Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng.

Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

‫اسئلة وحلول مختارة من الكتاب المنهجي لمادة ديناميك الحرارة‬

‫قسم الميكانيك‬/‫المرحلة الثانية‬/‫الفصل الخامس‬

FIGURE 5–3
Under steady operation, shaft work and electrical
Turbine blades attached to the turbine shaft. work are the only forms of work a simple
compressible system may involve.

(5-28M) (5-30E)
Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300 kPa, 200°C, and 45 m/s and leaves at 100 kPa and
180 m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 110 cm2. Determine (a) the mass flow rate through the
nozzle, (b) the exit temperature of the air, and (c) the exit area of the nozzle.
Answers: (a) 1.09 kg/s, (b) 185°C, (c) 79.9 cm2
Solution
Air is accelerated in a nozzle from 45 m/s to 180 m/s. The mass flow rate, the exit temperature,
and the exit area of the nozzle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Air is an ideal
gas with constant specific heats. 3 Potential energy changes are negligible. 4 The device is
adiabatic and thus heat transfer is negligible. 5 There are no
work interactions.
3
Properties The gas constant of air is 0.287 kPa.m /kg.K
(Table A-1). The specific heat of air at the anticipated
average temperature of 450 K is cp = 1.02 kJ/kg.°C (Table A-2).

Analysis (a) There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus 𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 = 𝑚̇ . Using the ideal gas
relation, the specific volume and the mass flow rate of air are determined to be

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

5-30
Steam enters a nozzle at 400°C and 800 kPa with a velocity of
10 m/s, and leaves at 300°C and 200 kPa while losing heat at a
rate of 25 kW. For an inlet area of 800 cm2, determine the
velocity and the volume flow rate of the steam at the nozzle
exit. Answers: 606 m/s, 2.74 m3/s
Solution
Heat is lost from the steam flowing in a nozzle. The velocity and the volume flow rate at the nozzle
exit are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no
change with time. 2 Potential energy change is negligible. 3
There are no work interactions.
Analysis We take the steam as the system, which is a control
volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance
for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form
as

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

Energy balance:

(5-38M) (5-41E)
Refrigerant-134a enters a diffuser steadily as saturated vapor at 800 kPa with a velocity of 120
m/s, and it leaves at 900 kPa and 40°C. The refrigerant is gaining heat at a rate of 2 kJ/s as it
passes through the diffuser. If the exit area is 80 percent greater than the inlet area, determine (a)
the exit velocity and (b) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant. Answers: (a) 6 0 .8 m/s, (b) 1 .3 0 8
kg/s
Solution
R-134a is decelerated in a diffuser from a velocity of 120 m/s. The exit velocity of R-134a and
the mass flow rate of the R-134a are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 There are no work interactions.
Properties From the R-134a tables (Tables A-11 through A-13)

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

5–38
Steam at 4 MPa and 400°C enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of 60 m/s, and it leaves at 2
MPa and 300°C. The inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm2, and heat is being lost at a rate of 75 kJ/s.
Determine (a ) the mass flow rate of the steam, (b) the exit velocity of the steam, and (c) the exit
area of the nozzle.
Solution
Steam is accelerated in a nozzle from a velocity of 60 m/s. The mass flow rate, the exit velocity,
and the exit area of the nozzle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 There are no work interactions.
Properties From the steam tables (Table A-6)

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

Turbines and compressors

(5-40C)M (5-43C)E
Consider an adiabatic turbine operating steadily. Does the work output of the turbine have to be
equal to the decrease in the energy of the steam flowing through it?
Ans.
Yes

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

5–40C
Consider an air compressor operating steadily. How would you compare the volume flow rates
of the air at the compressor inlet and exit?
Ans.
The volume flow rate at the compressor inlet will be greater than that at the compressor exit.
5–41C
Will the temperature of air rise as it is compressed by an adiabatic compressor? Why?
Ans.
Yes. Because energy (in the form of shaft work) is being added to the air.

5–42C
Somebody proposes the following system to cool a house in the summer: Compress the regular
outdoor air, let it cool back to the outdoor temperature, pass it through a turbine, and discharge
the cold air leaving the turbine into the house. From a thermodynamic point of view, is the
proposed system sound?
Ans.
No.
(5-44M), (5-47E)
Refrigerant-134a enters a compressor at 100 kPa and -24°C with a flow rate of 1.35 m3/min and
leaves at 800 kPa and 60°C. Determine the mass flow rate of R-134a and the power input to the
compressor.
Solution
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and
potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis We take the compressor as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the
boundary. Noting that one fluid stream enters and leaves the compressor, the energy balance for
this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

(5-46M) (5-49E)
Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine.
The inlet conditions of the steam are 6 MPa, 400°C,
and 80 m/s, and the exit conditions are 40 kPa, 92
percent quality, and 50 m/s. The mass flow rate of
the steam is 20 kg/s. Determine (a ) the change in
kinetic energy, (b) the power output, and (c) the
turbine inlet area.

Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

5–54
An adiabatic gas turbine expands air at 1300 kPa and 500°C to 100 kPa and 127°C. Air enters the
turbine through a 0.2-m2 opening with an average velocity of 40 m/s, and exhausts through a 1-m2
opening. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of air through the turbine and (b) the power produced
by the turbine. Answers: (a) 4 6 .9 kg/s, (b) 18.3 MW
Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

Throttling Valves
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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

(5-58C)M (5-62C)E
Someone claims, based on temperature measurements, that the temperature of a fluid rises during
a throttling process in a well-insulated valve with negligible friction. How do you evaluate this
claim? Does this process violate any thermodynamic laws?
Ans.
The temperature of a fluid can increase, decrease, or remain the same during a throttling process.
Therefore, this claim is valid since no thermodynamic laws are violated.

5-59C
Would you expect the temperature of air to drop as it undergoes a steady-flow throttling process?
Explain.
Ans.
No. Because air is an ideal gas and h = h(T) for ideal gases. Thus if h remains constant, so does
the temperature.

5–60C
Would you expect the temperature of a liquid to change as it is throttled? Explain.
Ans.
If it remains in the liquid phase, no. But if some of the liquid vaporizes during throttling, then yes.

5–61C
During a throttling process, the temperature of a fluid drops from 30 to -20°C. Can this process
occur adiabatically?
Ans.
Yes.

(5-62C)M (5-66C)E
An adiabatic capillary tube is used in some refrigeration systems to drop the pressure of the
refrigerant from the condenser level to the evaporator level. The R-134a enters the capillary tube
as a saturated liquid at 50°C, and leaves at -20°C. Determine the quality of the refrigerant at the
inlet of the evaporator.
Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

5-63
Saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water, called wet
steam, in a steam line at 2000 kPa is throttled to 100 kPa
and 120°C. What is the quality in the steam line?
Answer: 0 .9 5 7

Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

Mixing Chambers and Heat Exchangers

5-68C
Consider a steady-flow mixing process. Under what conditions will the energy transported into the
control volume by the incoming streams be equal to the energy transported out of it by the outgoing
stream?
Ans.
Under the conditions of no heat and work interactions between the mixing chamber and the
surrounding medium.

5-69C
Consider a steady-flow heat exchanger involving two different fluid streams. Under what
conditions will the amount of heat lost by one fluid be equal to the amount of heat gained by the
other?
Ans.
Under the conditions of no heat and work interactions between the heat exchanger and the
surrounding medium.

5-70C
When two fluid streams are mixed in a mixing chamber, can the mixture temperature be lower
than the temperature of both streams? Explain.
Ans.
Yes, if the mixing chamber is losing heat to the surrounding medium.

(5-71C)M (5-75C)E
Hot and cold streams of a fluid are mixed in a rigid mixing chamber. The hot fluid flows into the
chamber at a mass flow rate of 5 kg/s with an energy in the amount of 150 kJ/kg. The cold fluid
flows into the chamber with a mass flow rate of 15 kg/s and carries energy in the amount of 50
kJ/kg. There is heat transfer to the surroundings from the mixing chamber in the amount of 5.5
kW. The mixing chamber operates in a steady-flow manner and does not gain or loose energy or
mass with time. Determine the energy carried from the mixing chamber by the fluid mixture per
unit mass of fluid, in kJ/kg.
Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

5-74
A stream of refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and 20°C is mixed with another stream at 1 MPa and 80°C.
If the mass flow rate of the cold stream is twice that of the hot one, determine the temperature and
the quality of the exit stream.
Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

(5-76)M (5-81)E
Steam enters the condenser of a steam power plant at 20 kPa and a quality of 95 percent with a
mass flow rate of 20,000 kg/h. It is to be cooled by water from a nearby river by circulating the
water through the tubes within the condenser. To prevent thermal pollution, the river water is not
allowed to experience a temperature rise above 10°C. If the steam is to leave the condenser as
saturated liquid at 20 kPa, determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water required. Answer:
297.7 kg/s
Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

5–83
An air-conditioning system involves the mixing of
cold air and warm outdoor air before the mixture is
routed to the conditioned room in steady operation.
Cold air enters the mixing chamber at 7°C and 105
kPa at a rate of 0.75 m3/s while warm air enters at
34°C and 105 kPa. The air leaves the room at 24°C.
The ratio of the mass flow rates of the hot to cold
air streams is 2.2. Using variable specific heats,
determine (a) the mixture temperature at the inlet
of the room and (b) the rate of heat gain of the
room.
Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

(5-87)M (5-92)E
The condenser of a refrigeration cycle is basically a heat exchanger in which a refrigerant is
condensed by rejecting heat to a cooling fluid. Refrigerant-134a enters a condenser at 1200 kPa
and 85°C with a flow rate of 0.042 kg/s and leaves at the same pressure subcooled by 6.3°C. The
condensation is done by cooling water which experiences a temperature rise of 12°C in the
condenser. Determine (a) the rate of heat transferred to the water in the condenser, in kJ/min
and (b) the mass flow rate of water, in kg/min. Answers: (a) 5 2 5 kJ/min, (b) 10.5 kg/min
Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

