Cambridge IGCSE™

* 1 2 6 0 5 8 1 3 5 8 *

BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2021

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (KN/FC) 202969/5
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over
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1 (a) Complete the sentence about the nervous system.

The brain and spinal cord form the ............................................... nervous system and the

nerves coming into and out of the spinal cord are part of the ...............................................

nervous system. [1]

(b) Fig. 1.1 shows part of a human eye and three neurones that conduct electrical impulses
between the eye and the brain. These neurones are involved in the pupil reflex.

J
A B
H
C

not to scale

Fig. 1.1

(i) State the type of neurone identified as A in Fig. 1.1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Scan for explanation video

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(ii) Table 1.1 shows the names of some parts of the eye, their functions and the letters in
Fig. 1.1 that identify the parts of the eye.

Complete Table 1.1.

Table 1.1

part of the eye function letter in Fig. 1.1

suspensory ligament G

contracts in response to a bright light

cornea

contains a high density of cones for colour

vision

[4]

(c) (i) The eye can adjust how light is refracted through it in order to focus on a near object.

State one process that uses energy when focusing on a near object.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Mitochondria require oxygen to release energy. Oxygen is transported to cells in the eye
by red blood cells.

State the name of the molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain how oxygen in the capillaries reaches the cells in the eye.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(d) Eyelashes and eyelids are mechanical barriers that help to prevent particles and pathogens
entering the eye.

(i) Give two other mechanical barriers that defend the body against pathogens.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) State the name of the white blood cells that digest pathogens.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Conjunctivitis can be caused by pathogens and affects the tissues lining the eyelids and
covering the sclera. People with conjunctivitis that is caused by a pathogen can develop
active immunity.

Explain why the shape of specific parts of a pathogen is important in the development of
active immunity.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(e) Most insects and some crustaceans have compound eyes.

State the name of the group that contains insects and crustaceans.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 17]

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2 The classification of giant pandas, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, is debated by many scientists.

Fig. 2.1 shows a giant panda eating bamboo plants.

Scan for explanation video

Fig. 2.1

Fig. 2.2 shows a red panda, Ailurus fulgens, and a polar bear, Ursus maritimus.

red panda eating bamboo plants polar bear eating fish

Fig. 2.2

(a) State one dietary component that is more likely to be found in bamboo plants than in fish.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) (i) State two features, visible in Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, that identify the three animals as all
belonging to the same vertebrate group.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(ii) DNA can also be used to classify species.

Molecular biologists compared the DNA base sequences of eight species from the same
vertebrate group. They used the differences to draw a classification diagram.

Fig. 2.3 shows the classification diagram for these eight species. The shorter the
horizontal distance from two species to the branching point that they share, the more
similar their DNA sequences are and the more closely the two species are related.

The scale on Fig. 2.3 shows the time at which the molecular biologists estimate that
each branching point occurred.

red panda

ferret

giant panda

polar bear

wolf

tiger

human

mouse

100 80 60 40 20 0
million years ago

Fig. 2.3

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Morphology can also be used to classify species. Some scientists think that morphology
suggests that the giant panda is more closely related to the red panda than it is to the
polar bear.

Discuss the evidence for and against the giant panda being more closely related to
the red panda than it is to the polar bear. Use the information in Fig. 2.1, Fig. 2.2 and
Fig. 2.3 in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

(iii) State one other type of evidence that is used to classify species.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

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3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows some of the events that occur in the menstrual cycle.

A follicle is fully developed

B gamete is released into the oviduct

C lining of the uterus is removed from the body

D lining of the uterus reaches a maximum thickness

Direct
E lining of the uterus gets thicker

Fig. 3.1

(i) Put the events shown in Fig. 3.1 into the correct sequence.
One has been done for you.

B
[1]

(ii) State the name of the hormone that stimulates event A to occur.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Event C means that menstruating females lose blood regularly.

Two females of the same age have different dietary needs because one has started
menstruating and the other has not started menstruating.

Suggest why the dietary needs of the two females are different.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) During pregnancy menstruation does not occur.

Fig. 3.2 shows some of the organs of a pregnant woman, viewed from the side.

fetus

V
Q
U

T R

Fig. 3.2

Describe what happens between ovulation and the formation of a fetus.

