A

Micro project on

Transmission Control Protocol

(TCP)
Submitted By
Tanisha Phalke (07)
Munajja Dalimbkar (18)
Om Salunkhe (55)

Guided By Mrs. S.S.Kadam

Diploma Course in Computer
Technology (As per directives of I Scheme, MSBTE)

Sinhgad Institutes

Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s

SOU.VENUTAI CHAVAN POLYTECHNIC

PUNE – 411041
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024
 Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education
Certificate
This is to certify that Ms. Tanisha Ajit Phalke with Roll No.07 of Semester IV
of Diploma in Computer Technology of Institute Sou. Venutai Chavan
Polytechnic (Code: 0040) has successfully completed the Micro-Project in
Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) for the academic year
2023-2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: SVCP, Pune Enrollment No: 22004000283

Date: Exam Seat No: 173001

Mrs.S.S.Kadam Mrs. A. V. Kurkute Dr. (Mrs.) M. S. Jadhav

Course Teacher HOD Principle
 Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education
Certificate
This is to certify that Ms.Munajja Mujafar Dalimbkar with Roll No. 18 of
Semester IV of Diploma in Computer Technology of Institute Sou. Venutai
Chavan Polytechnic (Code: 0040) has successfully completed the Micro-
Project in Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) for the
academic year 2023-2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: SVCP, Pune Enrollment No: 2200400303

Date: Exam Seat No: 173019

Mrs.S.S.Kadam Mrs. A. V. Kurkute Dr. (Mrs.) M. S. Jadhav

Course Teacher HOD Principle
 Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Om Anil Salunkhe with Roll No. 55 of Semester IV
of Diploma in Computer Technology of Institute Sou. Venutai Chavan
Polytechnic (Code: 0040) has successfully completed the Micro-Project in
Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) for the academic year
2023-2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: SVCP, Pune Enrollment No: 2200400283

Date: Exam SeatNo: 173109

Mrs.S.S.Kadam Mrs. A. V. Kurkute Dr. (Mrs.) M. S. Jadhav

Course Teacher HOD Principle
 INDEX

SR NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 Aim of the Micro-Project 1

2 Rationale 3

3 Course Outcomes Achieved 3

4 Literature Review 3

5 Actual Methodology Followed 4

6 Actual Resources Used 5

7 Skills Developed 15

8 Application of Micro project 15

Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Annexure – I

Micro-Project Proposal

1.0 Aim of the Micro-Project:

The aim of the micro-project is to prepare report on Transmission

Control Protocol (TCP).

2.0 Intended Course Outcomes:

e) Configure different TCP/IP services.

3.0 Proposed methodology:

I. Study and understand what is TCP

II. Study the characteristics and features of TCP.
III. Study the working of TCP.
IV. Study the packet switching in TCP
V. Prepare final report.

4.0 Action Plan:

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Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Name of
Sr. Details of Activity Planned Planned responsible
No. Start Date Finish Date Team members
Identify the requirements of the
1 project. Om Salunkhe

2 Design the structure of project Tanisha Phalke

Study and analysis of the format of

3 test cases. Munajja
Dalimbkar
Learning to make the test cases on
4 word. Munajja
Dalimbkar

5 Configuring the outcomes. Om Salunkhe

6 Prepare the final report. Tanisha Phalke

5.0 Resources Required:

S. No. Resources required Specifications

1 Computer system AMD Ryzen 9, 8 GB RAM

2 Operating System Windows 10, 64 Bit Operating System

3 Software’s Ms Word

6.0 Team Members:

S. No. Roll. number Name of Student

1 07 Tanisha Ajit Phalke

2 18 Munajja Mujafar Dalimbkar

3 55 Om Anil Salukhe

Annexure – II

Micro-Project Report

1.0 Rationale:

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Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the main protocols of the Internet
protocol suite. It lies between the Application and Network Layers which are used in providing
reliable delivery services. It is a connection-oriented protocol for communications that helps in the
exchange of messages between different devices over a network. The Internet Protocol (IP), which
establishes the technique for sending data packets between computers, works with TCP.
Transmission Control Protocol is a connection-oriented protocol for communications that helps in
the exchange of messages between different devices over a network.

2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project:

The aim of the micro-project is to prepare report on Transmission Control Protocol .

3.0 Intended Course Outcomes:

e) Configure different TCP/IP services.

