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50 views3 pages

Thermo4B PDF

Uploaded by

Arya Kekatpure
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani

BITS F111 THERMODYNAMICS


First Semester, 2021-22 MID SEM (Closed Book)
Date : 12/03/2022 Max. Marks: 90 Max. Time: 90 min.

PART B

Q.1) 10 kg of Ammonia at 10oC occupies a volume of 150 liters in a horizontal piston/cylinder


system having thin walls. The cylinder holds a piston of diameter 20 cm which is made up of Lead.
Ammonia is then heated till it becomes saturated vapor. Assume an external pressure of 100 kPa
on the piston. Determine the following: [20 Marks]
a) Mass of the piston (kg)
b) Quality in the initial and final state (if any)
c) Change in the internal energy of the piston (kJ)
d) Net work done (kJ)
e) The amount of heat transferred (kJ)

Solution:
Pure substance – Ammonia
Control mass system; m=10 kg; V=150 lit  v=0.015 m3/kg
a)
Pressure inside the piston cylinder will be the saturation pressure as the specific volume is
between vf and vg. Hence P1=615.2 kPa, given P0 = 100 kPa,
Horizontal force balance gives: (P1-Po)*A = µmg ; where A is the area of the piston (given
diameter 20 cm) and µ is the coefficient of friction. Mass can not be determined as µ value is
missing. [2]
b)
State-1 @10oC:
x=(v1-vf)/vfg = (0.015-0.001600)/0.20381 =0.066
Quality in the initial state=0.066 [3]
Quality in the final state=1 (as saturated vapor given) [2]
c)
u1=uf+xufg =225.99+0.066(1099.7) =298.5072 kJ/kg [1]
From Table A.3 for lead:
Internal energy of the piston in state-1= cp.T =0.13 x 283.15 =36.8095 kJ/kg
In state-2, the temperature and pressure is same as state-1, and as the internal energy is function
of temperature only. Therefore, the internal energy in state-2 would be same as state-1.
The change in internal energy of piston= U2-U1 =0 [3]
In state-2:
v2=vg=0.20541 m3/kg
u2=ug=1325.7 kJ/kg [1]
d) 1W2=mP(v2-v1) =10x615.2x(0.20541-0.015) = 1171.402 kJ [5]
e)
By first law: 1Q2=m(u2-u1)+1W2 [1]
Therefore,
1Q2 =10271.93+1171.402 =11443.332 kJ [2]
Q.2) 3 kg of liquid-vapor mixture of water at 150 kPa is contained in a
piston–cylinder device as shown in the figure. Initially, 1 kg of the water
is in the liquid phase and the rest is in the vapor phase. A linear spring
with a spring constant of 4.85 kN/m just touches the piston initially. The
piston with an area of 0.15 m2 starts moving when the water pressure
reaches 500 kPa. Heat is now transferred to the water until its volume
increases by 20 percent. Determine the following: [20 Marks]
a) The initial temperature (oC)
b) The mass of the liquid water (in kg) when the piston first starts moving
c) The final temperature (oC) and pressure (kPa)
d) The work done during this process (kJ)
e) Represent the process on a P-v diagram
Solution:
a)
T1 = Tsat@150kPa = 111.37°C [2]
Quality mv/ml+mv = 2/3 [1]
V1 = mfvf+mgvg
= 1x0.001053 + 2x1.15933
= 2.3197 m3

v1 = 2.3197/3 = 0.773237 m3/kg = v2 [2]

b)
V2 ˃ Vg @500 kPa → Water has completely become vapor
⸫ no water will be left when the pressure reaches 500 kPa.
Or the piston just starts moving. Hence mass of water =0kg [2]

V3 = 1.2V1 = 1.2 x 2.3197 = 2.78364 m3 [1]


V3 = 0.92788 m3/kg

c)
P3 = P2 + ks*m*(V3 – V2)/Ap2 [1]
= 500 + 4.85x3x(0.92788 – 0.77327)/ (0.15)2
P3 = 600 kPa [2]
3
V3 = 0.92788 m /kg T3 ≈ 933.95 °C (by Interpolation) [2]
d)
1W2 = 0

2W3 = Wb = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑣 = P2+P3(V3-V2)/2 [2]


= (500+600) x (2.7836 – 2.3197)/2
= 255.14565 kJ [2]
e)
[3 for Pv diagram]
Q.3) 5 kg of saturated water at 20◦C is taken in a 1 m3
rigid chamber which is connected with a piston cylinder
through a ‘one-way valve’ (which only allows fluid to
move from chamber to cylinder) as shown in the figure.
The piston is initially at the bottom of the tall cylinder
and has an area of 1 m2 and mass equal to 10,000 kg.
The cylinder has retractable stops at a height of 2 meter
which only allows the piston to go up. An instructor
places a burner below the cylinder and forgets. The
structure gets heated up uniformly to 200◦C initially but
finally cools down to 20◦C as the burner gas is finished.
The atmospheric pressure is P0=100 kPa. Determine the
following: [20 Marks]
a) Maximum height (in meter) achieved by the piston
during the process.
b) The mass of water (in kg) in the chamber and the
piston-cylinder after the process.
c) The final pressure (kPa) and quality (if saturated) or temperature (oC) (if superheated) inside
the chamber.
d) The final pressure (kPa) and quality (if saturated) or temperature (oC) (if superheated) inside
the piston-cylinder.
Solution:
(a) Maximum height achieved by the piston
We have the pressure due to atmosphere and weight of the piston equal to 200 kPa. Now
v@200°C, 200 kPa = 1.08034 m3/kg. Therefore, the volume occupied by water = 5 kg*1.08034
m3/kg = 5.4017 m3. [2.5]
Out of this 1 m3 is occupied by the lower chamber and the remining 4.4017 m3 is occupied by
the piston cylinder. Since the cylinder area is 1 m2, we have the maximum height reached by
the piston = 4.4017m. [2.5]
(b) Mass of water in the chamber and the piston-cylinder after the process
Since v@200°C, 200 kPa = 1.08034 m3/kg. Therefore, mass of water in the lower chamber
mchamber = 1 m3/1.08034 m3/kg = 0.9256 kg. the mass of water in the piston-cylinder mpc = 5-
0.9256 = 4.07436 kg. [5]
(c) Final pressure and quality in the chamber and the piston-cylinder
We have mchamber = 0.9256 kg Therefore, sp. volume = 1 m3/0.9256 kg = 1.08034 m3/kg. Since
final temperature is 20°C and vf @20°C = 0.001002 m3/kg and vg @20°C = 57.7897 m3/kg. we
have saturated conditions finally in the chamber. Therefore Pchamber = Psat@20°C = 2.339 kPa.
Also, final chamber quality xchamber = v-vf/vfg = 1.08034-.0.001002/57.7887 = 0.018677.
Similarly, we have the final mass of 4.0744 kg in the piston-cylinder. Therefore, the final
specific volume vpc = 2m3/4.0744 m3/kg = 0.49087 m3/kg. [5]
(d) Final pressure and quality in the piston-cylinder
Again, the specific volume is between vf@20°C and vg@20°C. Therefore, we have saturated
state at 20°C in the piston cylinder as well. Therefore, the pressure inside piston-cylinder Ppc
= Psat@20°C = 2.339 kPa. Also, final piston-cylinder quality xpc = v-vf/vfa = 0.49087-
0.001002/57.7887 = 8.4768 x 10-3. [5]

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