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3 views

Advanced_Geometry_Notes_Adjusted

Uploaded by

hasibwave
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced Geometry Notes

Conic Sections

Conic sections are curves obtained by intersecting a plane with a cone. The major types include:

1. Parabola: Defined as the locus of points equidistant from a fixed point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix).

- Standard equation: y^2 = 4ax (horizontal) or x^2 = 4ay (vertical).

2. Ellipse: The locus of points where the sum of distances to two fixed points (foci) is constant.

- Standard equation: (x^2/a^2) + (y^2/b^2) = 1.

3. Hyperbola: The locus of points where the difference of distances to two fixed points (foci) is constant.

- Standard equation: (x^2/a^2) - (y^2/b^2) = 1.

Each conic section has properties such as eccentricity, focus, directrix, and axes of symmetry.

Transformations

Transformations involve moving or changing a geometric shape. Common transformations include:

1. Rotation: Turning a figure about a fixed point (center of rotation).

- Example: Rotating (x, y) about the origin by an angle:

(x', y') = (x * cos(angle) - y * sin(angle), x * sin(angle) + y * cos(angle)).

2. Reflection: Flipping a figure over a line (axis of reflection).

- Example: Reflecting (x, y) across the x-axis: (x', y') = (x, -y).
Advanced Geometry Notes

3. Translation: Moving a figure by a fixed distance in a given direction.

- Example: Translating (x, y) by (h, k): (x', y') = (x + h, y + k).

4. Dilation: Scaling a figure larger or smaller relative to a fixed point (center of dilation).

- Example: Dilating (x, y) by a factor of k: (x', y') = (k * x, k * y).

Solid Geometry

Solid geometry studies three-dimensional shapes. Examples include:

1. Polyhedra: Solid figures with flat polygonal faces (e.g., tetrahedron, cube).

2. Spheres: The set of all points equidistant from a center point.

- Volume = (4/3) * pi * r^3, Surface Area = 4 * pi * r^2.

3. Cylinders and Cones:

- Cylinder Volume = pi * r^2 * h, Surface Area = 2 * pi * r * (h + r).

- Cone Volume = (1/3) * pi * r^2 * h, Surface Area = pi * r * (l + r) (l = slant height).

Vector Geometry

Vector geometry combines geometry with algebra, using vectors to describe points, lines, and planes.

1. Dot Product: Measures the angle between two vectors.

- a . b = |a| * |b| * cos(angle).


Advanced Geometry Notes

2. Cross Product: Finds a vector perpendicular to two given vectors.

- a x b = |a| * |b| * sin(angle) * unit normal vector.

3. Line Equations: A line through point A (x1, y1, z1) in the direction of vector b (a, b, c) is:

- r(t) = A + t * b = (x1 + t * a, y1 + t * b, z1 + t * c).

4. Plane Equations: A plane with normal vector N = (A, B, C) passing through point P (x0, y0, z0) is:

- A * (x - x0) + B * (y - y0) + C * (z - z0) = 0.

Key Geometry Proofs

1. Euler's Line: In any triangle, the orthocenter, centroid, and circumcenter are collinear, lying on Euler's line.

2. Nine-Point Circle: Passes through the midpoints of a triangle's sides, feet of altitudes, and midpoints of

segments from vertices to the orthocenter.

3. Pythagoras' Theorem: In a right triangle, a^2 + b^2 = c^2, where c is the hypotenuse.

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