CHAPTER

14 Factorisation

Unit-1: 14.1 Introduction, 14.1.1 Factors of Natural Numbers, 14.1.2 Factors

of Algebraic Expressions, 14.2 What is Factorisation? 14.2.1 Method of
Common Factors, 14.2.2 Factorisation by Regrouping Terms, Exercise 14.1
A. Fill in the blanks.

1. Prime factor form of 50 is     2 × 5 × 5     .

2. 2x + 4 =    2(x + 2)     .

3. 5xy + 7 + 5y + 7x =    (5y + 7) (x + 1)     .

4. Common factors of 11x & 121 is    11    

.

5. –9x + 6 =    3(–3x + 2)     .

B. State whether the following statements are True or False.

1. A number written as a product of Prime factors is a factorisation. True

2. Prime factors of 91 is 13 and 7. True

3. Common factors of 140x – 28y is 14. False

4. 1 is a factor of any number. True

C. Multiple-choice questions.

1. Common factor of 90 & 120 is (c)

(a) 90 (b) 120 (c) 30 (d) 1

2. (x + 3) (x – 2) =  (b)

(a) x2 + x + 6 (b) x2 + x – 6 (c)

x+3 (d) x–2

3. Common factor of 5 & 7 is (d)

(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 35 (d) 1

4. 6x – 2xy =  (b)

(a) 1 (b) 2x (3 – y) (c) x (3 – 2y) (d) (2x – 2xy)

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 Sums Based on Exercise 14.1
1. Find the common factors of the given terms.

(i) 13x, 39 (ii) 3x, 33xy

13x = 13 × x 3x = 3 × x

39 = 3 × 13 33x = 3 × 11 × x × y

Common factor = 13 common factor = 3 × x

(iii) 14pq, 21p2q2 (iv) 2m, 5m2, 4

14pq = 2 × 7 × p × q 2m = 2 × m

21p2q2 = 3 × 7 × p × p × q × q 5m2 = 5 × m × m

common factor = 7 × p × q 4=2×2 common factor = 1

(v) 8xyz, 32xy2, 16x2y (vi) 12x3, –3x2, 24x

8xyz = 2 × 2 × 2 × x × y × z 12x3 = 2 × 2 × 3 × x × x × x

32x2y2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2x × x × y × y –3x2 = –1 × 3 × x × x

16x2y = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x × y 24x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × x

common factor = 2 × 2 × 2 × x × y common factor = 3 × x

(vii) 5pq, 10qr, 15rp (viii) 11x2y3, 10x3y2, 22x2y2z.

5pq = 5 × p × q 11x2y3 = 11 × x × x × y × y × y

10qr = 2 × 5 × q × r 10x3y2 = 2 × 5 × x × x × x × y × y

15rp = 3 × 5 × r × p 22x2y2z = 2 × 11 × x × x × y × y × z

common factor = 5 common factor = x × x × y × y = x2y2

2. Factorise the following Expressions.

(i) 7x – 56 (ii) 6p – 36q

= 7 × x – 7 × 8 =6×p–6×6×q

= 7 × (x – 8) = 6 × (p – 6q)

(iii) 5q2 + 10q (iv) –16z + 10z3

= 5 × q × q + 2 × 5 × q = (–1) × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z + 2 × 5 × z × z × z

= 5 × q (q + 2) = 2 × z (–1 × 2 × 2 × 2 + 5 × z × z)

= 5q(q + 2) = 2z(– 8 + 5z2)

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 (v) 6l2m + 30alm (vi) 13s2r – 39sr2

= 2 × 3 × l × l × m + 2 × 3 × 5 × a × l × m = 13 × s × s × r – 3 × 13 × s × r × r

= 2 × 3 × l × m × (l + 5a) = 13 × s × r × (s – 3r)

= 6lm (l + 5a) = 13sr(s – 3r)

(vii) 30a2 – 15b2 + 6c2 (viii) xm2n + ym2n + zm2p

= 2 × 3 × 5 × a × a – 3 × 5 × b × b + 2 × =x×m×m×n+y×m×m×n+z×

3 × c × c m×m×p

= 3 × (2 × 5 × a × a – 5 × b × b + 2 × c × c) = m × m (x × n + y × n + z × p)

