on or
off a much larger electric current. There are relay modules whose electromagnet can be powered by 5V
and with 3.3V. Both can be used with the ESP8266.

To see if it works, open the Wi-Fi settings on your computer, look for a network called "ESP8266
Access Point", enter the password "thereisnospoon", and connect to it. Then open a terminal, and ping
to 192.168. 4.1 (this is the default IP address of our ESP AP). You'll see that the ESP responds to your
pings.

However, if you try to go to an online website, you'll get a timeout or a DNS error. This is because the
ESP itself is not connected to the internet. The sub-net that consists of the ESP and the computer is not
connected to any other networks, so there's no way for a packet on this network to make it to the
Internet.

If you connected a second station to the ESP access point on the other hand, you would be able to ping
from one station to the other without problems, because they're on the same network.

Page 29
3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.3.1 Block diagram of the proposed system

Figure 11. Block diagram of proposed system.

The block diagram gives the functionality of the overall project. The Node MCU unit is the
microcontroller or the main controlling unit of the system. The user uses the mobile application in
setting commands for functioning of the appliances. The mobile application interprets the command
form in user in voice or switch mode and sends signal to the Node MCU unit, over a wireless network
established by Wi-Fi communication. Hence the Wi-Fi module (actually inbuilt into Node MCU), helps
the microcontroller establish Wi-Fi communication with a device and take commands from an
application over wireless network. The Node MCU on further receiving the signal then turns on/off the
appliance with the help of relay. The Node MCU, relay and the final appliances are physically
connected. There is a power supply unit that powers the microcontroller, the relay as well as the final
appliances. There is also a display unit that displays the status of the application.

Page 30
3.3.2 Proposed system
The android OS provides the flexibility of using the open source. The inbuilt sensors can be accessed
easily. The application used to control the system has the following features. Android Phone acts as a
client and data are sent via sockets programming. The application takes command from user in modes.

• Switch mode: Switch mode uses the radio buttons that are used to control the home
appliances. The radio button sends the status of the switch.

More detailed discussion about the modes of control and how they actually control the system is
discussed if coming chapters.

3.3.3 IoT Home Sensors for Home Automation

IoT sensors have the potential to greatly improve our quality of life while also making our houses safer.
If someone is approaching your property, smart motion controllers can detect it. They may utilize the
app to notify users of any invaders, whether human or animal.

When inhabitants leave the house at night and during specific weather circumstances, such as rain or
storms, smart controllers in the network ensure that all the windows and doors are closed.

With the aid of controls, you may adjust the temperature, humidity, and lighting to your liking. Carbon
monoxide poisoning can be avoided with the use of carbon monoxide detectors. Smoke controllers aid in
the prevention of fires in your house.

The method of regulating house appliances automatically utilizing various control system approaches is
known as IoT home automation. Various control mechanisms may be used to regulate electrical and
electronic equipment in the house, such as windows, refrigerators, fans, lights, fire alarms, kitchen
timers, and so on.

Page 31
3.4 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT
The following describes the process of creating an account in Blynk application and generating
unique ID against a particular device. This ID acts as an identifier for the particular device on the
Blynk server.

Download the Blynk application from playstore on the

A unique ID is generated by the application under a new

This is is added to the program before installing it into

With this unique ID the devices are identified in the

Blynk server for it's working
Figure 12. Creating an account and generating unique ID in Blynk Server.
Once the unique Id is generated the next step would be to include this key into the coding written in
embedded C to establish communication between Node MCU and Blynk Server. The following
describes this process.

Node MCU is connected through WiFi

The SSID (network name) and password of the Wi-Fi

network is added into the code.

Open the Blynk application and create a new project.

Add the unique ID created by the application in the code

and install it to Node MCU.

Insert switches in the Blynk application and corrospond

then to particular GPIO pins as in the code and the
hardware connection.
Figure 13. Setup to control Node MCU from Blynk application

Page 32
3.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 14. Connection diagram of Node MCU controlling 2 channel relay module.

