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Multiple choice:

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which muscle naming criteria are used to name the quadriceps femoris?

a. muscle action and location

b. the origin and insertion

c. location and direction of muscle fibers

d. location and number of origins

2. By what name is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell known?

a. sarcoplasm

b. sarcomere

c. sarcoplasmic reticulum

d. sarcolemma

3. Of the events that lead to myofilaments sliding over each other, which

of the following happens first?

a. The myosin head engages with the binding site on actin

b. Troponin changes shape and pulls on tropomyosin

c. Calcium ions enter the cell cytoplasm

d. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate

4. Smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle because smooth muscle

a. is found in the walls of arteries

b. can be voluntarily contracted

c. has many nuclei in a cell

 d. has intercalated discs between cells

5. Which of the following muscles is named according to its origin and insertion?

a. transversus abdominus

b. semimembranosus

c. sternocleidomastoid

d. deltoid

6. During muscle cell contraction, what happens because of Ca ++

binding to troponin?

a. The binding site on actin is uncovered.

b. Acetylcholine (ACh) is released.

c. The cross-bridge disengages from the thin fi lament.

d. ATP hydrolyses to ADP.

7. Which of the following muscle cell structures is the longest?

a. A myofilament

b. A myofibril

c. A sarcomere

d. A troponin molecule
8. Which of the following is the smallest structure within a muscle fiber?

a. myosin

b. myofilament

c. myofibril

d. sarcomere
9. By which term is a muscle that opposes or reverses a particular

movement called?

a. agonist

b. synergist

c. antagonist

d. fixator

10. By what name is something that attaches a bone to another bone known?

a. aponeurosis

b. sarcomere

c. ligament

d. tendon

11. What information is contained in the muscle name ―biceps brachii‖?

a. the muscle location and the number of origins.

b. the number of origins and the muscle action.

c. the muscle size and location in the body.

d. the muscle’s shape and its action.

12. Which of the following muscles is a common intra-muscular injection site?

a. deltoid

b. gluteus maximus

c. vastus medialis

d. latissimus dorsi
13. What characteristic of a smooth muscle cell distinguishes it from

cardiac and from skeletal muscle?

a. being branched

b. being under involuntary control

c. lack of striations

d. being uninucleate

14. Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle?

a. excitability

b. autonomic innervation

c. contractility

d. extensibility

15. What is the gluteus maximus named for? Its

a. size.

b. shape.

c. action.

d. origin and insertion.

Lesson
1:
Learning Outcomes

Make a
Types of Muscles
Connection:

CARDIAC

SMOOTH

SKELETAL
Fill in the blanks in the following sentence on the space provided.

actin
myosin

sarcomeres

z-disc

myosin
actin cross-bridge

sarcomere z-discs
 1. Use the table to compare and contrast the three types of muscular tissue.
CARDIAC MUSCLE SKELETAL MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE

Cardiac muscle is found only Skeletal muscles are found Smooth muscle cells, line
in the heart. attached to bones and skin. walls of internal organs.

Perform involuntary muscular Perform voluntary muscular Perform involuntary muscular

movements. movements. movements.

Responsible for pumping Power the joints, aiding More internal organs to
blood throughout the body. physical movements. facilitate their functions.

Striated with many myofibrils Striated with orderly arranged Not striated, fewer myofibrils
in orderly arrangements. myofibrils. are found in varying length.

Self-stimulating Not self-stimulating Self-stimulating

Under the regulation of the Under the regulation of the Under the regulation of the
nervous system, endocrine nervous system. nervous system, endocrine
system, and various system, various chemicals,
chemicals. and stretching.

Do not fatigue Easily fatigue Do not fatigue

2. Test your knowledge of the various parts of skeletal muscle.
3. To reinforce your knowledge of the inner workings of the muscle, first fill in the
blanks with the correct word or words. Then color each structure in the following
figure: choose colors your own.

sarcolemma

myofibrils
glycogen

sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium ions

transverse tubules electric impulses

myofilaments.
 4. Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle fiber and relate this to its
function. Please refer to the image below.

Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated cells that are somewhat long. They make up
between 30% to 40% of our body's total mass, including connective tissue, blood vessels, and
nerves. A single skeletal muscle fiber is a long cylindrical cell with several nuclei surrounding it.
By comparison, a mature muscle fiber may reach a length of up to 10 cm and a diameter of 10–
100 m.

During embryonic development, skeletal muscle is generated by the fusing of myoblasts,

which are mesodermal cells. Contractile proteins accumulate and are transformed into muscle
fibers inside the cytoplasm of myoblasts. Before birth, your body's muscle fiber count is
established. Throughout your lifespan, it will stay relatively stable.

Numerous myoblasts unite into a single skeletal muscle fiber during embryonic
development. After fusion, a skeletal muscle fiber loses its capacity to divide, whereas satellite
cells maintain it. Sarcoplasm and striated myofibrils are contained inside the sarcolemma of the
fibers. Each myofibril is surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum. Thousands of interstitial fluid-
filled transverse tubules invaginate from the sarcolemma toward the muscle fiber's core.
Use a table to do the following:

5. Distinguish thick filaments from thin filaments.

ACTIN FILAMENTS MYOSIN FILAMENTS

(THIN FILAMENTS) (THICK FILAMENTS)

Refers to a protein that forms a thin Myosin refers to a protein that forms the
contractile filament in muscle cells. thick contractile filaments in muscle
cells.

Consists of tropomyosin and troponin Consist of meromyosin.

