EE432: Elements of Power System Engineering

Optimal reconfiguration of distribution net-work

Project Deliverable 1

Index Name ID Section

1
2

( Course Professor)

Contents:
 1. Abstract……………………………….
2. Introduction…………………………………………………….
Problem definition…………………………………………………
Criteria and constraints…………………………………………………………………….

Objectives………………………………………………………….

3. Available solutions……………………………………………………………………………………..
 Brain storming…………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Advantages ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 Dis advantages…………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Back ground and theory………………………………………

5. Effect of net-work reconfiguration on the voltage profile…………………………
6. Impact of reconfiguration on the joule losses…………………………………………….
7. Effect of generation insertion on the voltage profile………………………………….
8. Net-work reconfiguration using Harmony Algorism……………………………………..
9. Results and flow chart……………………………………………………………………………….
10.Conclusion………………………………………………… …………………………………………….
11.References……………………………………………………………………………………………….
12.Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Abstract:
In this report, we will study a simple example of distribution network power
system using one of the power system analysis tools which is power flow analysis.
When we analyze the network using power flow analysis, we can recognize how
the power flows in the proposed net-work and know the values of the current,
voltage, and power at every component of the system.

There are many benefits of studying power flow analysis of the power system
network because when we know the value of demanded and generated power at
every bus, we can evaluate the power losses of the distribution system and at the
same time, the value of the voltage regulation won’t be affected so we can
achieve an optimum stability operation for the system. Also, power flow analysis
saves time, effort, and cost as it gives us the ability to analyze the network before
setting up operation.

Gauss Sidle, Newton-Rap son and Fast decoupled method are methods used in
power flow analysis. In this project, we will use Gauss Sidle method to analyze our
net-work. This method helps us to improve the value of the voltage of net-work
busses using iteration of some nonlinear equations.

We will do some calculations of G.S.M iterations to evaluate the voltage current

and the power at every bus of the system, then we will write a MATLAB code to
solve the equations and determine the results of power losses at every
configuration of the network to choose the configuration with least power losses.

Introduction:
Problem definition:

 Reconfiguration of distribution net-work to reduce the system losses

and prevent the voltage deviation. The value of the real power losses
is determined from the following equation:

N br
Ri∗P2i + Q2i
Plosses=∑
i=1 V 2i

Nbr : the number of branch;

Ri is the resistance of the branch
Pi is the active power.
Qi is the reactive power of the branch

Vi is the voltage

 The deviation of the bus voltage is determined from the following equation:
Δ V D =V ref −V min

Were
V Ref is the reference voltage and equals to 1.0 p.u.
V min is the minimum value of the voltages of the net-work.

To achieve balanced distribution power system the power flow of the net-
work should achieve the following power flow equation;
Nb
Pi=PGi−P Di=|V i|∑ |V j|[ G IJ cos ( δ i−δ j ) + Bij sin ( δ i −δ j ) ]
j=1
 Nb
Qi=QGi−QDi=|V i|∑ |V j|[ G IJ sin ( δ i−δ j )−Bij cos ( δ i−δ j ) ]Were,
j=1

N b is the number of buses, Pi is the active power

Qi is the reactive power P Gi the real generated power
Q G. i is the reactive generated power P Di is the real demanded power
Q Di reactive demand power.

Criteria and constraints:

 The distribution system should have a limited voltages busses with

minimum and maximum values that should not be acceded.
V i .mini ≤ V i ≤V i . max i, =1,2, 3, ……. N br

 The transmission lines currents should be limited by maximum and

minimum values to avoid power losses and deliver the required power to
the consumer.
0 ≤ I i ≤ I i .max i, =1,2, 3, ……. N br
 We should keep on the construction of the radial configuration after the
process of network reconfiguration and supply all the demanded power to
the loads.

Objectives:
 To learn how to apply power flow analysis on the net-work
 To know the importance of reconfiguration.
 To study the impact of reconfiguration on the amount of the losses and the
voltage profile.
 Coding the problem using MATLAB
Available solutions:
Brain storming:
1. Reconfiguration of the feeders: The structure of the feeder’s topology
can be alternated too perform the operation of reconfiguration of the
net-work. A combination of switches can be used to change the
structure of the feeders to maximize the stability of the voltage and
minimize the power losses. The best combination of switches must be
chosen to achieve the goals of the reconfiguration process.

