COMPUTER AND

PROGRAMMING
Dr. Abdelhady Mostafa

Assiut University – Dept. of Mechatronics Eng.

MET 111 - First semester 2024/2025

Lecture 2
 Course contents
■ Lecture 1: Introduction
■ Lecture 2: C++ Hello world!
■ Lecture 3: Flow of control (Loops)
■ Lecture 4: Flow of control (Decisions)
■ Lecture 5: Structures
■ Lecture 6: Functions  (Exam 1)
■ Lecture 7: Functions (cont.)
■ Lecture 8: Objects and classes
■ Lecture 9: Objects and classes (cont.)
■ Lecture 10: Arrays and strings
■ Lecture 11: Arrays and strings (cont.)  (Exam 2)
2
 Today’s menu
■ Basic program construction

■ Input/output statements

■ Variable types

■ Arithmetic operations

■ Types of program errors

3
 C++ First program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World\n";
return 0;
}

4
 Functions
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World\n";
return 0;
}

5
 Functions

 Functions are fundamental block of C++ #include <iostream>

 main is the function name using namespace std;
 Parentheses () are distinguishing feature of
int main()
a function {
 Parentheses () not always empty
cout << “Hello World\
 Parentheses () hold function arguments n”;
 int means that main return integer value return 0;
 Braces { } define begin and end of function }

6
 Functions

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
Always start with main() {

cout << “Hello World\

n”;

return 0;

7
 Program Statements

 Statement is fundamental unit of C++ #include <iostream>

programming using namespace std;

int main()

 Statements tell the computer to do {

something cout << “Hello World\

n”;

 A semicolon signals the end of a statement return 0;

8
 Program Statements

 cout << “Hello World\n”; #include <iostream>

Display Hello World on the screen using namespace std;

int main()

 return 0; cout << “Hello World\

tells main() to return the value 0 to n”;

whoever called it return 0;

9
 Directives

 #include <iostream> #include <iostream>

preprocessor directive using namespace std;

int main()

using namespace std; {

using directive cout << “Hello World\

n”;

return 0;

10
 Directives
 Preprocessor directive
#include <iostream>
- written before main()
using namespace std;
- start with #
int main()
- doesn’t end with a semicolon
{
- tells the compiler to do something
cout << “Hello World\
- #include = insert another file into my
n”;
code
return 0;
- iostream is header file concerned with
}
basic input/output operations
11
 Directives
 The using Directive
#include <iostream>
- A namespace is a part of the program in
using namespace std;
which certain names are recognized
int main()

{
- cout is declared in std
cout << “Hello World\
n”;
-otherwise, each time we use cout we
return 0;
write:
}
std::cout << “Hello World”;
12
 Whitespace
 Compiler completely ignores whitespace #include <iostream>
such as: spaces, carriage returns, tab using namespace std;

int main()
 Exceptions:
{
- #include MUST be written on one line
cout << "Hello World\
- string constants cannot be broken n";

return 0;
 Use this property in the smart way!
}

13
 Example
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
int main() int main()
{ cout << {

“Hello World\n” cout << “Hello World\

n”;
;return
return 0;
0;}
}

Both are the same for compiler!! 14

 Is there something wrong here?
#include <iostream> #include
using namespace <iostream>
std; using namespace std;
int main() int main()
{ {
cout << cout << “Hello
“Hello World\n”; World\n”;
return 0; return 0;
} }
15
 Output Using cout
 Cout pronounced “C out” #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

 << called insertion operator
int main()

cout << “Hello World\

n”;

return 0;

16
 String Constants

 “Hello World\n” is a string constant #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

 Same sentence will be displayed each time int main()

 \n is an escape sequence, means new line cout << “Hello World\

n”;

return 0;

17
 Comments

 Comments are very useful for programmer and user

 Compiler ignores comments
 Most programmers don’t use enough of them 

 Comment Syntax:
// for one line comment
/* for multiple lines comment */

18
 Example
#include <iostream> //preprocessor
directive
using namespace std; //“using” directive
int main() //function name
“main”
{ //start function body
/* I can also
Use comments here */
cout << “Hello World\n”; //statement
return 0; //statement 19
 Variable Declaration
#include <iostream>
 Basic variable type: bool, char,
using namespace std;
short, int, long, float, int main()
{
double int var1;
float var2;
char var3;
 You must declare a variable before using it ……………
……………
return 0;
 It is better to declare variables at the }
beginning of the program
20
 Variable Names
#include <iostream>
 You can use upper- and lowercase letters,
using namespace std;
digits from 1 to 9 and underscore (_)
int main()
{
 first character must be a letter or
int var1;
underscore float var2;
char var3;
 Case sensitive: ……………
var1 is not the same as VAR1 ……………
return 0;
}
 Use meaningful names!

