BLOOD COMPONENT - UNIT 1

Nhóm 2

Thành viên và nhiệm vụ phân công :

Bùi Hương Cúc : Tìm nội dung phần “platelets”

Tạ Thị Bích Dậu : Thiết kế phần luyện tập 1+ 2

Vũ Mỹ Duyên : Tìm phần nội dung + “ blood cell” + “ leukocytes” + tổng hợp file

Trần Thị Dương : Làm ppt

Hoàng Thị Điềm : Tìm nội dung phần “ erythrocytes”

Hoàng Anh Đức : Tìm nội dung phần “ leukocytes” + thuyết trình

Nguyễn Thị Hạnh: Làm ppt

Nguyễn Thị Hằng : Tìm nội dung phần “ blood plasma”

BLOOD:

Blood is a vital bodily fluid that circulates through the cardiovascular system,
delivering essential substances such as oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing
waste products like carbon dioxide. The total adult blood volume is about 5 liters
(5.2 quarts). Whole blood can be divided into two main components: the liquid
portion, or plasma (55%), and formed elements, or blood cells (45%).

Blood plasma :

--What is plasma?
Plasma accounts for about 55 - 65% of blood volume in the body. Plasma is a clear,
light yellow fluid. Plasma is about 90% water. The remaining 10% are solutes such
as plasma proteins, organic components and inorganic salts, etc. Many of these
substances are tested in blood chemistry tests. The pH (relative acidity) of plasma
remains stable at about 7.4.
--Plasma components:
Plasma proteins: Plasma contains a lot of soluble proteins and accounts for 7% of
the volume, of which the most important proteins are: Albumin, Globulin,
Fibrinogen.
Other organic compounds in plasma include: amino acids, vitamins, glucose and
some peptides that regulate lipids and steroid hormones. There are also mineral
salts.
--Function
Plasma has a role
-transports important materials of the body, such as glucose, iron, oxygen,
hormones, proteins....
-Provides nutrition: lipids, hormones,...
- Creates osmotic pressure and water balance
- Blood clotting function: Fibrinogen is an indispensable component in the blood
clotting process
- Provides electrolytes: sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium and calcium
- immune function:
Plasma proteins: Plasma contains a lot of soluble proteins and accounts for 7% of
the volume, of which the most important proteins are: Albumin, Globulin,
Fibrinogen
Plasma has a role
-transports important materials of the body, such as glucose, iron, oxygen,
hormones, proteins....
-Provides nutrition: lipids, hormones,...
- Creates osmotic pressure and water balance
- Blood clotting function: Fibrinogen is an indispensable component in the blood
clotting process
- Provides electrolytes: sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium and calcium
- immune function: Gamma globulin contained in plasma has immune function

Blood cell :

Blood cells are cells that are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the
bloodstream. There are three main types of blood cells:
Red blood cells (RBCs): Also known as erythrocytes
White blood cells (WBCs): Also known as leukocytes
Platelets: Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are small, irregularly shaped cell
fragments that play a vital role in blood clotting (hemostasis).
These three types of blood cells work together to maintain the body's health and
overall functioning. Any abnormalities in blood cell production, function, or
numbers can lead to various medical conditions and diseases.

Erythrocytes
- Erythrocytes, commonly known as red blood cells are a type of cell found in
the blood. They are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to tissues
throughout the body and transporting carbon dioxide from the tissues back
 to the lungs, where it is exhaled. Erythrocytes are specialized cells that lack
a nucleus and most organelles, allowing them to have more space to carry
oxygen.
- Erythrocytes are small, disk-shaped cells with no nucleus. Their
concentratinon of about 5 million per uL( cubic millimeter) of blood makes
them by far the most numerous of the blood cells.
- The hemoglobin that they carry averages 15g per deciliter (100 mL) of
blood.
- A red blood cell gradually wears out and dies in about 120 days, so these
cells must be constantly replaced.
Production of red cells in the bone marrow is regulated by the hormone
erythropoietin ( EPO), which is made in the kidneys

Leukocytes :