= 3(10a2 – 5b2 + 2c2) = m2 (xn + yn + zp)

3. Factorise

(i) x2 + xt + 8x + 8t (ii) 12xy – 6x + 4y – 2

= x × x + x × t + 8 × x + 8 × t =2×6×x×y–6×x+2×2×y–2

= x × (x + t) + 8 × (x + t) = 6 × x × (2y – 1) + 2 × (2y – 1)

= (x + 8) (x + t) = 6x (2y – 1) + 2 × (2y – 1)

= (6x + 2) (2y – 1)

(iii) fm + gm – ft – gt (iv) 35pq + 245q + 35 + 5p

f × m + g × m – f × t – g × t = 5 × 7 × p × q + 5 × 7 × 7 ×

m × (f + g) – t × (f + g) q+5×7+5×p

= (m – t) (f + g) = 5 × 7 × q (p + 7) + 5 × (7 + p)

= 35q (p + 7) + 5 × (7 + p)

= (35q + 5) (7 + p)

Unit-2: 14.2.3 Factorisation Using Identities, 14.2.4 Factors of the form (x + a)

(x + b), Exercise 14.2
A. Fill in the blanks.

(a – b)2 =    a – 2ab + b     (m + 1)2 =    m + 2m + 1     .

2 2 2
1. . 5.

(a + b)2 =    a + 2ab + b     (x – 5)2 =    x – 10x + 25     .

2 2 2
2. . 6.

(a + b) (a – b) =    a – b     25x2 – 49y2 = (5x – 7y)    

(5x + 7y)    .
2 2
3. . 7.

4. 17abc – 34ab2 =    17ab(c – 2b)    .

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 B. State whether the following statements are True or False.

1. m2 – 6m = m × m – 6 × m True

2. 9x2 – 16y2 = (3x – 4y) (3x + 4y) True

3. 3m2 + 9m + 6 = (3m + 3)2 False

4. 7p2 + 21q2 = (7p – 3q) (7p + 3q) False

5. (1 + m)2 = 1 + m2 False

C. Multiple-choice questions.

1. 6x2 – 36y2 (c)

(a) (6x – 6y) (6x + 6y) (b) 6 (x – 6y) (x + 6y)

(c) 6(x2 – 6y2) (d) 6(x – y) (x + y)

2. (x – 2) (x + 2) (a)

(a) x2 – 4 (b) x2 + 4 (c) x – 2 (d) x+2

3. Prime factorisation of 24m3n2 is (c)

(a) 2 × 12m3n2 (b) 8 × 3mn

(c) 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × m × m × m × n × n (d) 12 × 2m × m × m × n × n

4. x4 – y4 (d)

(a) (x2 – y2) (x2 – y2) (b) (x2 + y2) (x – y)

(c) x × x × x × x + y × y × y × y (d) (x2 – y2) (x2 + y2)

5. y2 + 7y + 12 = (c)

(a) (x – 5)2 (b) (y – 3) (y – 4)

(c) (y + 3) (y + 4) (d) (y + 4)2

Sums Based on Exercise 14.2

1. Factorise the following Expressions.

(i) a2 + 10a + 21 (ii) l2 – 7l + 12

= a2 + 7a + 3a + 21 = l2 – 4l – 3l + 12

= a(a + 7) + 3(a + 7) = l(l – 4) – 3(l – 4)

= (a + 3) (a + 7) = (l – 3) (l – 4)

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 (iii) 25w2 + 20w + 4 (iv) 49y2 + 42yz + 9z2

= 25w2 + 10w + 10w + 4 = 49y2 + 21yz + 21yz + 9z2

= 5w(5w + 2) + 2(5w + 2) = 7y(7y + 3z) + 3z(7y + 3z)

= (5w + 2) (5w + 2) = (7y + 3z) (7y + 3z)

= (5w + 2)2 = (7y + 3z)2

(v) 11x2 – 22x + 11 (vi) 121b2 – 88bt + 16t2

= 11x2 – 11x – 11x + 11 = 121b2 – 44bt – 44bt + 16t2

= 11x(x – 1) – 11(x – 1) = 11b(11b – 4t) – 4t(11b – 4t)