(5-115)M (5-122)E
A 0.2-m3 rigid tank equipped with a pressure regulator contains steam at 2 MPa and 300°C. The
steam in the tank is now heated. The regulator keeps the steam pressure constant by letting out
some steam, but the temperature inside rises. Determine the amount of heat transferred when the
steam temperature reaches 500°C.
solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

5–123
A 0.3-m3 rigid tank is filled with saturated liquid
water at 200°C. A valve at the bottom of the tank is
opened, and liquid is withdrawn from the tank. Heat
is transferred to the water such that the temperature in
the tank remains constant. Determine the amount of
heat that must be transferred by the time one-half of
the total mass has been withdrawn.
Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

5–128
An insulated 0.15-m3 tank contains helium at 3 MPa and 130°C. A valve is now opened, allowing
some helium to escape. The valve is closed when one-half of the initial mass has escaped.
Determine the final temperature and pressure in the tank. Answers: 257 K, 956 kPa
Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

(5-136)M (5-145)E
Helium steadily enters a pipe with a mass flow rate of 8 kg/s at 427°C and 100 kPa and leaves the
pipe at 27°C. The pressure during the process is constant at 100 kPa. (a) Determine the heat transfer
for the process, in kW. (b) Determine the volume flow rate of the helium at the pipe exit, in m3/s.
Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

(5-172)M (5-184)E
A steel cylinder initially contains nitrogen gas at 200 kPa and 25°C. The cylinder is connected to
a supply line containing nitrogen at 800 kPa and 25°C. A valve is opened, allowing nitrogen to
flow into the cylinder until the pressure reaches 800 kPa. The cylinder internal volume is 0 .1 m3,
its mass (cylinder only) is 50 kg, and its specific heat is 0.43 kJ/kg-K. Find the final mass of
nitrogen in the tank and the final temperature of the nitrogen assuming constant specific heats at
room temperature for nitrogen, and assuming (a) no heat transfer from the nitrogen to the tank,
and (b) rapid heat transfer between the nitrogen and tank such that the cylinder and nitrogen remain
in thermal equilibrium during the process (with negligible heat transfer from the cylinder to its
external surroundings.) Answers: (a) 379 K, 0.711 kg, (b) 301 K, 0.896 kg
Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

Multiple choice questions (MCQs)

5–193 (HW2)
Steam enters a diffuser steadily at 0.5 MPa, 300°C, and 122 m/s at a rate of 3.5 kg/s. The inlet
area of the diffuser is
 (a) 15 cm2
 (b) 50 cm2
 (c) 105 cm2
 (d) 150 cm2
 (e) 190 cm2
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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

5–196
An adiabatic heat exchanger is used to heat cold water
at 15 oC entering at a rate of 5 kg/s by hot water at 90
o
C entering at a rate of 4 kg/s. If the exit temperature
of hot water is 50 oC, the exit temperature of cold water
is
(a) 42 oC (b) 47 oC (c) 55 oC (d) 78 oC (e) 90 oC
Solution
 Mass flowrate of cold water=𝑚𝑤𝑐
̇ , Mass
̇
flowrate of h water=𝑚𝑤ℎ
 𝑚̇𝑤𝑐1 = 𝑚̇𝑤𝑐2 = 𝑚̇𝑤𝑐 𝑚𝑤ℎ1̇ = 𝑚̇𝑤ℎ2 = 𝑚̇𝑤ℎ

𝑚̇𝑤𝑐 ℎ1 + 𝑚̇𝑤ℎ ℎ3 = 𝑚̇𝑤𝑐 ℎ2 + 𝑚̇𝑤ℎ ℎ4

𝑚̇𝑤𝑐 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = 𝑚̇𝑤ℎ (ℎ4 − ℎ3 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
5 ∗ (62.982 − ℎ2 )𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 = 4 ∗ (209.34 − 377.04)𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠 𝑠
h2 = 197.14 kJ/kg
From table(A-4) we can find T2
o
T2 = 47 C @ h2 =197.14 kJ/kg by interpolation

Thus, the answer is (b) 47 oC

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

5–117 A 4-L pressure cooker has an operating pressure

of 175 kPa as shown in Fig. 5-117. Initially, one-half of
the volume is filled with liquid and the other half with
vapor. If it is desired that the pressure cooker not
run out of liquid water for 1 h, determine
the highest rate of heat transfer allowed. Fig. 5-117

Solution

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Thermodynamic, Mech. Eng. Chapter Five: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Dr. Ali A F. Al-Hamadani

Design Problem (the colored book)

5–211
Design a 1200-W electric hair dryer such that the air temperature and velocity in the dryer will
not exceed 50 oC and 3 m/s, respectively.
Solution

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