2. Distributed generators can be used in the reconfiguration process to

achieve the goal of reducing the power losses of the distribution system
which can be connected at the end of the transmission line where there
large transgressions and higher photovoltaic

Advantages and inconvenient:

1. Distributed generators:
Reduces the losses of the system
The quality of the power is improved
The overall efficiency of the energy will be improved.
 On the other hand, some problems may be occurs because off the large
increase of the bus voltage, which leads to instable system, more over it
is very costly.

2. Reconfiguration of the transmission feeders: This method is practical,

cheaper, and fast.
Back ground and theory:

To study the analysis of power flow of the net-work, we need to know the types
of the power and the busses existing the distribution power system.

Types of busses:

Table (1): classification of

busses.

Type of Buses Specified Quantities Unknown Quantities

Generation or P-V Bus P, | V | Q, δ

Load or P-Q Bus P, Q | V |, δ

Slack or Reference | V |, δ P, Q
Bus

As shown in table (1): there are three types of busses existing in the power
system net-work,

 The first type is the generation bus; it is the bus where we can find a
generator so it is called a voltage-controlled bus. At this bus, we can see
 that the bus voltage value is specified and also the active power so, we
can call it P-V buss but we will find that the complex power and voltage
angle need to be determined.

 The second type is the load bus: The bus which is connected to the load
is called the load bus. We never find a generator at this bus; so, the
value of the voltage at this bus is always unknown and also its angle. But
the active and reactive powers values are known which is the reason of
calling it P-Q bus.

 The third type of busses is the swing or the slack bus: this type of busses
may be connected to the generator or a load but the known values of
this bus are the value of the voltage and its angle and there are no
specified power values. Notice that the slack bus always used as a
reference bus in the power flow calculations.

Types of power existing at every bus:

1. The active power: at any bus we will find the active power is
divided into two terms the first one is the generated active power
and the second one is the demanded active power, the difference
between them is the schedule power
Of the bus which can be determined through the following
equation:
 PSC =P g−P d

2. The reactive power: It is the imaginary part of the apparent power

and is divided into two terms which are the generated and the
demanded reactive power and can be determined from the
following equation:
Qsc =Q g−Qd

3. The complex power: It is the total power at the bus and equals
the sum of the active and the reactive power and can be
determined by the following equation:
S=P+ jQ

S= √ P2 +Q 2
Gauss Sidle method for power flow analysis:

Step 1) Set up the matrix Y bus =[n×n];

1 −1
 Zij =P±jx y ij = Y ij =− y ij =
Z ij Z ij
−1
 Y 12=− y 12= Z
12

 Y ij =∑ y ij For example, Y 12= y 12 + y 13+ y14 + y15 + y 15

 Y 11 Y 12 Y 13 Y 14 Y 15 Y 16
Y 21 Y 22 Y 23 Y 24 Y 25 Y 26
Y 31 Y 32 Y 33 Y 34 Y 35 Y 36
Y 41 Y 42 Y 43 Y 44 Y 45 Y 46
Y 51 Y 52 Y 51 Y 53 Y 54 Y 55
Y 61 Y 62 Y 63 Y 64 Y 65 Y 66

Step (2): Initial values should be assumed:

V=1v the unknown voltage.
δ=0 the unknown angle
Step (3): known and unknown values of the power should be determined:
PSC =P g−P d Qsc =Q g−Qd

 For load bus,

 PSC =P g−P d=0−Pd = - Pd
 Qsc =Q g−Qd =0−Qd=−Qd

For generator buss:

PSC =P g−P d we can calculate it
Qsc =Q g−Qd

The reactive power equation:

(1 )
Q5 =−I m ¿

Step (4): Apply G.S.M equation for every buss:

1 P −J Q n
V i= ∗[ SCi ¿ sci − ∑ Y ik∗V k ]
Y ii Vi k=1
k≠ i
The first iteration of the voltage at buss (1), the equation will be as follows:
(1 ) 1
V2 = ∗¿
Y 22