= (11x – 11) (x – 1) = (11b – 4t) (11b – 4t)

= 11(x – 1) (x – 1) = (11b – 4t)2

= 11(x – 1)2

(vii) (p + q)2 – 4pq (viii) c4 + 2c2d2 + d4

= p2 + 2pq+q2 – 4pq = c4 + c2d2 + c2d2 + d4

= p2 – 2pq + q2 = c2(c2 + d2) + d2(c2 + d2)

= p2 – pq – pq + q2 = (c2 + d2) (c2 + d2)

= p(p – q) – q(p – q) =(c2 + d2)2

= (p – q) (p – q) = (p – q)2

2. Factorise:

(i) 9p2 – 4q2 (ii) 112b2 – 63a2

= (3p)2 – (2q)2 = 16 × 7b2 – 9 × 7a2

= (3p + 2q) (3p – 2q) = 7(16b2 – 9a2) = 7[(4b)2 – (3a)2]

= 7(4b + 3a) (4b – 3a)

(iii) 36x2 – 49 (iv) 121x5 – 225x3

= (6x)2 – (7)2 = x3(121x2 – 225)

= (6x + 7) (6x – 7) = x3[(11x)2 – (15)2]

= x3(11x + 15) (11x – 15)

(v) (s + r)2 – (s – r)2 (vi) 81x2y2 – 16

= s2 + 2sr + r2 – (s2 – 2sr + r2) = (9xy)2 – (4)2

= s2 + 2sr + r2 – s2 + 2sr – r2 = 4sr = (9xy + 4) (9xy – 4)

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 (vii) (t2 – 2tp + p2) – z2 (viii) 81a2 – 4b2 + 24bc + 108 ac

= (t – p)2 – (z)2 = (9a)2 – (2b)2 + 12c (2b + 9a)

= (t – p + z) (t – p – z) = (9a – 2b) (9a + 2b) + 12c (9a + 2b)

= (9a + 2b) (9a – 2b + 12c)

3. Factorise the Expressions:

(i) ay2 + by (ii) 7p2 + 35q2

= a × y × y + b × y =7×p×p+5×7×q×q

= y × (ay + b) = 7 × (p × p + 5 × q × q)

= y(ay + b) = 7(p2 + 5q2)

(iii) 23x3 + 23xy2 + 23xz2 (iv) fh2 + gh2 + gk2 + fk2

= 23 × x × x × x + 23 × x × y × y + =f×h×h+g×h×h+g×k×k+

23 × x × z × z f×k×k

= 23 × x(x × x + y × y + z × z) = h × h (f + g) + k × k (g + f)

= 23x(x2 + y2 + z2) = h2(f + g) + k2(f + g)

= (h2 + k2) (f + g)

(v) (su + s) + u + 1 (vi) g(g + k) + g(g + k)

= su + s + u + 1 = (g + g) (g + k)

= s(u + 1) + 1(u + 1) = 2g (g + k)

= (s + 1) (u + 1)

(vii) 6b2 – 24b – 5bz + 20z (viii) 20ab + 8a + 5b + 2

= 6b(b – 4) – 5z(b – 4) = 4a(5b + 2) + 1(5b + 2)

= (6b – 5z) (b – 4) = (4a + 1) (5b + 2)

4. Factorise:

(i) k4 – u4 (ii) p4 – 256

= (k2)2 – (u2)2 = (p2)2 – (16)2

= (k2 + u2) (k2 – u2) = (p2 + 16) (p2 – 16)

= (k2 + u2) [(k)2 – (u)2] = (p2 + 16) [(p)2 – (4)2]

= (k2 + u2) (k + u) (k – u) = (p2 + 16) (p + 4) (p – 4)

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 (iii) m4 – (s + l)4 (iv) x4 – (p – q)4

= (m2)2 – [(s + l)2]2 = (x2)2 – ((p – q)2)2 = (x2 + (p –q)2) (x2 –

= (m2 + (s + l)2) (m2 – (s + l)2) (p – q)2)

= (m2 + (s + l)2) [(m)2 – (s + l)2] = (x2 + (p – q)2) [(x)2 – (p – q)2]

= (m2 + (s + l)2) (m + s + l) (m – s – l) = [x2 + (p – q)2] [(x + p – q) (x – p +q)]