White blood cells all show prominent nuclei when stained. They total about 5,000
to 10,000 per µL, but their number may increase during infection. There are five
different types of leukocytes, which are identified by the size and appearance of the
nucleus and by their staining properties . Granular leukocytes or granulocytes have
visible granules in the cytoplasm when stained; there are three types of
granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, named for the kind of stain
they take up. Agranulocytes do not have visible granules when stained. There are
two types of agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes. White blood cells protect
against foreign substances. Some engulf foreign material by the process of
phagocytosis; others function as part of the immune system. The most numerous
white blood cells, neutrophils, are called polymorphs because of their various-
shaped nuclei.
+Neutrophil
They are usually first responders to microbial infection; their activity and death in
large numbers form pus
+Eosinophil
They primarily deal with parasitic infections. Eosinophils are also the predominant
inflammatory cells in allergic reactions
+Basophil
Basophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the
chemical histamine causing the dilation of blood vessels. Basophils can also
release chemical signals that attract eosinophils and neutrophils to an infection site.
+Lymphocyte
Lymphocytes can be further classified as T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.
Lymphocytes play crucial roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses,
providing defense against infections, cancers, and other harmful substances.
+Monocyte
Monocytes are that plays a key role in the immune system's defense against
pathogens and in tissue repair. They are produced in the bone marrow from
hematopoietic stem cells and circulate in the bloodstream before migrating to
various tissues throughout the body.

Platelets

What are platelets?

Platelets are a type of cell in the blood. Platelet cells do not have a nucleus and are
produced in the bone marrow.
Size
This is the smallest cell in human blood, the diameter of a platelet is only 20% of a
red blood cell, round or oval in shape. Platelet diameter size is approximately 2μm
(ranging from 1.2 - 2.3 μm), the largest is 3μm. They are born and live in the blood
for 7 - 10 days.
Quantitative
The number of platelets in the blood is measured by the PLT index (Platelet
Count). The normal index is 150,000 to 400,000 platelets/μl of blood (1 μl = 1
mm3), the average index is 200,000 platelets/μl of blood. Thus, each 1 liter of
blood will contain about 150 - 400 billion platelet cells. The platelet count can be
determined during a complete blood count. Any change in platelet count can be a
warning sign of blood and health abnormalities.
2. Roles and functions
Each type of blood cell in the body has certain functions. Platelets are the same,
they have extremely important roles in the blood in the body.
Function
Platelets play a very important role in the blood clotting process, creating blood
clots, vasoconstriction, immunity, etc. In which, the main function is to stop
bleeding. If the body is injured, platelets function to clot blood to help stop
bleeding in the blood vessel endothelium. Except in cases where the wound is too
large, platelet concentration will not be effective.
Platelet hemostasis
The process of platelets helping blood clot and stop bleeding goes through 3
stages:
- When a lesion is detected that exposes the collagen layer underneath the blood
vessel endothelial cells, platelets will gather and stick to this collagen layer.
- Platelets release active factors: platelets continue to be activated after binding to
collagen, cells swell, protrude pseudopods and release substances with large
amounts of ADP, Thromboxane A2.
- Platelet aggregation: ADP and thromboxane A2 activate nearby platelet cells to
help them stick to the original platelet layer (platelet aggregation), this process
takes place continuously, continuously binding to the platelet layer. Adheres to the
adjacent platelet layers to form platelet plugs. This is the process of forming blood
clots to stop bleeding when there is a wound.
3. Platelet diseases
An increase or decrease in platelets is an abnormal sign that warns of diseases in
the body. These include common diseases related to platelets such as:
+Primary thrombocytosis
+Secondary thrombocytosis
+Platelet dysfunction

EX1 . Circle the best answers for the following question:

1. Which of the following components of blood carries hormones , nutrients
and proteins ?
A. Erythrocytes
B. Leukocytes
 C. Plasma
D. Platelets
2. Which blood type can you give blood to anyone ?
A. Type AB
B. Type O
C. Type A or Type B
D. There are no blood type
3. How many components are there in whole blood ?
A. Two main components : plasma and blood cells
B. One component: plasma
C. One component: blood cells
D. No answers
4. Where are all blood cells produced ?
A. Digestive
B. Respiratory
C. Circulatory
D. Red bone marrow
5. How many days do red blood cells gradually wear out and die ?
A. 7 days
B. 120 days
C. 90 days
D. 40 days
6. Which of the following components of blood helps stop a cut from bleeding?
A. White blood cells
B. Red blood cells
C. Platelets
D. Plasma
7. How many types of white blood cells are there ?
A. 2
 B. 3
C. 4
D. 5

EX2 Work with a partner to label each statement true ( T ) or false (F). If
the statement is false , correct it so that it is true.

1 . The remaining 10% of plasma contains nutrients , electrolytes , gases, albumin ,

antibodies , wastes , enzymes, and hormones . T
2. The major funtion of leukocytes is to carry oxygen to cells. F ( erythrocytes)
3. It’s okay to give Type A blood to someone who has Type AB. T
4. The blood platelets are fragments of larger cells formed in the bone marrow . T
5. Their concentration of about 7 million per cubic mililimeter of blood . F (5)
6. There are 3 types of agranulocytes : lymphocytes , monocytes , neutrophils. F
( 2 - bỏ neutrophils)
7. White blood cells don’t protect against foreign substances. F ( bỏ don’t )
8. Platelets are important in hemostasis. T