DESIGN OF

MACHINE ELEMENTS
LECTURE (06)
Prof. DR. / ABDEL SALAM HEMAID
MECHANICAL ENG. DEPT.
DESIGN & PRODUCTION
SHOUBRA FACULTY OF ENG.
BANHA UNIV.
LECTURE (06)

POWER
SCREW
 ROTATION
MOTION LINEAR
MOTION
CONVERT INTO

NUT
SPINDLE
 DESIGN AGAINST FLUCTUATING LOAD

• A power screw is a mechanical device used for

converting rotary motion into linear motion and
transmitting power.
• A power screw is also called a translation screw.
• It uses helical translatory𝜎 motion of the screw thread in
transmitting power rather than clamping the machine
components.
• The main applications of power screws are as follows:
• (i) to raise the load, e.g., screw-jack;
• (ii) to obtain accurate motion in machining operations,
e.g., lead-screw of lathe;
• (iii) to clamp a work piece, e.g., a vice; and
• (iv) to load a specimen, e.g., universal testing machine.
FORMS OF THREADS
PROPORTION OF METRIC THREADS
PROPORTION OF METRIC THREADS
 DESIGNATION OF METRIC THREADS

• Sq 30 x 6 indicates single-start square threads with 30 mm

nominal diameter and 6 mm pitch.
• Tr 40 x 7 indicates single-start trapezoidal threads with 40
mm nominal diameter and 7 mm pitch.
• Tr 40 x 14 (P 7) indicates trapezoidal threads with lead =
14 mm pitch = 7 mm and No. of starts = 14/7 = 2.
• Tr 40 x 14 (P 7) LH indicates left-hand thread
 TERMINOLOGY OF POWER SCREW

• (i) Pitch The pitch is defined as the distance measured

parallel to the axis of the screw from a point on one thread
to the corresponding point on the adjacent thread. It is
denoted by the letter p.
• (ii) Lead The lead is defined as the distance measured
parallel to the axis of the screw which the nut will advance in
one revolution of the screw.
• It is denoted by the letter l.
• For a single-threaded screw, the lead is same as the pitch.
• For a double-threaded screw, the lead is twice of the pitch,
and so on.
 TERMINOLOGY OF POWER SCREW

• (iii) Nominal Diameter is the largest diameter of the

screw. It is also called major diameter.
• It is denoted by the letter d.
• (iv) Core Diameter is the smallest diameter of the screw
thread. It is also called minor diameter.
• It is denoted by the letters dc.
• (v) Helix Angle is the angle made by the helix of the thread
with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the screw.
• The helix angle is related to the lead and the mean diameter
of the screw.
• It is also called lead angle.
• The helix angle is denoted by α.
TERMINOLOGY OF POWER SCREW
 TORQUE REQUIREMENT— LIFTING LOAD

• (i) Load W It always acts in a vertically downward direction.

• (ii) Normal Reaction N It acts perpendicular to the inclined plane.
• (iii) Frictional Force μN it acts opposite to the motion. Since the
load is moving up the inclined plane, frictional force acts along the
inclined plane in the downward direction.
• (iv) Effort P The effort P acts perpendicular to the load W. It may act
towards the right or towards the left..
 TORQUE REQUIREMENT— LIFTING LOAD

• Considering equilibrium of horizontal forces,

P = μN cos a + N sin a (a)
• Considering equilibrium of vertical forces,
W = N cos a – μN sin a (b)
• Dividing expression (a) by (b),

Dividing the numerator and denominator of the right-hand side by

cos α,
 TORQUE REQUIREMENT— LIFTING LOAD
• The coefficient of friction μ is expressed as
μ = tan Φ
where Φ is the friction angle.
• Substituting μ = tan Φ in Eq. (c), we have

or P = W tan (Φ + α) The torque Mt required to raise the load is given by,

 TORQUE REQUIREMENT— LOWERING LOAD

P = μ N cos α – N sin α (a)

W = N cos α + μN sin α (b)
• Dividing expression (a) by (b),
 TORQUE REQUIREMENT— LOWERING LOAD

• Substituting m = tan Φ in Eq. (c),

 SELF-LOCKING SCREW

• When; Φ < α the torque required to lower the load is negative.