5. Factorise the following Expressions:

(i) q2 + 7q + 10 (ii) q2 – 13q + 40 (iii) k2 + 12k + 35

= q2 + 2q + 5q + 10 = q2 – 8q – 5q + 40 = k2 + 5k +7k + 35

= q(q + 2) + 5(q + 2) = q(q – 8) – 5(q – 8) = k(k + 5) + 7(k + 5)

= (q + 5) (q + 2) = (q – 5) (q – 8) = (k + 7) (k + 5)

Unit-3: 14.3 Division of Algebraic Expressions, 14.3.1 Division of a monomial

by another monomial, 14.3.2 Division of a polynomial by monomial,
14.4 Division of Algebraic Expressions Continued,
(Polynomial ÷ Polynomial), Exercise 14.3
A. Fill in the blanks.

(14x2 – 21y2) ÷ 7 =    2x – 3y    

2 2
1. .
–343x2    –49    
2. = .
7x2
3. 100x2 ÷ 10x =    10x    
.

1
4. 2xyz ÷ 4x2y2z2 =    2xyz    .

3x3 + 9x2 + 27x ÷ 3x =    x + 3x + 9     .

2
5.

B. State whether the following statements are True or False.

1. When we divide a polynomial by monomial we always get monomial. False

2. 38x3y2z ÷ 19xy2 = 2x2z True

3. We could divide trinomial by the monomial using the cancellation method. True

4. When we divide Algebraic Expressions by monomial we always get numerals. False

5. 12xmyn ÷ 6xmyn = 2 True

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 C. Multiple-choice questions.

1. (a2 – b2) ÷ (a – b) =  (b)

(a) (a – b) (b) a + b (c) 1 (d) a2 – b2

2. 90x2y2z2 ÷ 10xyz (a)

(a) 9xyz (b) 10xyz (c) 1 (d) 90xyz

3. 54a3b3c3 ÷ 18a3b3c3 (c)

(a) 3abc (b) 3a2b2c2 (c) 3 (d) 0

4. 13y2z2 ÷ 13yz (b)

(a) 13 (b) yz (c) 13yz (d) 1

5. 3x + 3 ÷ 3 (b)

(a) 3 (b) 3x + 1 (c) 3x + 3 (d) x + 1

Sums Based on Exercise 14.3

1. Carry out the following divisions:

(i) 32x4 ÷ 64x

32x4 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x × x × x

64x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x
32x4
\
32x4 ÷ 64x =
64x

2×2× 2×2×2×x×x×x×x
=
2×2×2×2×2×2×x

x×x×x
=
2

x3
=
2
(ii) –49y3 ÷ 7y2
–7
–49y3

–49y3 ÷ 7y2 =
7y2

–7 × 7 × y × y × y
=
7×y×y
= –7y

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 (iii) 66pm2r3 ÷ 33mr2
66pm2r3

66pm2r3 ÷ 33mr2 =
33mr2

2 × 3 × 11 × p × m × m × r × r × r
=
3 × 11 × m × r × r
= 2pmr

(iv) 51x3y3z3 ÷ 68xy2z3

51x3y3z3

51x3y3z3 ÷ 68xy2z3 =
68xy2z3

3 × 17 × x × x × x × y × y × y × z × z × z
=
2 × 2 × 17 × x × y × y × z × z × z

3x2y
=
4
2. Divide the given polynomial by the given monomial.

(i) (5x2 – 2x) ÷ 3x

Dividend = 5x2 – 2x

= x(5x – 2)
x(5x – 2)
\ (5x2 – 2x) ÷ 3x =
3x

5x – 2
=
3
(ii) (5y8 – 6y6 + 7y4) ÷ y4

Dividend = 5y8 – 6y6 + 7y4

= y4(5y4 – 6y2 + 7)
y4(5y4 – 6y2 + 7)
\ (5y8 – 6y6 + 7y4) ÷ y4 =
y4
= 5y – 6y2 + 7
4

(iii) 12(k3l2m2 +k2l3m2 + k2l2m3) ÷ 3k2l2m2

Dividend = 12(k3l2m2 + k2l3m2 + k2l2m3)

= 3 × 4 × k2l2m2(k + l + m)