(1 ) 1
V3 = ∗¿
Y 33

(1 ) 1
V4 = ∗¿
Y 44

(1 ) 1
V5 = ∗¿
Y 55

(1 ) 1
V6 = ∗¿
Y 66

To correct the value of the calculated voltage:

(1 ) |V i|∗V 1i
V =
|V (1)
i |
i . corr

For the second iteration, use the updated values:

(2 ) 1
V2 = ∗¿
Y 22

(2 ) 1
V3 = ∗¿
Y 33

(2 ) 1
V4 = ∗¿
Y 44

(2 ) 1
V5 = ∗¿
Y 55

(2 ) 1
V6 = ∗¿
Y 66
The condition of stopping the iterations:
K+ 1 K
Vi −V I < ϵ ∘

The equation of the acceleration factor:

k ( K−1)
V i =V I + ƛ∗¿

Where: ( ƛ ) is the acceleration factor

How does the voltage changes with

changing reconfiguration?
The configuration of the distribution net-work
always has an energized branches; to connect
these branches to the network, we should tie
its switch to be closed and another branch that
was closed should be opened so as to keep the radial configuration of the

network.

Figure (1.a) primary configuration. Figure (1.b)

after reconfiguration

As shown if figure (1) a and b reconfiguration of the distribution network by

exchanging the transmission lines and the path of the power flow has been
changed. The effect of this reconfiguration lies in changing the admittance of the
transmission lines of the network which results in changing of the results of the
equations of power flow analysis to get an improved voltage at the bus with low
voltage value as we can see from the equation of power flow analysis using
G..S.M

1 P SCi−J Qsci
n
V i= ∗[ − ∑ Y ik∗V k ]
Y ii V ¿i k=1
k≠ i

How dos reconfiguration of the network effects the joule losses?

Power flow analysis calculations can be used to evaluate the power losses
of the distribution system. We can use G.S.M for power flow analysis.
Suppose we have a feeder shown in figure (2);

Figure (2): Simple distribution system.

The power losses is determined from the following equation:
2
Plosses=| I 12| R 12

And the resistance of the conductor equals:

ρ∗l
R=
A

As we can see from the previous equations, the joule losses depend on the
current and the resistance of the transmission line. So, reconfiguration of the
network by exchanging the transmission line with another one which has larger
cross-sectional area for minimum resistance will results in minimizing the joule
losses of the distribution network.

Effect of generation insertion on network reconfiguration:

 Inserting the generation source in allocation of the net-work which is close

to the over loaded results in more injected power to the bus which increase
the bus voltage and rise the voltage profile of the net-work
1 P −J Q
n
V i= ∗[ SCi ¿ sci − ∑ Y ik∗V k ]
Y ii Vi k=1
k≠ i

For the generator buss:

PSC =P g−P d

Qsc =Q g−Qd

The missing value of the reactive power, we can calculate as follows:

(1 )
Q5 =−I m ¿

 The generator inserted in the distribution network helps to reduce the

power losses of the transmission lines because it is operated close to the
load which reduces the effect of the length of the transmission line.
 The bus that will be connected to the generation source will be a voltage-
controlled bus with known values of voltage and real power
 Reconfiguration of distribution system with harmony search algorism
1. Equation of the load current

The complex injected power is calculated from the following equation:

Sn=P n+ jQ n=V n∗I n

The current will be:

(
I L ,n=
Vn )
P n+ j Qn ¿ Pn + jQn
=
V ¿n

I L ,n: is the current of the branch Pn: The active power.

Qn: The reactive power V n: The bus voltage.

Figure (3) Simple radial system

Applying KCL to find the relation between the current of the load and the current
of the branch and find the BIBC matrix:
  I BI =I L2+ I L3 + I L 4 + I L 5+ I L6
 I B 2=I L3 + I L 4+ I L5 + I L 6
 I B 3=I L4 + I L5 I B 4 =I L5 I B 5=I L6

[ ] [ ][ ]
I BI 1 1 1 1 1 I L2
I B2 0 1 1 1 1 I L3
 I B3 = 0 0 1 1 0 I L4 simplified to [ IB ]= [ BIBC ][ IL ]
I B4 0 0 0 1 0 I L5
I B5 0 0 0 0 1 I L6

The voltage at the receiving end will be:

V q ( k )=V P ( k )−I B ( k )∗Z P ( K )

The power losses in the distribution system equals:

b
P¿ =∑ I 2I ∗R I
i=1

Fitness function = mini { Plosses }

The harmony search algorism presents a memory which has generated solution
chosen randomly. The harmony memory size is the number of the solutions which
is stored. After that, to create a new solution, the generated variable is selected
randomly, or according to the memory or can be modified.