Use the letters in Fig. 3.2 to support your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]
[Total: 10]
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4 (a) Climate change is one reason why a plant species could become endangered.

(i) State other reasons why a plant species could become endangered.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Describe how human actions are causing climate change.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(b) Seed banks are used to conserve endangered plant species.

Fig. 4.1 shows some of the steps involved in managing a seed bank.

seeds are collected from

many populations of
each species

seeds are checked using

X-rays

seeds are stored at low

temperatures in the
seed bank

a small sample of seeds

is germinated

Fig. 4.1

(i) Explain why seeds from one species are collected from many populations to store in a
seed bank.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(ii) Seeds are X-rayed before they are stored to check that they contain an embryo.

State one possible consequence of using ionising radiation on seeds.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Seeds stored at low temperatures have very low respiration rates.

Explain why.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) One purpose of seed banks is to reintroduce plant species into their natural environment.

A survey was done to find out why some reintroduction programmes are not successful.

Fig. 4.2 shows the results of the survey.

40

35

30

percentage of 25
species that
were not 20
successfully
reintroduced 15

10

0
reason wrong changing seeds did seedlings too few wrong
unknown habitat habitat not too young individuals season
germinate

reasons why reintroductions failed

Fig. 4.2

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(i) Some of the seeds in the reintroduction programmes did not germinate.

State the conditions that are necessary for seeds to germinate.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Some reintroduction programmes failed because the seedlings were too young. Young
seedlings only have a few small roots.

Explain why it would be important to reintroduce plants with many large roots.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(iii) The low number of individuals also caused some reintroduction programmes to fail.

State the name of the phase in a population growth curve where the number of individuals
is very low.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 21]

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5 Fig. 5.1 shows some of the stages in the reproduction of the bacterium Escherichia coli.

loop of DNA

original bacterial cell

bacterial cell expands to a critical length

and a copy of DNA is synthesised

daughter cells are formed

daughter cells grow

Fig. 5.1

(a) Complete the sentences about the cells in Fig. 5.1.

Direct The DNA is in the form of a double ............................................... . The DNA is copied so

that the number of loops of DNA after cell division is ............................................... in each

daughter cell. The daughter cells are genetically ............................................... to the original

cell.
[3]

(b) Students used a microscope and time-lapse photography to observe E. coli cells reproducing.

They used the series of photographs to identify which cells were dividing.

They measured the lengths of the dividing cells and put their data into two groups:
• cell lengths immediately before cell division
• cell lengths immediately after cell division.

Fig. 5.2 shows their results.

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key: 100
immediately after division
90
immediately before division
80

70

60
number
of 50
cells
40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
cell length / μm

Fig. 5.2

(i) Use the information in Fig. 5.2 to state the most frequent cell length of the E. coli cells
immediately after cell division.

Give your answer in millimetres.

......................................................... mm
[2]

(ii) Some students concluded that the cells must be at least 6 µm in length before cell
division can occur.

Describe the evidence against the students’ conclusion. Use the information in Fig. 5.2
to support your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(c) Bacteria are useful in genetic engineering because they contain plasmids.

(i) Describe how a plasmid is cut so that a new gene can be inserted into the plasmid.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) List two reasons, other than the presence of plasmids, that make bacteria and
single-celled fungi useful to biotechnology industries.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 11]

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6 (a) Some students set up the apparatus shown in Fig. 6.1 to compare transpiration in two sets of
leaves.

Set A was kept in a transparent bag and set B was left in the open air.

All other conditions were kept constant.

The mass of the leaves in each set was measured at the start of the investigation and after
five hours.

string line paper clip

clamp stand

transparent bag

set A
Scan for explanation video

set B

Fig. 6.1

(i) Predict the results for this investigation.

Explain the reason for your prediction.

prediction ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
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(ii) Explain how transpiration occurred in the leaves shown in Fig. 6.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) The students needed two additional pieces of apparatus to take measurements so that
they could calculate the rate of transpiration from their results.

State the two additional pieces of apparatus the students needed to take the
measurements.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Fig. 6.2 shows the positions of the different tissues in part of a dicotyledonous leaf.