\ 12(k3l2m2 + k2l3m2 + k2l2m3) ÷ 3k2l2m2

3 × 4 × k2l2m2 (k + l + m)
=
3k2l2m2
= 4(k + l + m)

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 (iv) (y3 + 2y2 + 4y) ÷ 2y

Dividend = y3 + 2y2 + 4y

= y(y2 + 2y + 4)
y(y2 + 2y + 4)
\ (y3 + 2y2 + 4y) ÷ 2y =
2y

y2 + 2y + 4
=
2
(v) (p4q5 – p7q9) ÷ p3q4

Dividend = (p4q5 – p7q9) = p4q5 (1 – p3q4)

p4q5(1 – p3q4)
\ (p4q5 – p7q9) ÷ p3q4 =
p3q4
= pq(1 – p3q4)

3. Work out the following divisions:

(i) (14y – 35) ÷ 7

Dividend = (14y – 35) = 7(2y – 5)

7(2y – 5)
\ (14y – 35) ÷ 7 =
7
= (2y – 5)

(ii) (x – 3) ÷ (2x – 6)

Divisor = 2x – 6 = 2(x – 3)
(x – 3)
\ (x – 3) ÷ (2x – 6) =
2(x – 3)

1
=
2
(iii) 26m(10m + 35) ÷ 13(2m + 7)

Dividend = 26m (10m + 35)

= 2 × 13m × 5 × (2m + 7)

= 10 × 13 × m(2m + 7)
10 × 13m (2m + 7)
\ 26m(10m + 35) ÷ 13(2m + 7) = = 10 m
13 (2m + 7)
(iv) 33x2y2(7z – 56) ÷ 66xy(z – 8)

Dividend = 33x2y2 (7z – 56)

= 3 × 11 × x × x × y × y × 7 × (z – 8)
3 × 11 × x × x × y × y × 7 × (z – 8) 7xy
\ 33x2y2(7z – 56) ÷ 66xy(z – 8) = =
3 × 2 × 11 × x × y × (z – 8) 2
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 (v) 96klm (3k – 12) (5l – 30) ÷ 144(k – 4) (l – 6)

Dividend = 96lkm (3k – 12) (5l – 30)

= 4 × 4 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × klm (k – 4) (l – 6)

divider = 4 × 4 × 3 × 3 × (k – 4) (l – 6)

\ 96klm (3k – 12) (5l – 30) ÷ 144(k – 4) (l –6)

4 × 4 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × k × l × m × (k – 4) (1 – 6)
=
4 × 4 × 3 × 3 × (k – 4) (l – 6)
= 10 klm

4. Divide as directed.

(i) 5(23x + 1) (9x + 5) ÷ (23x + 1)

5(23x + 1) (9x + 5)
5(23x + 1) (9x + 5) ÷ (23x + 1) = = 5(9x + 5)
(23x + 1)
(ii) 52xy(x + 5) (m – 11) ÷ 13x(m – 11)
4
52xy (x + 5) (m – 11)
52xy(x + 5) (m – 11) ÷ 13x(m – 11) = = 4y(x + 5)
13x(m – 11)
(iii) 29uvr(u + v) (v + r) (r + u) ÷ 58uv(v + r) (r + u)
29uvr(u + v) (v + r) (r + u)
29uvr(u + v) (v + r) (r + u) ÷ 58uv(v + r) (r + u) =
2 58uv(v + r) (r + u)
r(u + v)
=
2
(iv) 20(w + 51) (y2 + 5y + 3) ÷ 5(w + 51) 4
20(w + 51) (y2 + 5y + 3)
20(w + 51) (y2 + 5y + 3) ÷ 5(w + 51) =
5(w + 51)
= 4(y + 5y + 3)
2

(v) t(t + 1) (t + 2) (t + 3) ÷ t(t + 2)

t(t + 1) (t + 2) (t + 3)
t(t + 1) (t + 2) (t + 3) ÷ t(t + 2) =
t(t + 2)
= (t + 1) (t + 3)

5. Factorise the Expressions and divide them as directed.

(i) (x2 – 7x + 12) ÷ (x – 4)

Dividend = (x2 – 7x + 12)