4.0 Literature Review:

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet
Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP). It operates at the transport layer of the
OSI model and provides a reliable, connection-oriented, and stream-oriented
communication service between devices over an IP-based network.TCP ensures
reliable delivery of data by providing mechanisms for error detection, flow control,
and congestion control. It breaks data into smaller units called segments, which are
transmitted over the network and reassembled at the destination. TCP uses sequence
numbers to ensure that segments are delivered in the correct order and
acknowledgment messages to confirm receipt of data. If data is lost or corrupted
during transmission, TCP automatically retransmits the affected segments.

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5.0 Actual Methodology Followed :

The aim of the Micro-projects is to prepare a report on Transmission Control Protocol.

VI. Study and understand what is TCP

VII. Study the characteristics and features of TCP.
VIII. Study the working of TCP.
IX. Study the packet switching in TCP
X. Prepare final report.

6.0 Actual Resources Used

S.No Resources required Specifications

Computer System AMD Ryazan 9,8 GB RAM

1

2 Operating system Windows 10,64 Bit Operating

System

3 Software’s Ms Word

7.0 Introduction to TCP

TCP is the domaint transport protocol in today’s data center network (DCNs) which have been the
infrastructures for internet and cloud computing .however ,the widespread TCP has many
inadequacies in meeting the throughput and latency demand of internet application and cloud
services.first,TCP incast [1],which refers to throughput collapse in many-to-one communication
pattern,has risen to be critical problem inDCNs, since the many-to-one communication pattern
widely exist in many internet application ans cloud services (eg..,web search and map-reduce),this
problem cloud badly degrade their performance.second in DCNs, short TCP flows often suffer
from high delay when long TCP flows occupy the link bandwidth for a long time, since a large
portion of traffic in DCNs is short flow which are latency sensitive ans latency inversely correlates
with business profit (Amazon estimates every 100ms of latency costs them one percent profit
[2],this problem is also critical for TCP in DCNs.
TCP meaning Transmission Control Protocol, is a communications standard for delivering data
and messages through networks. TCP is a basic standard that defines the rules of the internet and is
a common protocol used to deliver data in digital network communication. Transmission Control
Protocol is a connection-oriented protocol for communications that helps in the exchange of

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Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

messages between different devices over a network. The Internet Protocol (IP), which
establishes the technique for sending data packets between computers, works with TCP. The
position of TCP is at the transport layer of the OSI model. TCP also helps in ensuring that
information is transmitted accurately by establishing a virtual connection between the sender
and receiver.The Transmission Control Protocol is one of the main protocols of the Internet
protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the
Internet Protocols.

WORKING
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite.
It lies between the Application and Network Layers which are used in providing reliable
delivery services. In this article, we will discuss about Transmission control protocol in detail.
We will also discuss IP, the Difference between TCP and IP, and the working process of IP here.
Let’s proceed with the definition of TCP First.To make sure that each message reaches its target
location intact, the TCP/IP model breaks down the data into small bundles and afterward
reassembles the bundles into the original message on the opposite end. Sending the information
in little bundles of information makes it simpler to maintain efficiency as opposed to sending
everything in one go. After a particular message is broken down into bundles, these bundles may
travel along multiple routes if one route is jammed but the destination remains the same.

PACKET FORMAT

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a fundamental protocol in the TCP/IP (Transmission

Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) family. It offers a dependable and organized data distribution
between applications that are executed on several hosts in a network. The TCP packet format
must be understood in order to analyze and resolve network communication issues. The TCP
packet format will be thoroughly examined in this article, along with its many fields and their
importance. The TCP header shares some field with the UDP header : source port number,
destination port number, and checksum. To remember how those are used, review the UDP
article.

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Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

From start to finish

let’s step through the process of transmiting a packet with TCP/IP.

step 1:establish connection

When two computers want to send data to each other over TCP,they first need to establish a
connection using a three-way handshake. TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a reliable
connection. The connection is full duplex, and both sides synchronize (SYN) and acknowledge
(ACK) each other. The exchange of these four flags is performed in three steps.

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Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

The client chooses an initial sequence number, set in the first SYN packet. The server also chooses
its own initial sequence number, set in the SYN/ACK packet shown in Figure 5.8. Each side
acknowledges each other’s sequence number by incrementing it: this is the acknowledgement
number. The use of sequence and acknowledgement numbers allows both sides to detect missing
or out-of-order segments.
Once a connection is established, ACKs typically follow for each segment. The connection will
eventually end with a RST (reset or tear down the connection) or FIN (gracefully end the
connection).