Page 33
 CHAPTER 4
HARWARE MODELLING AND
SETUP

Page 34
 4.1 MAIN FEATURES OF THE PROTOTYPE
The features of the developed prototype are:

• The prototype establishes a wireless remote switching system of home appliances.

• The command to switch on and off an appliance can be given from radio buttons on the
application from one’s smartphone.
• Any device capable of Wi-Fi connectivity can be used to control the prototype.
• The control over home appliances is obtained over secure connections, by SSL over TCP, SSH.
• Simple design easy to integrate into a verity of appliances and extend on further range.
• Displays the status of each appliances on the application in smartphone
• Cost effective.
• Lawn/Gardening management.
• Smart Home Appliances.
• Improved Home safety and security.
• Home air quality and water quality monitoring.
• Natural Language-based voice assistants.
• Better Infotainment delivery.

Applications of home automation

Rebuilding consumer expectations, home automation has been projected to target wide array of
applications for the new digital consumer. Some of the areas where consumers can expect to see
home automation-led IoT-enabled connectivity are:

Lighting control
HVAC
Lawn/Gardening management
Smart Home Appliances
Improved Home safety and security
Home air quality and water quality monitoring
Natural Language-based voice assistants
Better Infotainment delivery
AI-driven digital experiences
Smart Switches
Smart Locks
Smart Energy Meters
.

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4.2 Project Layout

Node MCU is the microcontroller unit in the prototype. It has an in built Wi-Fi module (ESP8266)
thatestablishes wireless remote switching of home appliances.

Four channel relay module consists 4 individual relays physically connected between Node MCU
andthe home appliances. It takes signals form GPIO pins of Node MCU and accordingly connects or
disconnects home appliances from the supply. They act as the switching device.

LED and resistors are used in this prototype to replace real appliances. They indicate power being
turned on and off to the appliances. In real time operation they would be replaced by actual home
appliances.

Blynk application was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can
display sensor data, it can store data, visualize it, etc. the prototype primarily uses Blynk application to
sense commands from user to the hardware over wireless network.

4.3 COMPONENTS REQIRED

Table 2. Component listing.

Component Quantity
SL. NO
Node MCU 1
1.
2 channel relay board 1
2.
LED 4
3.
2.2K Ω Resistor 4
4.
Blank PCB (KS100) 1
5.
Male pin header 1
6.
Female pin header 1
7.
Jumper wires 8
8.
USB Cable 1
9.

Page 36
4.4 SETTING UP THE SYSTEM

4.4.1 Downloading and installing and Blynk application on smartphone

• Blynk application is downloaded and installed from the Play Store.
• Once the application is installed, a new account is created and logged in to it.
• After logging in, a new project is created. The project is named, hardware is selected as Node
MCU and the connection type is selected as Wi-Fi, and created.
• At this point Blynk will sends an authentication token to email id. This authentication token
will be used to identify the hardware in the Blynk server.
• As the prototype uses 2 channel relay module, 2 buttons are added to the screen from the side
bar.
• All the 2 buttons are then customised by adding a name and selecting the digital pin it will
correspond to. This section will actually affect the hardware connection as the relays will be
physically connected to the digital pins corresponded here.
• The setup of Blynk application is now complete.

Figure 15. Set up Blynk application

Page 37
4.4.2 CODING ON ESP8266

One of the easiest way to program NodeMCU is via the Arduino IDE. This,
however, requires setting up the Arduino IDE by installing the board support file
for NodeMCU. If you are using the Arduino IDE to program the NodeMCU for
the first time, you need to do this first before proceeding with this tutorial. Follow
the detailed tutorial “Getting Started with the NodeMCU” to learn how to set up
your Arduino IDE to program ESP8266 based boards.
The code for today’s tutorial is a modified version of the code from the last article
“NodeMCU ESP8266 WebServer Tutorial“. The code is based on
the ESP8266WiFi.h library which allows the easy use of WiFi functionalities of
the board. It contains all we need to create or join a WiFi access point and also
create a server and client which are all important for today’s project. The library
comes attached with the NodeMCU board files for the Arduino, so there is no
need to install it once the board files have been installed.
The code for today’s tutorial will enable us to control appliances connected to the
GPIOs (via relays) of the NodeMCU board remotely.

