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Math

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30 views23 pages

Adobe Scan Apr 28, 2024

Math

Uploaded by

kartenenaia
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URC ELC A TTS 71 Coy When geographers study coastlines itis sometimes very handy to know the length of thecoastinef studying an island, then the length ofthe coastlineisthe same as the perimeter ofthe island. Perimeter and area in two dimensions Polygons A polygon is a flat (two-dimensional) shape with three or more straight sides. The perimeter of ‘@ polygon is the sum of the lengths of its sides. The perimeter measures the total distance around the outside of the polygon. “The area of a polygon measures how much space is contained inside it. | Two-dimensional shapes = = ‘Quadrilaterals with parallel sides | a | ! ‘Area= bh . —tb—> = —1— | | . rhombus parallelogram | Triangles - - | ‘| Area = bh or A aman? | === * ome Trapezium | ; Areas (a+ byhor SDH } | ob “ : Here are some examples of other two-dimensional shapes. Vv Itis possible to find areas of, ‘other polygons such as those ‘on the left by dividing the shape into other shapes such as. triangles and quadrilaterals. OY regular hexagon ‘regular pentagon Unit 2: shape, space and measures pss Units of area ifthe dimensions of your shape are given in cm, then the units of area are ands wten cn For mets, is used and for klometes, nig a "ey always given in square units. Tip e ‘You should always give ‘units for a final answer ifit nd 5 ‘\ isappropriate to do so. It seh spin if include units cu oa : MV RS COL oa ea ofthe shape shown inthe diagram, The formula forthe area of a tangle can be writen in diferent ways: =; i bh peoxli= oR. ~(Ze)x \ =bx(21) le polygons: a on -b»(3 This shape can be divided in into two simple polygons a recans Choose the way that wors best Work out the area of each shape and then ee them ine onda ag f foryou, but mate sue you wnt t down a par of your method. : You do not usualy have to redaw I Pu spiae ees baveungt find ithelpl Sa = hE ‘eetanele triangle At this point you may need to Area of rectangle = bh=7x5 = 35cm? ; : aoe ee x a (Gubstitute values in place of did on rearrangment of formulae in X5x6=>X30= 15cm" | 4 chapter 6. i | 1 A=ixbxh Use the formula forthe areaofa ah triangle. enon n Substitute all values that you know = 40x2=5xh Unit 2: Shape, space and measures 2. Calculate the perimeter ofeach of the following shapes. 25 em—» emeler: 2xC1 4 fF er onus dee ‘ Std. ah eo ae ak a& APO 294192 GF pe a Bebb ez1| = ae mee Pee ea a Oreee DAN x 9 2 Exile 55 em Xm = om Bherae lem w ~ < - a f a. eel = 84 7 SEG ceed | | Be 4 he following shapes can all be divided into simpler shapes. In each case find thetl# } i } 1 i \ i Unit 2: Shape, space and measures Bera Flom . | = b| AES g RS sae orn Ava i = Flow (ee . i Teco 385 kl | [saa = 72 pease 19 Yost eve ee *. 382m "aa COE DERF 2 oe (45. léem? teas =. TEI acs < oe Wis ferteaes * Tor cach ofthe following shapes you are given the area and one other measurement pps fe Find the unknown length in each ease, pee : tee care e eee a waren? | idem ne + 6em— te cae gary a arena, eek 7 Sanjay has a Square mitror measurin, to 2 deca BESS of Senay '02 decimal places. 8 10 cm by 10 cm. Silvie has a square mirror which ‘ror. Determine the dimensions of Silvie mirror correct. Re ater (efor ‘You will need to use some of the algebra fom chapter 6, “inscrbing here means to caw a Circe inside a polygon so that it just touches every edge ‘Crcumscrbing means to draw a cide ouside 2 Polygon that touches every vertex. 