= x2 – 4x – 3x + 12

= x(x – 4) – 3(x – 4)

= (x – 3) (x – 4)
(x – 3) (x – 4)
\ (x2 – 7x + 12) ÷ (x – 4) =
(x – 4)
= (x – 3)

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 (ii) (s2 – 14s – 32) ÷ (s + 2)

Dividend = (s2 – 14s – 32)

= s2 – 16s + 2s – 32

= s(s – 16) + 2(s – 16)

= (s + 2) (s – 16)
(s + 2) (s – 16)
\ (s2 – 14s – 32) ÷ (s + 2) =
(s + 2)
= (s – 16)

(iii) (p2 + 5p – 6) ÷ (p – 1)

Dividend = (p2 + 5p – 6)

= p2 – p + 6p – 6

= p(p – 1) + 6(p – 1)

= (p + 6) (p – 1)
(p + 6) (p – 1)
\
(p2 + 5p – 6) ÷ (p – 1) =
(p – 1)
= p + 6

(iv) 4yz(z2 – 4z – 117) ÷ 2z(z – 13)

Dividend = 4yz (z2 – 4z – 117)

= 4yz (z2 – 13z + 9z – 117)

= 4yz [z(z – 13) + 9(z – 13)]

= 4yz [(z + 9) (z – 13)]

2
4yz(z + 9) (z – 13)
\
4yz(z – 4z – 117) ÷ 2z(z – 13) =
2
2z(z – 13)
= 2y (z + 9)

(v) 5ab(a2 – b2) ÷ 2a(a + b)

Dividend = 5ab(a2 – b2)

= 5ab [(a)2 – (b)2]

= 5ab [(a + b) (a – b)]

5ab(a + b) (a – b)
\
5ab(a2 – b2) ÷ 2a(a + b) =
2a(a + b)

5b
= (a – b)
2
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 (vi) 18cd(9c2 – 16d2) ÷ 9cd(3c + 4d)

Dividend = 18cd (9c2 – 16d2)

= 18cd [(3c)2 – (4d)2]

= 18cd [(3c + 4d) (3c – 4d)]

= 18cd (3c + 4d) (3c – 4d)

2
18cd (3c + 4d) (3c – 4d)
\ 18cd(9c – 16d ) ÷ 9cd(3c + 4d) =
2 2
= 2(3c – 4d)
9cd(3c + 4d)

Unit- 4: 14.5 Can you find the error?, Exercise 14.4

A. Fill in the blanks.

(x – 5)2 =    x – 10x + 25     .

2
1.

(a + b)2 =    a + 2ab + b    

2 2
2. .

3. (m2 – n2) =    (m – n) (m + n)    .

3x2y2 – 7x2y2 =    –4x y    

2 2
4. .

5. 21x2y2 ÷ 3xy =    7xy    

.

B. State whether the following statements are True or False.

1. When we square a monomial, the numerical coefficient and each factor has to be squared. True

2. (3x + 2)2 = 3x2 + 6x + 4 False

3. 3x + 2x = 5x2 False

4. 4a2 – 9b2 = (4a – 9b) (4a + 9b) False

5. 30m4n2 ÷ 3m2n = 10m2n True

C. Multiple-choice questions.

1. Common factor of 24xy & 36x2y2 is (a)

(a) 12xy (b) 12x2y2 (c) 9xy (d) x3y3

9x2 – 25y2
2. = (c)
3x –5y
(a) 3x2 + 5y2 (b) 3x – 5y (c) 3x + 5y (d) 1

3. a2 + 25a ÷ a =  (b)

(a) a + 25a (b) a2 + 25 (c) a2 (d) a + 25

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 4. m2 – n2 =  (d)

(a) m2 (b) n2 (c) m + n (d) (m + n) (m – n)

Sums Based on Exercise 14.4

Find and correct the errors in the following mathematical statements:

1. 6(x – 5) = 6x – 5

LHS = 6(x – 5) = 6x – 30 ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is 6(x – 5) = 6x – 30.

2. y(4x + 9) = 4x2 + 9

LHS = y(4x + 9) = 4xy + 9y ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is y(4x + 9) = 4xy + 9y.

3. 5m + 10y = 15my

LHS = 5m + 10y ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is 5m + 10y = 5m + 10y.