• It indicates a condition that no force is required to lower the load.
• The load itself will begin to turn the screw and descend down, unless a
restraining torque is applied.

“A screw will be self-locking if the coefficient of friction is equal

to or greater than the tangent of the helix angle”.
 EFFICIENCY OF SQUARE THREADED SCREW

• Work output = force x distance travelled in the direction of force = (Wl)

• The input consists of rotating the screw by means of an effort P.
• Work input = force x distance traveled in the direction of force = P(𝜋 dm)
• The efficiency h of the screw is given by,

Maximum efficiency of a square threaded power screw is given by,

EFFICIENCY OF SELF-LOCKING SCREW
 TRAPEZOIDAL AND ACME THREADS

For ISO Metric trapezoidal thread, 2θ= 30°

For acme thread, 2θ = 29°
Case I Lifting load

Case II Lowering load

TRAPEZOIDAL AND ACME THREADS
COLLAR FRICTION TORQUE
 OVERALL EFFICIENCY
• (Mt)t = Mt + (Mt)c
• Where
• (Mt)t = external torque required to raise the load (N-mm);
• Mt = torque required to overcome friction at the thread surface (N-mm)
• (Mt)c = collar friction torque (N-mm)
• Work output = force x distance traveled in the direction of force = (Wl)
• Work input = torque x angle turned through = [(Mt)t (2𝜋)]
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
 DESIGN OF SCREW AND NUT

• The desirable properties of

screw material are as follows:
• (i) It should have sufficient
strength to withstand stresses
due to external load and
applied torque.
• (ii) It should possess high wear
resistance.
• (iii) It should have good
machinability.
A) Direct compressive stress

B) Tortional shear stress

C) Principal shear stress

 EXAMPLE 6.1

• The nominal diameter of a triple-threaded square screw is 50 mm,

while the pitch is 8 mm. It is used with a collar having an outer
diameter of 100 mm and inner diameter as 65 mm.
• The coefficient of friction at the thread surface as well as at the
collar surface can be taken as 0.15. The screw is used to raise a load
of 15 kN.
• Using the uniform wear theory for collar friction, calculate:
• (i) torque required to raise the load;
• (ii) torque required to lower the load; and
• (iii) the force required to raise the load, if applied at a radius of 500
mm.
 SOLUTION
• Given W = 15 kN
• For screw, d = 50 mm p = 8 mm 𝜇 = 0.15
• 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 3
• For collar, Do = 100 mm Di = 65 mm 𝜇 = 0.15
• Step I Torque required to raise the load
• l = 3p = 3(8) = 24 mm
• From Eq. (6.2), dm = d – 0.5p = 50 – 0.5(8) = 46 mm.
SOLUTION
 EXAMPLE 6.2
• A double-threaded power screw, with ISO metric
trapezoidal threads is used to raise a load of 300 kN.
The nominal diameter is 100 mm and the pitch is 12
mm. The coefficient of friction at the screw threads is
0.15. Neglecting collar friction, calculate
• (i) torque required to raise the load;
• (ii) torque required to lower the load; and
• (iii) efficiency of the screw.
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
 EXAMPLE 6.3
• A machine vice, as shown in Fig. has single-start, square
threads with 22 mm nominal diameter and 5 mm pitch. The
outer and inner diameters of the friction collar are 55 and 45
mm respectively. The coefficients of friction for thread and
collar are 0.15 and 0.17 respectively. The machinist can
comfortably exert a force of 125 N on the handle at a mean
radius of 150 mm. Assuming uniform wear for the collar,
calculate
• (i) the clamping force developed between the jaws; and
• (ii) the overall effi ciency of the clamp.