4 You learned the names ofthe parts Of a ire in chapter 3. The diagram below is a reminder of some of the pars. The diameter is the line that asses through a circle and splits it into two equal halves. circum, <3 iste > xis an example ofan irrational umber. The properties of irational ‘numbers wil be discussed later in chapter 9. po teen he following, draw rough sketches and give the dimension, f the following, ut different areas rae les with the same Se ieat erimeters a two rectang wth the same arca but different po b_ two rectangles wit ith the same perimeter but different areas oe peleegant Erik pareates bat deat perks two parllelo 9 4y-2) NOTTO 243) SCALE r+? ayia) Find the ares and perimeter ofthe rectangle shown in the gram hy Archimedes worked out the formula forthe are ofc by {nscribing and circumscribing polygons wit increasing numberof i sides. ‘The circle seems to appear everywhere in our everyday lives, ‘Whether devinga cat cna racetrack or plying basketbal this is one ofa number of shapes that areca essential to us, Finding the circumference of a circle Circumference isthe word us. 2x radius (2F) The Ancient ‘ultplyin the diameter by Greek letter ‘p}, pronounce The circumference of ac ed to identify the perimeter ofa circle, Not thatthe Greeks knew that they could find the circumferenceol 4 particular number. This number is now known a 8 (4 pi (like apple pie). x is equal to 3.141592654... ircle can be found using a number of formulae tha ll meat same thing: i Circumference = nx diameter =nd (where d= diameter) (Where r= radius) nr = ee Unit 2: Shape, space and measures re 4 BODMIAS in chapter 1 te Calulate the suave of he ee? before muliphing by mg tS Note that in (3), the claeter ig Bren ond no Baven Make ase hats, Your eal © ieee Sey ould Titdoes net use 5 NOL, se the ae sora 3142, but inding the area of a circle - seetactele Here sa mead that shows BO the “There isa simple formula for calculati the formula can be worked out: vane nian Siento 2 alsa Consider the circle shown in the diagrai® 7 Caan ee aped to oe be Un ca right. aS : veter 1 Tawa baeroer — sown the shape almost forms a rectangle with height equal "gual wo half ofthe circumference. bh so, Because the parts of the circle are nar to the radius of the circle and the length ‘Now, the formula for the area ofa rectangle is Area = Area ofacirclenxanrxr (Using the values of band ft shown above) 2 ; =a (simplify) Ifyou try this youself with a greater number of even narrower parts inside a circle, ou will notice that the right-hand diagram willlook even more like a rectangle, This indicates (but does not prove) that the area of acircle Is given by: A= nr, ‘You will now look at some examples so that you can see how to apply these formule, Waren ees Circumference = x x diameter Area= xxi? =nx8 5 = 25.1327... =25.1mm snxa? =Rxl6 = 50.265... =50.3mm* red Circumference = xx diameter Aea=nxe =Rx10 (d=2xr) =exst =Rx25 378.539... =78.5cm" af Peat aCe Aue eee a ofthe shaded region inthe ogra. Shaded atea = area of triangle — area of circle. 1 wea=1bh— a= bh? ax =nx25? aa Jo 18x20-1x25° [Seber 60.365... | eae em = 160cm" | ase ithas been ty 10.3 significant ae A~ Exercise 7.2 1 Calculate the area and circumference in each of the fllowing\-T> J--. In some cases you may fi Pb of choral ef ‘and diameter before Ecco es ‘though you can. ect vals easiy on most Moksha Npelien ‘how to do so, then ths isa good way to aid rounding e ich case. jon in ea 08 ofthe shaded regi 2. Calculate the ar | fe SO a © =. fi | &y; 4 Applying your skills | 3 — 2m ‘The diagram shows a plan for a rectangular ga nd. The part of the fora rectangular garden with a circular pond, P : : red by a pont Doteeneak by grass. One bag of grass seed covers five garden not cover “The diagram shows a road sig n. If the triangle isto, will be painted red, calculate be Painted white and the rest of the sign the area covered by exch elour to 1 decimal pace. Seat atlas eet be citron a ugiey SNCS" Of fabric whose sides are 4 m long * finite Of the leftover fabric (to 2d) it hs sircles are made as large as possible, er Ree a mF pre ge Ue aetna 6 Anos and her fiend usually order large plaza to share. The larg 2a al 28 eke wat oe cfrent ings on th pz 2 they eg smal pizas. The ral pizza has a diameter of 12 