4. l + 2l + 3l = 5l

LHS = l + 2l + 3l = 6l ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is l + 2l + 3l = 6l.

5. 5t + 3t + 4t – 10t = 0

LHS = 5t + 3t + 4t – 10t

= 12t – 10t = 2t ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is 5t + 3t + 4t – 10t = 2t.

6. 6x + 5x = 11x2

LHS = 6x + 5x = 11x ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is 6x + 5x = 11x.

7. (3x)2 + 3(9x) + 7 = 3x2 + 27x + 7

LHS = (3x)2 + 3(9x) + 7

= 9x2 + 27x + 7 ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is (3x)2 + 3(9x) + 7 = 9x2 + 27x + 7.

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 8. (7x)2 + 30x = 49x + 30x

LHS = (7x)2 + 30

= 49x2 + 30x ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is (7x)2 + 30x = 49x2 + 30x

9. (6x + 1)2 = 6x2 + 12x + 1

LHS = (6x + 1)2

= (6x)2 + 2(6x) (1) + (1)2

= 36x2 + 12x + 1 ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is (6x + 1)2 = 36x2 + 12x + 1

10. Substituting x = –2 in

(a) x2 + 5x + 6 gives (–2)2 + 5(–2) = 4 – 10 = – 6

LHS = x2 + 5x + 6

Putting x = –2 in given expression,

= (–2)2 + 5(–2) + 6

= 4 – 10 + 6 = 0 ≠ RHS

Hence, x2 + 5x + 4 gives (–2)2 + 5(–2) + 6 = 4 – 10 + 6 = 0.

(b) x2 – 5x + 6 gives (–2)2 – 5(–2) + 6 = 4 – 10 + 6 = 0.

LHS = x2 + 5x + 6

Putting x = –2 in given expression,

= (–2)2 – 5(–2) + 6

= 4 + 10 + 6 = 20

= 20 ≠ RHS

Hence, x2 – 5x + 6 gives (–2)2 – 5(–2) + 6 = 4 + 10 + 6 = 20.

(c) x2 – 5x gives (–2)2 + 5(–2) = –4 – 10 = –14.

LHS = x2 – 5x

Putting x = –2 in given expression,

= (–2)2 – 5(–2)

= 4 + 10 = 14 ≠ RHS

Hence, x2 – 5x gives (–2)2 – 5(–2) = 4 + 10 = 14.

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 11. (c – 3)2 = c2 –9

LHS = (c – 3)2

= (c)2 – 2(c) (3) + (3)2

= c2 – 6c + 9 ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is (c – 3)2 = c2 – 6c + 9.

12. (z + 8)2 = z2 + 64

LHS = (z + 8)2

= (z)2 + 2(z) (8) + (8)2

= z2 + 16z + 64 ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is (z + 8)2 = z2 + 16z + 64.

13. (4a + 5b) (a – b) = 4a2 – 5b2.

LHS = (4a + 5b) (a – b)

= 4a × a – 4a × b + 5b × a – 5b × b

= 4a2 – 4ab + 5ab – 5b2

= 4a2 + ab – 5b2 ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is (4a + 5b) (a – b) = 4a2 + ab – 5b2.

14. (p + 11) (p + 2) = p2 + 22.

LHS = (p + 11) (p + 2)

= p × p + p × 2 + 11 × p + 11 × 2

= p2 + 2p + 11p + 22

= p2 + 13p + 22 ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is (p + 11) (p + 2) = p2 + 13p + 22.

15. (q – 11) (q + 2) = q2 – 22

LHS = (q – 11) (q + 2)

= q × q + q × (2) – 11 × q – 11 × (2)

= q2 + 2q – 11q – 22

= q2 – 9q – 22 ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct mathematical statement is (q – 11) (q + 2) = q2 – 9q – 22.