To start with, we include the library that we will use for the project, which in this
case, is the ESP8266WiFi.h library.
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
Next, we add the credentials of the WiFi access point to which the NodeMCU will
be connected. Ensure the username and password are between the double quotes.
We also specify the port through which the system will communicate and create a
variable to hold requests.

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//Include the library files
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>

//Define the relay pins

#define relay1 D0
#define relay2 D1

#define BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN "SPtYaXy7bVBwEaZPAjNPZRlMo27K1x1P" //Enter your blynk auth token

char auth[] = BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN;

char ssid[] = "Siddharth malik";//Enter your WIFI name
char pass[] = "02051995";//Enter your WIFI password

//Get the button values

BLYNK_WRITE(V0) {
bool value1 = param.asInt();
// Check these values and turn the relay1 ON and OFF
if (value1 == 1) {
digitalWrite(relay1, LOW);
} else {
digitalWrite(relay1, HIGH);
}
}

//Get the button values

BLYNK_WRITE(V1) {
bool value2 = param.asInt();
// Check these values and turn the relay2 ON and OFF
if (value2 == 1) {
digitalWrite(relay2, LOW);
} else {
digitalWrite(relay2, HIGH);
}
}

void setup() {
//Set the relay pins as output pins
pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay2, OUTPUT);

// Turn OFF the relay

digitalWrite(relay1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay2, HIGH);

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 //Initialize the Blynk library
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass, "blynk.cloud", 80);
}

void loop() {
//Run the Blynk library
Blynk.run();
}

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4.5 HARDWARE ASSEMBLY

Hardware assembly mainly includes connecting specific digital pins of NodeMCU to the 2
relays on the relay module, including the connection of supply and ground pins. The main
functional assemble in this prototype is simple. The further 2 relays are fit to be connected toany
appliance desired to be controlled.
The vital part in hardware assembly is taking into account the digital pin that corresponds to
which relay. This connection is done as per the setup of Blynk application. The radio buttons
on Blynk application are set up to switch a particular digital pin in Node MCU. It is made sure
that the relay connection are physically made according to this set up. For example, we have
assigned the radio button on Blynk application corresponding to relay 1 to work with D3. Then
physical connection of relay 1 is made with D3 of Node MCU.

Figure 16. Node MCU & 2 channel relay connection.

In this prototype instead of real home appliances, we connect the relays to LEDs, (according to
circuit diagram) to just ensure the functionality of the prototype. The prototype is given a supply
from a 9V battery.

Page 41
 CHAPTER 5
LOGIC AND OPERATION

Page 42
5.1 FLOW CHART

Figure 17. Flow chart of prototype function.

This flow chart shows the working of the project. The process starts be initializing the Wi-Fi, the
network name and password are written in the code and uploaded to Node MCU. The android deviceis
connected to Node MCU over Wi-Fi. The Blynk server is set up and connection is made, the devicesis
identified in the Blynk server using the generated authentication token. The command for controlling
the load is given to the application, and this command, over Wi-Fi network is sent to the Node MCU.

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5.2 PRINCIPLE AND OPERATION
Node MCU is an open source IOT platform. It includes firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi
SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module. The term “Node
MCU” by default refers to the firmware rather than the development kits. The firmware uses the Lua
scripting language. It is based on the eLua project, and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for
ESP8266.It uses many open source projects, such as lua-cjson, and spiffs.