Step2: Send packets of data

Each packet is transmitted using IP or Internet Protocol — the only network-layer protocol. The
job of the Internet Protocol is to move data in packets through the internet from source to
destination. The packets that use the Internet Protocol are known as IP packets. The internet is a
“packet switching network.” This term is used to describe how networking equipment processes
data packets. The packets used to communicate across network connections are typically split into
smaller parts, as there is a limit on the amount of data that can be transferred. Each packet is
transmitted using IP or Internet Protocol — the only network-layer protocol. The job of the
Internet Protocol is to move data in packets through the internet from source to destination. The
packets that use the Internet Protocol are known as IP packets. To give you an idea of an IP
packet’s size, a packet’s minimum size is 21bytes,and the maximum size is 65,535 bytes.

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Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

When you send a message, an image, a video, or any form of communication over a network, they
are divided into smaller chunks called “data packets.”

Step3: close the connection

Either computer can close the connection when they to longer want to send or receive data. A
computer initiates closing the connecting by sending a packet with the FIN bit set to. 1(FIN
=finish). The other computer replies with an ACK and another FIN. After one more ACK from the
intiating computer, the connection is closed.

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Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

ADVANTAGES OF THE TCP MODEL

 It is an industry–standard model that can be effectively deployed in practical networking

problems.
 It is interoperable, i.e., it allows cross-platform communications among heterogeneous
networks.
 It is an open protocol suite. It is not owned by any particular institute and so can be used by
any individual or organization.
 It is a scalable, client-server architecture. This allows networks to be added without
disrupting the current services.
 It assigns an IP address to each computer on the network, thus making each device to be
identifiable over the network. It assigns each site a domain name. It provides name and
address resolution services.

DISADVANATGE OF TCP MODEL

 It is not generic in nature. So, it fails to represent any protocol stack other than the TCP/IP
suite. For example, it cannot describe the Bluetooth connection.
 It does not clearly separate the concepts of services, interfaces, and protocols. So, it is not
suitable to describe new technologies in new networks.
 It does not distinguish between the data link and the physical layers, which has very
different functionalities. The data link layer should concern with the transmission of
frames. On the other hand, the physical layer should lay down the physical characteristics
of transmission. A proper model should segregate the two layers.
 It was originally designed and implemented for wide area networks. It is not optimized for
small networks like LAN (local area network) and PAN (personal area network).
 Among its suite of protocols, TCP and IP were carefully designed and well implemented.
Some of the other protocols were developed ad hoc and so proved to be unsuitable in long
run. However, due to the popularity of the model, these protocols are being used even 30–
40 years after their introduction.

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Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

CHARACTERSTICS
 Support for flexible TCP/IP architecture.
 Adding more system to a network is easy
 In TCP/IP, the network remains intact until the source. And destination machines were
functioning properly.
 TCP is a connection-oriented protocol.
 TCP offers reliability and ensures that data which arrives out of sequence should put back
into order.
 TCP allows you to implement flow control, so sender never overpowers a receiver with
data.

Key Features Of Transmission Control Protocol are :-

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Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

1. Connection-oriented communication: Before data transfer begins, TCP establishes a connection

between the sender and receiver using a three-way handshake mechanism. This ensures that both
parties are ready to exchange data.

2. Reliable data delivery: TCP guarantees that data sent by the sender will be delivered correctly
and in order to the receiver. It achieves this through acknowledgment messages,retransmissions,
and sequence numbers.

3. Flow control: TCP regulates the flow of data between sender and receiver to prevent the sender
from overwhelming the receiver with too much data too quickly. Flow control mechanisms ensure
that data is sent at a rate that the receiver can handle.

4. Congestion control: TCP dynamically adjusts its transmission rate based on network congestion
to avoid network congestion collapse. It uses algorithms to detect congestion and adaptively
reduce the transmission rate to alleviate congestion.

5. Full-duplex communication: TCP supports full-duplex communication, allowing data to be

transmitted in both directions simultaneously.

8.0 Skills Developed:

During the course of this micro-project, we understood TCP.

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 Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

a)We learnt various functions of TCP.

b)We learned the characteristics and features of TCP.
c) We learned working of TCP.

8.1 Area of future Improvement:

Future TCP improvements should focus on enhancing performance, scalability, security, energy
efficiency, adaptation to dynamic networks, support for new applications, and collaboration on
standardization and deployment efforts.

9.0 Application of the Micro project:

TCP is used in a wide range of applications including web browsing, email, file transfer, remote
administration, VolP, video conferencing, online gaming, and database access. It ensures reliable
and secure communication by establishing connections and facilitating the transfer of data over
networks.

10.0 Conclusion:

In summary, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a foundational protocol for reliable communication
over networks.It ensures data integrity, flow control, and congestion control,making it essential for various
application Ongoing improvements aim to enhance performance,scalability, security, and adaptability to meet
evolving network demands.

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