em. They want © know ithe amount of pizza in two small pizzas as in one large. Work out the answer. i Exact answers os multiples of x Piisan irrational number so it has no exact decimal or fractional value. For this inwhichyoa ge around anoer or werk withan approximate valet pac Sey oa ae : Ifthe circumference or area ofa circle i given in terms of m, you can work out the ey diameter or radius by dividing by pL. ‘eet ‘or example, if C= Sem the diameter is 5 em and the radius is 2.5 em (half the iy For exampl e (half the diame Similarly, fA = 25 cm* then r? =25 and r= 25 fee eee) For each calculation, give your answer as a multiple of x. Find the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 12 cm. 'b What is the exact circumference of a circle of radius 4 mm? © Determine the area of a circle with a diameter of 10 m. d_ What is the radius of a circle of circumference 2.8% cm? ]| Matipy the diometer by {the unit, Exercise 7.3 1 Find the circumference and area of each shape. Give each answer as a multiple off ! 2 GO ¢ aoa _—4 _ Unit 2: Shape, space and measures y Dae EU hn 2 For each of the following, give the answer asa multiple of x. a Calculate the circumference ofa circle of diameter 10 cm. DA circle has a radius of 7 mm, What is its circumference? ‘¢ What is the area of circle of diameter 1.9 cm? The radius ofa semi-circle is 3 cm. What isthe area of the semi-circle? 3 A circle of circumference 127m is precision cut from a metal square as shown. yoy | | Arcs and sectors “The diagram shows a circle with two radi (plural of radius) drawn from the centre, : ihe region contained in-between the two radi is SS 2 sector. Notice that there is a major sector and a minor sector, A tection ofthe circumference is known as an arc. The Greek letter @ ae Tepresents the angle subtended at Worked example 5 | Find the area and perimeter of shapes Give your answer to 3 significant figures. ind b, and the area of shape e, ‘Note that for the perimeter you ‘need to add 5m twice, Tis happens because you need to include the two stright edges. > You will be able to find the Perimeter of this third shape after ‘completing the work on Pythagoras’ theorem in chapter 11, ‘i || You should have spotted that you d Note thatthe base ofthe tiongle is i nia Hott te base of he wong mation to calculate the perimeter fhe yg ob meter of the shape using the rules ou have lees eat Note thatthe size of @ has not been given. You need to calculate it (0=360~65), Exercise 7.4 1 : if /6.cm i Ue are 2. Find the area ofthe coloured region and find the arc length Jin each of the following, a win, 18cm / ° c 6, t a Find the area and perimeter ofthe follo e GY f / 75 (XL 7 2 part bis suitable for Core learners, gp 3 Foreach 78 a ‘ofthe following find the area and Perimeter of the coloured region, 12m 4 Each of the following sh; Ineach case find the persmenen see Plt into simpler shapes Ba —5em—_+ c d «<— 1 em—_, 3Lem Three-dimensional objects ‘We now move Into three dimensions but will use. many of the formulae for two-dimension! shapes in Our calculations. three-dimensional object i called a solid. Tor nigh eased : raumber of s of solid vertices (corners) e486 Annet isa two-dimension, ahs 1d folded to forma thre. dimensional solid. n°"! Shape that can be drawn, cut out an _ — ee and measures iar with ‘The following shape isthe net ofa solid that you shouldbe quite fami A c = a iD you will forn Ifyou fold a is same eters then 7o8 pre J long the dotted lines and oin the points withthe same eters the c ices (the You should try this ich vertl pied ae onan Took carefully at which edges (sides) and which ve Exercise 7.5 1 The diagram shows a cuboid, Draw net for the cuboid. Sen 7ecdagram shows the net of sod Describe the solid ‘Which wo points wat rt etal ss you can, 5 i a join with point M when the netis © lich edg SS ae certalnly equal in ength to PQ? A H Po Ly ol x N a M 2 —_ fa cut 3 “Ateacher asked her dss to draw the net