Fig. 6.2

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Identify the tissues described in Table 6.1 by:

• drawing label lines with the corresponding letter on Fig. 6.2 and
• stating the name of each tissue in Table 6.1.

The label, line and name of the tissue for letter P has been completed for you on Fig. 6.2 and
in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1

letter description name of the tissue

a protective transparent layer that allows light

P upper epidermis
to reach the inner tissues

Q conducts water from the stem

R contains many interconnected air spaces

S transports sucrose and amino acids

traps the most light energy to synthesise

T
carbohydrates

[4]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2021 0610/42/M/J/21

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Cambridge IGCSE™
* 3 6 0 5 4 1 7 5 1 9 *

BIOLOGY 0610/43
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2021

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (CE/SG) 203218/4
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over
 www.dynamicpapers.com
2

1 (a) (i) The main component of milk is a liquid that is an important solvent in the body.

State the name of this solvent.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Table 1.1 shows some of the nutrients found in human milk, the elements that make up
the nutrients, the enzymes that digest them and the products of digestion.

Complete Table 1.1.

Table 1.1

nutrient elements enzyme products of digestion

protein

fat

lactose (milk galactose and glucose

C, H, O
sugar) (simple sugars)

[4]

(b) Milk also contains vitamins and mineral salts.

(i) Explain why vitamin D is important for the nutrition of children.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(ii) Explain why iron is important in the diet.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Rubella and kwashiorkor are two diseases that affect children.

Rubella is a transmissible disease and kwashiorkor is a non-transmissible disease.

(i) Define the term transmissible disease.

...........................................................................................................................................
Cancelled
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain why women should be vaccinated against rubella before they reach reproductive
age.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(iii) Outline the causes of kwashiorkor.

...........................................................................................................................................

Cancelled
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 18]

2 Insulin is a protein made by cells in the pancreas.

Fig. 2.1 shows how insulin is made in a pancreatic cell.

DNA
amino acids

nucleus

amino acids assembled

to form insulin
A

B not to scale

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) State the name of molecule A in Fig. 2.1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the name of structure B in Fig. 2.1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Scan for explanation video

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(iii) Explain the role of molecule A in protein synthesis, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) Insulin is secreted from cells in the pancreas when the concentration of glucose in the blood
increases.

Outline the role of insulin.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(c) State the names of two substances, other than insulin, that are secreted by the pancreas.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 11]

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3 Scientists measured the rate of photosynthesis in the leaves of a sunflower plant, Helianthus
annuus.

The scientists used the apparatus shown in Fig. 3.1 to measure the rate of photosynthesis.

direction of air flow

air flow regulator chamber 1 chamber 2 chamber 3

temperature 20 °C
CO2 360 ppm

CO2 400 ppm timer

00:00

Fig. 3.1

(a) The apparatus in Fig. 3.1 maintains a constant temperature and a constant humidity.

(i) Explain why temperature has an effect on the rate of photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

Scan for explanation video

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(ii) Explain why the rate of photosynthesis will decrease if the humidity in the apparatus
becomes very low.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) The apparatus was left for 15 minutes.

Explain how the scientists would use the readings for the concentration of carbon dioxide
in chambers 1 and 3 to calculate the rate of photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) The scientists carried out another investigation using the same apparatus at different
temperatures.

They measured the rate of uptake of carbon dioxide in the light and then they measured the
rate of release of carbon dioxide in the dark.

The results are shown in Fig. 3.2.

160

140
CO2 uptake
120 in the light

rate of carbon 100

dioxide uptake
and release 80
/ μg per hour
per cm2 of leaf
60

CO2 release
40
in the dark

20

0
15 20 25 30 35 40
temperature / °C

Fig. 3.2

(i) Use the information in Fig. 3.2 to complete Table 3.1.

Table 3.1

temperature rate of uptake of carbon dioxide in rate of release of carbon dioxide in

/ °C the light / μg per hour per cm2 of leaf the dark / μg per hour per cm2 of leaf

20

35 90 45

[2]

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(ii) The scientists determined that photosynthesis in the leaves at 35 °C used carbon dioxide
at a rate of 135 μg per hour per cm2 of leaf. Fig. 3.2 shows that the rate of carbon dioxide
uptake at 35 °C was 90 μg per hour per cm2 of leaf.

