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Lecture 6

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5 views20 pages

Lecture 6

Uploaded by

Abdullah Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fluid Kinematics

Lecture : 6

References
T3/4.4

Sqn Ldr Tauha Irfan Khan


Last Lecture

➢ Review of Vector Relations

➢ Models of the Fluid

➢ Control Volumes

➢ Fluid Elements
Control Volume and System Representations
• System is a collection of matter of fixed identity
– Always the same atoms or fluid particles
– May move, flow, and interact with its surrounding

How do we shift from


• Control Volume, on the other hand, is a volume in space
– A geometric entity, independent of mass
one representation to
– Fluid may flow through CV the other?

• All of the laws governing the motion of a fluid are stated in their basic form in terms of a system
approach. For example,
– The mass of a system remains constant
– The time rate of change of momentum of a system is equal to the sum of all the forces acting on the system.
Today’s Lecture

➢ Reynolds Transport Theorem


Physical Parameters and Properties
• All physical laws are stated in terms of various physical parameters
– Velocity, acceleration, mass, temperature, momentum etc are common parameters

• Extensive Properties: dependent on mass


• Intensive Properties: independent of mass

• Extensive properties can be converted to intensive by dividing it with mass

• For example, let B represent any extensive fluid parameter, then the
𝐵
corresponding intensive parameter is given by 𝑏 =
𝑚
Physical Parameters and Properties
• The amount of extensive property that an infinitesimal fluid particles of size δV
and mass δm possesses is given by
𝛿𝐵 = bδm
(since δm=ρ δV )

• The amount of an extensive property that a system possesses at a given instant,


can be determined by adding up the amount associated with each fluid particle in
the system.
Physical Parameters and Properties
• Most of the laws governing fluid motion involve the time rate of change of an
extensive property of a fluid system—e.g. the rate at which the momentum or
mass of a system changes with time,

• To formulate the laws into a control volume approach, we must obtain an


expression for the time rate of change of an extensive property within a control
volume, not within a system. This can be written as
Physical Parameters and Properties

• Although both eqns look similar, physical interpretation is quite different


• The difference lies in the limits of integration
• RTT provides a relationship between these two eqns.
Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
• Simple version of Reynolds transport theorem for 1D flow through a variable
area duct
– CV fixed in space between (1) and (2)
– At initial time t, sys and CV are same
– At t=t+δt, sys has moved to the right

• CV remains same for all times

• Sys:
– At time= t: SYS = CV
– At time= t+δt : SYS = CV - I + II
Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
• Value of extensive parameter B at time t is: At time= t: SYS = CV
At time= t+δt : SYS = CV - I + II
• Value of extensive parameter B at time t+δt is:

• Change in B of the system in the time interval δt

• Dividing this by δt
Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
• At the initial time t, we have Bsys = Bcv At time= t: SYS = CV
At time= t+δt : SYS = CV - I + II

• Now we apply the limit δt→0, and look at each term individually
Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
• At the initial time t, we have Bsys = Bcv At time= t: SYS = CV
At time= t+δt : SYS = CV - I + II

• Now we apply the limit δt→0, and look at each term individually

The left-hand side is equal to the time rate of change of B for the system and is denoted as

Material Derivative
Time rate of change of the quantity associated
with given fluid particle as it moves along
Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
• At the initial time t, we have Bsys = Bcv At time= t: SYS = CV
At time= t+δt : SYS = CV - I + II

• Now we apply the limit δt→0, and look at each term individually

The first term on the right-hand side is seen to be the time rate of change of the amount
of B within the control volume
Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
• At the initial time t, we have Bsys = Bcv At time= t: SYS = CV
At time= t+δt : SYS = CV - I + II

• Now we apply the limit δt→0, and look at each term individually

The third term on the right-hand side represents the rate at which
the extensive parameter B flows out from the control volume

Thus, the rate at which this property flows from the control volume
Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
• At the initial time t, we have Bsys = Bcv At time= t: SYS = CV
At time= t+δt : SYS = CV - I + II

• Now we apply the limit δt→0, and look at each term individually

Similarly, the inflow of B into the control volume across section 1 during the time
interval corresponds to that in region I

Dividing by δt and applying limit


Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
• At the initial time t, we have Bsys = Bcv At time= t: SYS = CV
At time= t+δt : SYS = CV - I + II

• Substituting each term gives

This version of the Reynolds transport theorem is valid under


the restrictive assumptions:
or i. Fixed control volume
ii. One inlet and one outlet
iii. Uniform properties across the inlet and outlet
iv. Velocity normal to sections (1) and (2)
Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
• When inlets / outlets are not fixed, we need to integrate over complete surface

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