5.2.1 Advantages of Node MCU

Low cost, the Node MCU is less costly compared to any other IOT based device.
Node MCU has Arduino Like hardware I/O. It is becoming very popular in these days that
Arduino IDE has extended their software to work in the field of ESP 8266 Field module
version.
Node MCU has easily configurable network API.
Integrated support for Wi-Fi network: ESP 8266 is incorporated in Node MCU, which is
aneasily accessible Wi-Fi module.
Reduced size of board.
Low power consumption.

5.2.2 Disadvantages of Node MCU

The operation of the circuit depends on the working internet connection. If the working
internet connection is not available then it will not run.
Node MCU also depends on the free server provided by the third party, if the free server is
not working then it will not run.
Node MCU has less resources of official documentation
Need to learn a new language and IDE
Reduced pinout
Scarce documentation

5.3 BLYNK APPLICATION

The Blynk application was designed for the primary purpose of Internet of Things. Blynk is a
platform with IOS and Android apps to control Arduino, Raspberry Pi and the likes over the
Internet. It’s a digital dashboard where graphic interface for a prototype can be built by simply
dragging and dropping widgets. It can control hardware remotely, it can display sensor data, can

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store and visualize data and possessed a lot more functionality. There are three major componentsin
the platform:

• Blynk Application: allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using
variouswidgets we provide.
• Blynk Server: responsible for all the communications between the smartphone and
hardware. You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynk server locally. It’s an
open-source, could easily handle thousands of devices and can even be launched on a
Raspberry Pi.
• Blynk Libraries: for all the popular hardware platforms – enable communication with the
server and process all the incoming and outgoing commands.

Every time a radio button is accessed in the Blynk application, the message travels to the Blynk
Cloud, where it finds the specific hardware by the unique generated authentication token. It worksin
the same way for the opposite direction.

Figure 18. Working principle of Blynk application.

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 Advantages of Wi-Fi over other wireless technologies like Bluetooth and ZigBee
Bluetooth is generally used for point to point networks and Bluetooth operates at a much slower
rate of around 720 Kbps which is very small for video transfer or moving large amount of datalike the
image captured from a camera, whereas the bandwidth of Wi-Fi can be up to 150Mbps and very ideal
for video transmission.

Wi-Fi is very much secure means of communication than Bluetooth.

Wi-Fi connection to send video, audio, and telemetry operation, while accepting remote control
commands from an operator who can be located virtually anywhere in the world.

Robots are already being eyed for obvious tasks like conducting search-and rescue missions during
emergencies or hauling gear for soldiers in the jungle or woods. The mechanics of the robot uses the
concept that has been developed to ensure robust navigation, search and transportation in rough terrain.

Table 3. Comparison chart of Wi-Fi with other wireless communication protocols

STANDA BLUETOO UBW ZIGBEE WI-FI
RD TH

IEEE 802.15.1 802.15.3a 802.15.4 802.11a/g/b

specification

Frequency band 2.4 GHz 3.1-10.6 GHz 868/915 MHz; 2.4 GHz; 5 GHz
2.4 GHz

Maximum 1 Mb/s 110 Mb/s 250 Kb/s 54 Mb/s

signal rate

Nominal range 10 m 10 m 10-100 m 100 m

Nominal 0-10 dBm -41.3 (-25) -0 10-20 dBm

TX dBm/MHz dBm
power

RF channels 79 1-15 1/10; 16 14 (2.4

GHz)

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 Channel 1 MHz 500 MHz- 0.3/0.6 GHz; 2 22 MHz
bandwidth 7.5 MHz
GHz

Modulation GFSK BPSK, QPSK BPSK (+ASK), BPSK,

type O-QPSK QPSK,
COFDM,
CCK,M-
QAM

Spreading FHSS DS-UBW, DSSS DSSS,

MB- CCK,
OFDM OFDM
Co-existence Adaptive Adaptive Dynamic Dynamic
mechanism frequency frequency frequency frequency
hopping hopping selection selection,
transmit power
control

