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Methods of error detection

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Methods of error detection

Uploaded by

emmanuel2239jjuyd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Methods of error detection

3 Ways of checking errors:


Parity Checks:
– In a parity check, the parity is already agreed by the sender and the receiver, the left most
bit is turned into a parity number, if the number of 1-bits is even then a zero is put it’s
parity number, if the number of 1-bit’s is odd then one is put as its parity number.
Parity Block:
– The problem with the parity check is that if two digits are added or removed
then the error will not be identified but the error is there. A way to combat
this, is by using a parity block, this checks the 1-bits horizontally and
vertically to identify whether the right parity is there.

Checksum:
– Before a block of data is transmitted, the checksum is calculated using an agreed
algorithm by the sender and receiver, and the block of data is then transmitted with the
checksum at its end. when the block of data has reached its destination, the checksum is
then recalculated using the agreed algorithm and compared to the checksum sent with the
data block, if the two checksums are same,then there is no transmission errors if not,a
request is made to resend the block of data.

Echo check:
– When a data is sent to the receiver, a copy of that data is sent back to the sender, the
senders computer checks whether there are any differences between the original data and
the data sent back, if there are any differences there, the original data is resent, if not,
then there are no errors.
– The problem with Echo check is that if there is an error, we can’t identify which stage of
the process the error had occurred.

Check digits:
– Check digit is the final digit in a code (calculated from other digits in a code).
– They are used to identify errors (incorrect digits entered, transposition errors, omitted
or extra digits, phonetic errors)
Uses: (barcodes)
– International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN)
– Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN)
– There are two methods to generate a check digit:
– ISBN 13
– Modulo-11

Method 1: ISBN 13
Method 2: Modulo-11
Automatic Repeat Requests (ARQ’s):
– This is another form of error detection and it is used in mobile phone networks to ensure
data integrity, it has 3 things included in it.
1. Positive acknowledgments: a message sent to the computer indicating that the data is
error-free.
2. Negative acknowledgments: a message sent to the computer indicating that the data has
errors.
3. Timeout: The time limit before the acknowledgment is received.
How it works:
1. The data reaches its destination along with the error detection code (usually CRC’s).
2. After the data is checked for errors, if the data is error-free a positive
acknowledgment is sent, if the data has errors, a negative acknowledgment is sent.
3. If the sender’s computer receives a negative acknowledgment then the data is re-
sent.
4. When no acknowledgment is received (after the time limit has reached) the sender’s
computer automatically re-sends the data until it receives an acknowledgment or
the pre-determined time of re-transmissions have reached.

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