Harmony memory considering rate is the parameters which we can use in the
new solution of the generation process where we should consider the (HMCR)
Rate and the (PAR) Pitch Adjust Rate. Then, we compare the new solution with
the worst solution which is presented in the harmony memory and the best
solution will be selected to. Then, we repeat the process until the termination
conditions is achieved.
Figure (4): Flow chart of the algorism
Results:
Results of calculations of power flow analysis of the net-work has been
figured out using MATLB program:

The losses of the system during the loop configuration is 0.7678 MW

Or the net-work reconfiguration, we should remove number of feeders to

achieve the radial configuration
1) When we open lines (1-2), (2-3), (3-4)
2) Lines (3-5), (4-5), (1-2);

3) (3-4), (1-5),(2-5)

As what has been illustrated from the results, the best configuration
which make the system minimized of losses is that when we remove the
lines (3-4), (1-5),(2-5) .
Flow chart:
Conclusion:
In this paper, a problem of the distribution net-work has a general effect
on the performance of the all distribution system which is the problem
of the power losses and how to reduce it with no effect on the
connected load. One of the widely used solutions of this problem, is
rebuilding the structure of the transmission lines of the distribution
system, this process can be performed by manually or automatically
changing the status of the switches which are existing in the system.
Choosing the right group of the switches which will be changed is an
important step in the reconfiguration process. If a wrong grope has been
chosen, the power losses will be increased and the voltage profile will be
poor. Also, we have studied the effect of reconfiguration of the system
on the voltage profile and known that the reconfiguration process is one
of the solutions which can improve the voltage profile of the system.
The problem of joule losses has been discussed in the report which can
easily be solved using the correct radial configuration of the network.
Effect of generation insertion as a solution of improving the voltage
profile has been mentioned in our report, so as to collect the largest
amount of information about the subject of improving the distribution
system and insurance of a good service to the customers; for this
purpose, a simple example of distribution network has been analyzed to
apply the process of reconfiguration and see the effect of exchanging
the connection of the transmission lines on the resultant power losses of
the distribution system and to recognize how to choose the right
connection which achieve the minimum losses.
References:

 Acadian, M., Farcing, M. M., & Nezamabadi-pour, H. (2007, May).

Optimal Reconfiguration of Distribution System by PSO and GA
using graph theory. In International Conference on Applications of
Electrical Engineering (pp. 83-88).

 Tomoiagă, B., Chandra’s, M., Simper, A., Sudria-Andreu, A., &

Villafafila-Robles, R. (2013). Pareto optimal reconfiguration of
power distribution systems using a genetic algorithm based on
NSGA-II. Energies, 6(3), 1439-1455.

 Lopez-Sánchez, J., Seller, J., Atungsiri, S., Stare, E., & Gómez-
Vaquero, D. (2014). Technical solutions for local service insertion
in DVB-NGH single frequency Bhatti, S. S., Lodi, M. U. U., up Has,
S., Gardenia, S. N. M., Javari, E. M. A., Raze, M. Z., & Lodi, M. I. U.
(2015). Electric power transmission and distribution losses
overview and minimization in Pakistan. International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research, 6(4), 1108-1112.networks. IEEE
transactions on broadcasting, 60(2), 293-301.

 Walkman, L., & Van Eck, N. J. (2013). A smart local moving

algorithm for large-scale modularity-based community
detection. The European physical journal B, 86(11), 1-14.

 Rao, R. S., Raindrop, K., Salish, K., & Narasimham, S. V. L. (2012).

Power loss minimization in distribution system using network
 reconfiguration in the presence of distributed generation. IEEE
transactions on power systems, 28(1), 317-325.