Basic cell Piconet Picomet Star BSS

Extension of Scattemet Peer-to-peer Cluster tree, ESS

basic cell Mesh

Maximum 8 8 >65000 2007

cellnodes

Encryption E0 Stream AES block AES block RC4 stream

chipper cipher (CTR, cipher (CTR, cipher
counter mode) counter mode) (WEP),AES
block cipher

Authentication Shared secret CBC- CBC-MAC WPA2

MAC (extention of (802.11i)
(CCM) CCM)

Data protection 16-bit CRC 32-bit CRC 16-bit CRC 32-bit CRC

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5.4 COST ESTIMATION

Table 4. Costing of Project.

SL. NO COMPONENTS QUANTITY PRICE

1. Node MCU 1 ₹1250

2. 2 channel relay board 1 ₹250

3. Bulb ,Holder and Wire 4 ₹100

4. 2.2K Ω Resistor 4 ₹10

5. Blank PCB (KS100) 1 ₹40

6. Male pin header 1 ₹5

7. Female pin header 1 ₹5

8. Jumper wires 8 ₹40

9. Type c port 1 ₹50

9. Adapter USB Cable 1 ₹250

10. Thesis and Report 1 ₹800

10. Miscellaneous ₹700

Total ₹3500

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
SCOPE

Page 49
6.1 RESULT
The experimental model was made according to the circuit diagram and the results were as expected.
The home appliances could be remotely switched over Wi-Fi network. switch mode control
methodologies were successfully achieved. The Blynk application was also successful in displaying the
status of every application.

6.2 LIMITATIONS
Android devices having lower API version than 16 requires internet access to convert the speech data
to string data. Currently, the application is made for Android Smart Phones; other OS platform doesn’t
support our application. During voice mode, external noises (voice) may affect our result. Thespeech
instruction that we command in our voice mode may not give exact result as expected. Therehence lies
an ambiguity in result.

6.3 FURTHER ENHANCEMENT AND FUTURE SCOPE

Looking at the current situation we can build cross platform system that can be deployed on various
platforms like iOS, Windows. Limitation to control only several devices can be removed by extending
automation of all other home appliances. The prototype can include sensors to implement automatic
control of the home appliances like; an LDR that can sense daylight and switch lamp accordingly, a
PIR to detect motion and be used for security purposes making an alarm buzz, or a DHT11 sensor that’s
senses ambient temperature and humidity of atmosphere and switch fan/air conditioner accordingly.
Scope of this project can be expanded to many areas by not restricting to only home, but to small offices

6.4 CONCLUSION
It is evident from this project work that an individual control home automation system can be cheaply
made from low-cost locally available components and can be used to control multifarious home
appliances ranging from the security lamps, the television to the air conditioning system and even the
entire house lighting system. And better still, the components required are so small and few that they
can be packaged into a small inconspicuous container. The designed home automation system was
tested a number of times and certified to control different home appliances used in the lighting system,
air conditioning system, home entertainment system and many more. Hence, this system is scalable
and flexible.

Page 50
 CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES

Page 51
1. “Smart Energy Efficient Home Automation System using IOT”, by Satyendra K.
Vishwakarma,Prashant Upadhyaya, Babita Kumari, Arun Kumar Mishra.

2. “IOT Based Smart Security and Home Automation”, by Shardha Somani, Parikshit Solunke,
Shaunak Oke, Parth Medhi, Prof. P. P. Laturkar.

3. “A Dynamic Distributed Energy Management Algorithm of Home Sensor Network for Home
Automation System”, by Tui-Yi Yang, Chu-Sing Yang, Tien-Wen Sung; in 2016 Third
International Conference on Computing Measurement Control and Sensor Network.