thre students drew. Which of them is correct? cereal bor, These ag thea i 3 c 4 Hoy could you make a cardboard model ofthis octahedra dice? Draw abe, F show your solution. ea 73. Surface areas and volumes of solids ‘The fat, two-dimensional surfaces on the outside of a solid are called faces, The area of {t-can be helpful to daw the net fF a Sold when tying to find suface wea SOON shape, space and measures canbe found using the techniques from earlier in ths chapter. The total area ofthe fs 8 us the surface area of the solid. i ao “The volumeis the amount of space contained inside the slid. IFthe units piven are cy volume is measured in cubic centimetres (cm) and soon. vay ‘Some well known formulae for surface area and volume are shown below. Cuboids ‘Accuboid has six rectangular faces, 12 edges and eight vertices. Ifthe length, breadth and height ofthe cuboid area band e(respectively) then the surface area can be found by thinking about the areas ofeach rectangular face. ‘Notice that the surface area is exactly the same as the area of the cuboids net. Surface area ofeuboid =2(ab + ac be) Volume of cuboid = axbxe at eee Oe Re tee “The volume of a cuboid ists length x breadth x height. , So, volume of cuboid = ax bc i | | Apprism isa solid whose cross-section is the same all along its length. (A cross-section i the surface formed when you cut parallel toa face.) mal — es ‘The cuboidisa special case ofa prism with a rectangular cross-section. A triangular prism has ' a triangular cross-section, i =, ~ eee canst ‘Tears rea ofa prismis found by working out the are ofeach fae and adding the ress {peer Thee aretvo ends with ea equal tothe cros-sectiona are, The emning sides areal ‘he same length, so their areas equal tothe perimeter of the cross-section multiplied by the length: surface area ofa prism =2 x area of cross-section + Thevolume ofa pris Perimeter of cross-section x length 'sm'sfound by working ou the area of the cros-section and multiplying thisby the length. Cylinders Acplinderis another special case of prism, Itisa prism with a circular cross-section, I % __Yolume ofa prism = area of crost-sction x length Tip A cylinder can be ‘unwrapped’ to produce its FEEe Eis’ to ard ge fuface consists of two circular faces © giveexactanswers to ie angle 8 at can be fattened to make surfacearea and Volume 7 calculations where pi is Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2nrh partofthe formula, If and ‘$0, give your answer as a Volume = re-*h, multiple of x Exercise 7.6 1 Find the volume and surface area ‘ofthe solid with the net shown in the diagram. Sem) NSem 3am Sem Tom tem 3em| sem Tom 3a] Sem 2. Find (i) the volume and (ii) the surface area ofthe cuboids with the following dimes 4 length=5cm, breadth = 8cm, height= 18cm b length=1.2mm, breadth =2.4mm, height = 8mm Applying your skills 3 The diagram shows a bottle crate. Find the volume of the crate. 80cm FIZZ Laven 90cm AE 4 The diagram shows a pencil case inthe shape ofa triangular prism. om Calculate: @ thevolumea volume and b thesurface area ofthe pencil case. 5 The diagram sh ier ares 'gram shows a cylindrical drain, Calculate the volume of the drain. Don't forget to include the ‘crcl faces. Ut oe a aur ed 8 A storage company has a rectangular storage area 20 m long, a Find the volume ofthe storage area. ‘4 Bb Howmany cardboard bares of dimensions 1m 05 mx25 m can ig f ¢ Whatis the surface area of each cardboard box? this g, Smwideand 95 y 9 Viyoismovingto Bra forhisnewjch, Hehas ited shipping contin \ 3mx4mx4 m to move his belongings. Eng Calculate the volume of the container ‘ b_ Heis provided with crates to fit the dimensi ions of the container, ofthese crates, each with a volume of Sm}, He ne, Will they ft into one conta Container, my Pyramids A pyramidis a solid with a polygon-shaped base and triangular faces that meet ata point called theapex. Ifyou find the area of the base and the area of cach ofthe triangles, then