Explain why the rate at which carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis is greater than
the rate of carbon dioxide uptake.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain why the results in Table 3.1 are expressed as ‘per cm2 of leaf’ rather than ‘per
leaf’.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(c) Some crops are grown in controlled environments. Glasshouses are an example of a
controlled environment. Fig. 3.3 shows a glasshouse where lettuces are growing.

Fig. 3.3

Discuss the advantages of growing crops in glasshouses.

...................................................................................................................................................

Direct ...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 20]

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4 There are three species of rhinoceros in Asia. Fig. 4.1 shows an Indian rhinoceros, Rhinoceros
unicornis, in a national park being observed by tourists who are riding on an elephant.

Fig. 4.1

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) collects data on animal species and
places them into categories based on estimated numbers.

Table 4.1 summarises the conservation status of the three species of rhinoceros, as available in
2020.

Table 4.1

approximate approximate
species location number in number in IUCN category
the wild captivity
Indian rhinoceros national parks
Rhinoceros in south Nepal 3588 160 vulnerable
unicornis and north India
Javan rhinoceros one national
Rhinoceros park in Java, 72 0 critically endangered
sondaicus Indonesia
Sumatran national parks
rhinoceros in Sumatra
<80 7 critically endangered
Dicerorhinus and Borneo in
sumatrensis Indonesia

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(a) Outline the reasons why large mammals, such as some species of rhinoceros, are
endangered.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

(b) In 2013, Cincinnati Zoo in the USA announced that they were hoping to breed together
rhinoceros that were brother and sister as part of their captive breeding programme.

(i) Discuss the problems that using such closely related animals might have for the
conservation of rhinoceros.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(ii) Captive breeding programmes often use artificial insemination.

Outline the process of artificial insemination.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 10]
Included
Don’t come and tell me ms roaa this is removed

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5 (a) Table 5.1 shows four functions of the human gas exchange system.

Complete Table 5.1 by identifying the part of the human gas exchange system that carries out
each function.

Table 5.1

part of the human gas exchange

function
system

contracts to decrease air pressure in the

lungs

allows air to flow between the larynx and

the lungs

contracts to lower the ribs in forced

Direct expiration

site of gas exchange

[4]

Scan for explanation video

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16

(b) Scientists investigated the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the air on
the rate and depth of breathing. The people who took part in the investigation were healthy
volunteers.

The people breathed atmospheric air containing 0.04% carbon dioxide for five minutes.
They then breathed air containing 2% carbon dioxide for five minutes and then returned to
breathing atmospheric air for a further five minutes.

The results are shown in Fig. 5.1.

0.04% CO2 2% CO2 0.04% CO2

70

60

50

40

percentage 30
change in rate
and depth of
breathing 20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

–10

–20
time / minutes
key:
rate of breathing
depth of breathing

Fig. 5.1

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Describe the effects of changing the carbon dioxide concentration of the air on the rate and
depth of breathing, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(c) Complete the sentences by writing the appropriate word or phrase in the spaces provided.

During physical activity the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood increases. The

reason for this is an increase in the rate of ............................................... that occurs in the

............................................... in muscle cells.

The increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is detected by the

............................................... , which increases the rate and depth of breathing so that carbon

dioxide can be ............................................... from the body. This is important because carbon

dioxide is a ............................................... substance and can cause harm if it accumulates.

[5]

[Total: 13]

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18

6 There are four blood groups in the ABO system in humans: A, B, AB and O.

The gene that determines blood group has three alleles: IA, IB and Io.

(a) Parents with the genotypes IAIo and IBIo are planning to have more children.

Complete the genetic diagram to determine the probability that the next child will have blood
group O.

parental blood groups A B Scan for explanation video

parental genotypes IAIo IBIo

Punnett square

phenotypes of
the children ...............................................................................................................................

probability that the child will have blood group O .....................................................................

[4]

(b) Explain why the ABO blood group system is an example of co-dominance.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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19

(c) Fig. 6.1 shows the percentages of the global population with the four different blood groups in
the ABO system.

45

40

35

30

percentage 25
of the global
population
20

15

10

0
A B AB O
blood group

Fig. 6.1

With reference to Fig. 6.1, explain why the ABO blood group system is an example of
discontinuous variation.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

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