4. “Enhance Smart Home Automation System based on Internet of Things”, by Tushar Churasia
and Prashant Kumar Jain; in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on I-SMAC
(IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC 2019) IEEE Xplore Part
Number:CFP19OSV- ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4365-1

5. “Visual Machine Intelligence for Home Automation”, by Suraj, Ish Kool, Dharmendra Kumar,
Shovan Barman.

6. “A Low Cost Home Automation System Using Wi-Fi based Wireless Sensor Network
Incorporating internet of Things”, by Vikram.N, Harish.K.S, Nihaal.M.S, Raksha Umesh,
ShettyAashik Ashok Kumar; in 2017 IEEE 7th International Advance Computing Conference.

7. “Voice Controlled Home Automation System using Natural Language Processing and Internet
of Things”, by Mrs. Paul Jasmin Rani, Jason Bakthakumar, Praveen Kumaar.B, Praveen
Kumaar.U, Santhosh Kumar; in 2017 Third International Conference on Science Technology
Engineering & Management (ICONSTEM)

8. Wikipedia(2009). HomeAutomation. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation

9. Theory of IOT from :https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT

10. About Node MCU from: https://lastminuteengineers.com/esp8266-nodemcu-arduino-tutorial/

Page 52
APPENDIX A
HARDWARE
DESCRIPTION

Page 53
NODE MCU
NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi
SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module. The term
"NodeMCU" by default refers to the firmware rather than the development kits. The firmware uses
the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua project, and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK
forESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as luacjson and SPIFFS.

Figure 19. Node MCU module.

RESISTOR

Figure 20. Resistor.

Resistance is the opposition of a material to the current. It is measured in Ohms Ω. All conductors
represent a certain amount of resistance, since no conductor is 100% efficient. To control the electron
flow (current) in a predictable manner, we use resistors. Electronic circuits use calibrated lumped
resistance to control the flow of current. Broadly speaking, resistor can be divided into two groupsviz.
fixed & adjustable (variable) resistors. In fixed resistors, the value is fixed & cannot be varied. In
variable resistors, the resistance value can be varied by an adjuster knob. It can be dividedinto (a)
Carbon composition (b) Wire wound (c) Special type. The most common type of resistors usedin our
projects is carbon type. The resistance value is normally indicated by colour bands. Each

Page 54
resistance has four colours, one of the bands on either side will be gold or silver, this is called fourth
band and indicates the tolerance, others three band will give the value of resistance (see table). For
example, if a resistor has the following marking on it say red, violet, gold. Comparing these coloured
rings with the colour code, its value is 27000 ohms or 27 kilo ohms and its tolerance is ±5%. Resistor
comes in various sizes (Power rating).The bigger the size, the more power rating of 1/4 watts. The four
colour rings on its body tells us the value of resistor value.

Colour Code of Resistor

Figure 21. Colour code of resistor.

RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a
magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off
so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches.
The relay’s switch connections are usually labelled COM (POLE), NC and NO:
COM/POLE= Common, NC and NO always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.
NC = Normally Closed, COM/POLE is connected to this when the relay coil is not magnetized.

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NO = Normally Open, COM/POLE is connected to this when the relay coil is MAGNETIZED and
viceversa.

Figure 22. 6V Cube relay.

2 CHANNEL 5V RELAY MODULE

Figure 23. 2 Channel 5V Relay Module.

In a 5V 2-channel relay interface board, each channel needs a 15-20mA driver current. It canbe
used to control various appliances and equipment with large current. It is equipped with high-

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current relays that work under AC250V 10A or DC30V 10A. It has a standard interface that can be
controlled directly by microcontroller.
When the signal port is at low level, the signal light will light up and the optocoupler 817c (it
transforms electrical signals by light and can isolate input and output electrical signals) will conduct,
then the transistor will conduct, the relay coil will be electrified, and the normally open contact of the
relay will be closed. When the signal port is at high level, the normally closed contact of the relaywill
be closed. So you can connect and disconnect the load by controlling the level of the control signal
port.

Figure 24. Schematic of relay module.

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