21
 Type Conversion
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int count = 7;
float avgWeight = 155.5;
double totalWeight = count * avgWeight;
cout << “totalWeight=” << totalWeight <<
endl;
return 0;
} 22
Automatic Conversion

23
Question

int integerOne = 1;
float doubleOne = 2.5;

int sumOne = integerOne + doubleOne; //A

double sumTwo = integerOne + doubleOne; //B

Which statement gives correct answer, A or B ?

24
 Input with cin
// fahren.cpp
// demonstrates cin, newline
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int ftemp; //for temperature in fahrenheit
cout << “Enter temperature in fahrenheit: ”;
cin >> ftemp;
int ctemp = (ftemp-32) * 5 / 9;
cout << “Equivalent in Celsius is: ” << ctemp << ‘\n’;
return 0;
}

25
The setw Manipulator

26
 The setw Manipulator
// width2.cpp
// demonstrates setw manipulator
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip> // for setw
using namespace std;
What happens if setw() less
int main()
than number of characters?
{
long pop1=2425785, pop2=47, pop3=9761;
cout << setw(8) << “LOCATION” << setw(12) << “POPULATION” <<
endl
<< setw(8) << “Portcity” << setw(12) << pop1 << endl
<< setw(8) << “Hightown” << setw(12) << pop2 << endl
<< setw(8) << “Lowville” << setw(12) << pop3 << endl;
return 0;
} 27
 Arithmetic Assignment Operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int ans = 27;
ans += 10; //same as: ans = ans + 10;
cout << ans << “, ”;
ans /= 3; //same as: ans = ans / 3;
cout << ans << “, ”;
ans %= 3; //same as: ans = ans % 3; (remainder
operation)
cout << ans << endl;
return 0;
}

28
 Increment Operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int count = 10;
cout << “count=” << count << endl; //displays 10
cout << “count=” << ++count << endl; //displays 11
(prefix)
cout << “count=” << count << endl; //displays 11
cout << “count=” << count++ << endl; //displays 11 (postfix)
cout << “count=” << count << endl; //displays 12
return 0;
}

29
 Postfix vs prefix
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a = 5;
int b = ++a;
cout << “b = ” << b << “ a = ” << a << endl;
int c = a++;
cout << “c = ” << c << “ a = ” << a << endl;
return 0;
}
b = 6, a = 6
c = 6, a = 7

30
 Types of program errors
 Program errors are also referred to as program bugs.

 C++ program may have one or more of four types of errors:

o Syntax errors
o Linker errors Usually, the errors become
more difficult to find and fix as
o Runtime errors you move down this list

o Logic errors

31
 Syntax errors

 Occurs when the rules of C++ language are not followed.

 Common examples are:

‒ Misspelled variable and function names
‒ Missing semicolons
‒ Unmatched parentheses, square brackets, and curly braces
‒ Using a variable that has not been declared

 The compiler can detect such errors.

32
 Linker errors

 Linker errors are generated when the linker encounters what

looks like a function call; but it cannot find a function with that
name.

 Common examples are:

‒ misspelling C++ standard function (like main)
‒ not including the header file for a function

33
 Runtime errors

 Occurs during the execution of a program when the computer

executes an illegal operation.

 Common examples are:

‒ trying to divide by a variable that contains a value of zero
‒ trying to open a file that does not exist
‒ referencing an out-of-range array element

 There is no way for the compiler to detect these errors when

the program is compiled. 34
 Logic errors

 Occurs when a programmer implements the algorithm for

solving a problem incorrectly.

 Common examples are:

‒ multiplying when you should be dividing
‒ adding when you should be subtracting
‒ opening and using data from the wrong file
‒ displaying the wrong message

35
 Logic errors

 Logic errors are the hardest to find and fix because:

‒ The compiler does not detect these errors
‒ There is no indication of error when the program is
executed
‒ The program may produce correct results for some input
data and wrong results for other input data

 Logic errors can only be detected by examining the program

thoroughly. This is usually done by using a debugger.
36
 Error Detection Techniques

 cout statements

 Use debugger

37
 Wrap up
■ Basic program construction

■ Input/output statements

■ Variable types

■ Arithmetic operations

■ Types of program errors

38
Next Lecture …

Flow of control
(Loops)

39
Questions?

40