you can add these up to find the total surface area of the pyramid me The volume canbe found by using the following The perpendicular heights the ; ‘hotest dstance fom the base to formula: the Load Volume = = base area xperpendicular height Cones ] D> A cones special pyramid with a circular base. The length | Ieee ha canbe _Is known asthe sant height. hs the perpendicular height calculated by using Pythagoras’ theorer, which you will meet inchopter 11, ‘he curved surface of the cone can be opened out and fattened a tfyou ae asked forthe total itce. a see sea eee a ag oformasectr ofa crc ‘work out the area of the circular Curved surface area = rl fase and add ito the cured surface aa, and Volume = Lark on emer you ar asked for 2” ' ‘exact answer yOu must give {he ‘Swern a mali of rand you Sane se aporoumate hes n ete Exercise 7.7 1 ‘The diagram shows a beach ball. ahgoe: 14 Find the surface area ofthe beach ball bb Find the volume ofthe beach ball BD 472s 4743-4 XJ0* = 4x3-\U x 4oo | = = léxsiq = 6024 cme b) AF DAB HARMS pe ay xpos 2 53 4GS.43 CMe 3 2 The diagram shows a 9s £5 ey “ae 8 § ‘he wlume fhe water the “Te agen ste Ra een Bumeintegindeminihe ——Fandibevoume afar in he inde Sevcuree one net bat Zl AED SO= 5298-75 + eee se ee be = Z~ Bld 2 12. be = 5298.26. 4 alg. 5244, be 3. The Great Pyramid a Pyramid at Giza has a square base of side 230m and perpendicular height 46m Ax Wo KIb 3 Zab _ \yaagzm™ 3 HP ate oouet is is “The diagram shows a rocket that consists fa cone placed on top of a cylinder. & Find the surface area of the rocket. DF hadi ge Find the volume of the rocket. oF cone + Vd bese Ax3A4 x Bxi3 Lys 1x 2% oder 4o8-2 + 75 lo) V of CY Oden Nc - C1 es © ne Tt he@gt Wet h ‘The dia, ram shows a child’s toy that 34 At Prieemnas gr y + Grebe 3 ‘consists of a hemisphere (half of a sphere) and a cone. WW ea [Find the volume ofthe toy. 3 Find the surface area of the toy. The sphere and cone shown in the diagram have the same volume, Find the radius of the sphere. ‘The Volume of the larger sphere (of radius R) is twice the volume of the smaller sphere (ofradius 1). Find an equation connecting rtoR. Pate 8 A.32.em long cardboard postage tube has a radius of 2.5 em. a What isthe exact volume of the tube? Zz bb For posting the tube is sealed at both ends. What isthe surface area of ESE? 0 9 Ahollow metal tube is made using a 5 mm metal sheet. The tube is 35cm ION: exterior diameter of 10.4 cm. ‘2 Draw a rough sketch of the tube and ada its dimensions b the tube a summary Do you know the following? @ The perimeter is the distance around the outside of a two-dimensional shape and the area is the space contained within the sides, Circumference is the name for the perimeter ofa circle. ‘© Ifthe units of length are given i '¢ A sector of circle is the region contained in-between {wo radil of circle. This splits the citle into a minor sector and a major sector ‘An arcis a section of the circumference, ‘ cra oft dena ie + Anetioa two-dimensional sape tht canbe folded to ieee etncan be usefal when working out the ‘Wiite down all the calculations you will have to make to find the volume o! Areyou able to...? fetal ® Calculate the volume of metal in the tube. bet How could you find the total surface area of the outside plus the inside of he 3 60 recognise diferent two-dimensional shape? #92 theirareas k sive the units of the area spore calculate the areas of various vor aimensione! eee divide a shape into simpler shapes and find WY" gees find unknown lengths when some lengths ste given calculate the area and circumference of oer 20F calculate the perimeter, arc length and ares © recognise nets of solids fold a net correctly to create its solid. is find the volumes and surface areas of a cubol&:P and cylinder 0 find the volumes of solids that can be broken simpler shapes cont © find the volumes and surface areas of a pyramid and sphere.

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