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 2y2
16. =0
2y2
2y2 2 × y × y
= =1×1×1 LHS =
2y2 2 × y × y
= 1 ≠ RHS
2y2
Hence, the correct mathematical statement is = 1.
2y2
6x2 + 1
17. =1+1=2
6x2
6x2 + 1 6x2 1
LHS = = 2+ 2
6x 2
6x 6x
1
= 1 + 2 ≠ RHS
6x
6x2 + 1 1
Hence, the correct mathematical statement is =1 + 2.
6x2 6x
5x 1
18. =
5x + 2 2
5x
LHS = ≠ RHS
5x + 2
5x 5x
Hence, the correct mathematical statement is = .
5x + 2 5x + 2
3 1
19. =
2x + 3 2x
3
LHS = ≠ RHS
2x + 3
3 3
Hence, the correct mathematical statement is = .
2x + 3 2x + 3
x+6
20. =6
x
x+6 x 6
LHS = = +
x x x
6
= 1+ ≠ RHS
x
x+6 6
Hence, the correct mathematical statement is = 1+ .
x x
7x + 25
21. = 7x
25
7x + 25 7x
LHS = = + 1 ≠ RHS
25 25
7x + 25 7x
Hence, the correct mathematical statement is = + 1.
25 25

Miscellaneous Exercise
A. Fill in the blanks.

1. (a – b)    (a – b)    = a2 – 2ab + b2.

2. Factorised form of 18 mn + 10mnp is    2mn(9 + 5p)    .

3. 38x2y2z ÷ 19xy2 is equal to    2xz    

.
3x + 3
4. On simplification =    x + 1     .
3
(a + b)2 – 2ab =    a    +    b    
2 2
5. .

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 6. The factorisation of x2 – 4 is    (x + 2) (x – 2)     .

7. Factorised form of 4y2 – 12y + 9 is    (2y – 3) (2y – 3)     .

B. State whether the following statements are True or False.

1. (a – b)2 = a2 – b2. False

We have (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab

2. Factorised form of p2 + 30p + 216 is (p + 18) (p – 12). False

We have p2 + 30p + 216 = p2 + (12 + 18) p + 216

= p2 + 12p + 18p + 216

= p(p + 12) + 18(p + 12)

= (p + 18) (p + 12)

3. (9x – 51) ÷ 9 is x – 51. False

9x – 51 9x 51
We have (9x – 51) ÷ 9 = = –
9 9 9
51
= x –
9
4. Subtraction of 5a2b2c2 from –7a2b2c2 is –12a2b2c2. True

–7a2b2c2 – 5a2b2c2 = (–7 – 5)a2b2c2 = –12a2b2c2

5. Factorisation of –3a2 + 3ab + 3ac is 3a(–a – b – c). False

We have –3a2 + 3ab + 3ac = 3a(–a + b + c)

6. Common factors of 12a2b2 + 4ab2 – 32 is 4. True

As we have 12a2b2 + 4ab2 – 32 = 2 × 2 × 3 × a × a × b × b + 2 × 2 × a × b × b – 22 × 23

= 4(3a2b2 + ab2 – 8)

Thus, the common factor is 4.

7. (a + b) (a –b) = a2 – b2. True

We know that (a + b) (a – b) = a × a – a × b + b × a – b × b

= a2 – ab + ba – b2

= a2 – b2

C. Multiple-choice questions.

1. The sum of –7pq and 2pq is (d)

(a) –9pq (b) 9pq (c) 5pq (d) –5pq

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 2. Square of 3x – 4y is (d)

(a) 9x2 – 16y2 (b) 6x2 – 8y2 (c) 9x2 + 16y2 + 24xy (d) 9x2 + 16y2 – 24xy

3. t2 – u2 is equal to  (c)

(a) (t – u)2 (b) (t – u) (t – u) (c) (t + u) (t – u) (d) (t + u) (t + u)

4. Factorised form of r2 – 10r + 21 is (b)

(a) (r – 1) (r – 4) (b) (r – 7) (r – 3) (c) (r – 7) (r + 3) (d) (r + 7) (r + 3)

5. On dividing 57p2qr by 114pq, we get (c)

1 3 1
(a) pr (b) pr (c) pr (d) 2pr
4 4 2
6. The common factor of 3ab and 2cd is  (a)

(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) a (d) c

7. The value of (–27x2y) ÷ (–9xy) is (d)

(a) 3xy (b) – 3xy (c) – 3x (d) 3x

8. The value of (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 is (c)

(a) 2a + 2b (b) 2a – 2b (c) 2a2 + 2b2 (d) 2a2 – 2b2

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