Appendix:

MATLAB code for the reconfiguration process:

clear all
% The line impedances are
zz=[0 0.02+0.1i 0 0 0.05+0.25i
0.02+0.1i 0 0.04+0.2i 0 0.05+0.25i
0 0.04+0.2i 0 0.05+0.25i 0.08+0.4i
0 0 0.05+0.25i 0 0.1+0.5i
0.05+0.25i 0.05+0.25i 0.08+0.4i 0.1+0.5i 0];
% The line chargings are
ych=j*[0 0.03 0 0 0.02
0.03 0 0.025 0 0.020
0 0.025 0 0.02 0.01
0 0 0.02 0 0.075
0.02 0.02 0.01 0.075 0];
%open line 2-8
%open line 2-5 3-5 4-5
a=3;b=2;
ych(a,b)=0;
ych(b,a)=0;
zz(a,b)=0;
zz(b,a)=0;
a=1;b=2;
ych(a,b)=0;
ych(b,a)=0;
zz(a,b)=0;
zz(b,a)=0;
a=4;b=3;
ych(a,b)=0;
ych(b,a)=0;
zz(a,b)=0;
zz(b,a)=0;
% The Ybus matrix is formed here
for i=1:5
for j=1:5
if zz(i,j) == 0
yb(i,j)=0;
else
yb(i,j)=-1/zz(i,j);
end
end
end
for i=1:5
ysum=0;
csum=0;
for j=1:5
ysum=ysum+yb(i,j);
csum=csum+ych(i,j);
end
yb(i,i)=csum-ysum;
end
ybus = yb;

clearvars -except ybus;

d2r=pi/180;w=100*pi;
%06/12/2021; 4:04 PM;
%Page 1 of 3
% The given parameters and initial conditions are
% F2
%p=[0;-0.96;-0.35;-0.016;0.24];
%q=[0;-0.62;-0.014;-0.08;-0.035];
%F1
%p=[0;-0.6;-0.2;-0.09;0.19];
%q=[0;-0.4;-0.1;-0.05;-0.07];
%M1
p=[0;-0.4;-0.15;-0.1;0.4];
q=[0;-0.4;-0.08;-0.05;-0.08];
mv=[1.05;1;1;1;1.02];
th=[0;0;0;0;0];
v=[mv(1);mv(2);mv(3);mv(4);mv(5)];
acc=1.1;
del=1;indx=0;
% The Gauss-Seidel iterations starts here
while del>1e-6
% P-Q buses
for i=2:4
tmp1=(p(i)-j*q(i))/conj(v(i));
tmp2=0;
for k=1:5
if (i==k)
tmp2=tmp2+0;
else
tmp2=tmp2+ybus(i,k)*v(k);
end
end
vt=(tmp1-tmp2)/ybus(i,i);
v(i)=v(i)+acc*(vt-v(i));
end
%show the voltages and the phase shift

% P-V bus
q5=0;
for i=1:5
q5=q5+ybus(5,i)*v(i);
end
q5=-imag(conj(v(5))*q5);
tmp1=(p(5)-j*q5)/conj(v(5));
tmp2=0;
for k=1:4
tmp2=tmp2+ybus(5,k)*v(k);
end
vt=(tmp1-tmp2)/ybus(5,5);
v(5)=abs(v(5))*vt/abs(vt);
% Calculate P and Q
for i=1:5
sm=0;
for k=1:5
sm=sm+ybus(i,k)*v(k);
%06/12/2021; 4:04 PM
%Page 2 of 3
end
s(i)=v(i)*conj(sm);
end
% The mismatch
delp=p-real(s)';
delq=q-imag(s)';
delpq=[delp(2:5);delq(2:4)];
del=max(abs(delpq));
indx=indx+1;
if indx==1

end

indx;
abs(v)
angle (v)/d2r;
delp=p-real(s)';
delq=q-imag(s)';

end
disp(indx)
disp(abs(v)),
disp(angle(v)'/d2r)
disp(real((s(1)+s(2)+s(3)+s(4)+s(5))*100))
'GS LOAD FLOW CONVERGES IN ITERATIONS';indx;
'FINAL VOLTAGE MAGNITUDES ARE';abs(v)';
'FINAL ANGLES IN DEGREE ARE';angle(v)'/d2r;
'THE Real Losse on the network is ';
(real(s(1)+s(2)+s(3)+s(4)+s(5)))*100;