Found in both A and I bands. Found in A bands of a sarcomere

Do not form cross bridges. Form cross bridges.

Surface is smooth Surface is rough.

Free at one end and are joined to Z-line by Free at both the end
other end.
 6. Describe the functions of skeletal muscle proteins.

TROPONIN TROPOMYOSIN

A globular protein complex involved in muscle A protein related to myosin, involving in

contraction, occurring with tropomyosin in the muscle contraction.
thin filaments of muscle tissue.

A complex of three regulatory proteins: A double-stranded, alpha-helical, coiled

troponin T, troponin C, and troponin I protein, which lies within the groove between
actin filaments in muscle tissue.

Binds to calcium ions, moving troponyosin Covers the myosin-binding sites on the actin
away from the myosin-binding sites on action filament in a relaxed muscle, preventing
filaments. contraction.
Multiple choice:

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. By what name is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell known?

A. sarcoplasm

B. sarcomere

C. sarcoplasmic reticulum

D. sarcolemma

2. Smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle because smooth muscle

A. is found in the walls of arteries

B. can be voluntarily contracted

C. has many nuclei in a cell

D. has intercalated discs between cells

3. All of the following structures are part of a muscle cell except one. Which
one?

A. sarcoma

B. sarcolemma

C. sarcoplasm

D. sarcoplasmic reticulum

4. Which of the following muscle cell structures is the longest?

A. A myofilament

B. A myofibril

C. A sarcomere

D. A troponin molecule
5. Which of the following is the smallest structure within a muscle fiber?

A. myosin

B. myofilament

C. myofibril

D. sarcomere

6. Smooth muscle cells may be described by which of the following?

A. striated, voluntary, multinucleate

B. not striated, voluntary, multinucleate

C. striated, involuntary, uninucleate

D. not striated, involuntary, uninucleate

7. Which term is given to the unit of a myofibril that contracts?

A. sarcoplasm

B. sarcomere

C. sarcolemma

D. sarcoplasmic reticulum

8. Which is the largest of the structures in a muscle fiber?

A. myofibril

B. myofilament

C. myosin

D. myopic
9. Which protein(s) are found in thin myofilaments?

A. actin

B. actin and tropomyosin

C. actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

D. actin, myosin, tropomyosin and troponin

10. Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle?

A. excitability

B. autonomic innervation

C. contractility

D. extensibility
 1. Discuss the functions of muscle.

Muscles are involved in almost all bodily functions. The muscular system is composed of
about 600 muscles that act in unison to ensure the body's overall process. It is made up of muscle
fibers, which are highly specialized cells. Contractility is their primary function. These are
classified as smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles. Each muscle type in the musculature serves a
distinct function. They do, however, work to facilitate these duties.

Muscle tissue has five major functions: movements, stability, control of body openings and
passages, heat generation, and glycemic control. It plays vital roles in communication,
movement, circulation, breathing, digestion, stability, posture, excretion, thermoregulation, and
blood sugar stabilization. Life would not be possible without our muscles.
 2. Discuss the functions and properties of the skeletal muscle.

Skeletal muscle is one of the three primary muscle tissues in the human body, accounting for
roughly 40%–50% of the total body weight of an individual. Skeletal muscle fibers are striated
and are controlled by the nervous system voluntarily. Each skeletal muscle is composed of
thousands of muscle fibers that are sheathed in connective tissue. It performs four critical
functions: movement generation, position maintenance, storage and movement, and heat
generation.

Skeletal muscle's primary tasks are carried out through an inherent excitation-contraction
coupling mechanism. The muscle is connected to the bone by tendons, and as the muscle
contracts, the bone moves, allowing for the execution of specific movements. Furthermore,
skeletal muscle offers structural support, aids in maintaining the body's posture, and serves as a
storage site for amino acids that various bodily organs may use to produce organ-specific
proteins.

Additionally, skeletal muscle possesses four critical properties: extensibility (the ability of
the muscles to extend when stretched), elasticity (the ability of the muscles to return to their
original structure when released), excitability (the muscle's ability to respond to a stimulus), and
contractility (the ability of a muscle to contract when in contact with a stimulus).
 3. Explain the mechanism of excitation. Contraction and relaxation.

Muscle excitation occurs when a nerve impulse reaches the synaptic cleft and triggers
synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine (ACh). ACh binds to ACh receptors located in the
sarcolemma, each of which is a gated channel that opens in response to ACh. Then sodium ions
(Na+) enter the muscle fiber rapidly due to concentration and voltage gradients across the
sarcolemma, while potassium ions (K+) depart via these open gates. Electrically, these ion
motions stimulate the sarcolemma, triggering a wave of electrical changes termed action
potentials. When a T tubule is excited, calcium (Ca2+) channels in the surrounding sarcoplasmic
reticulum open; the calcium will leave the sarcoplasmic reticulum and enter the muscle fibers
cytoplasm. Lastly, Ca2+ binds to troponin molecules linked to the thin filaments; this causes the
accompanying tropomyosin molecules to shift position, exposing the actin myosin-binding active
sites.

When the thin actin filaments and the hefty myosin filaments slide past one another, muscle
contraction occurs. This mechanism is usually believed to be fueled by cross-bridges that stretch
from myosin filaments and interact cyclically with actin filaments when ATP is hydrolyzed.
According to recent biochemical investigations, the myosin cross-bridge has two distinct
conformations. The cross-bridge binds extremely strongly to actin in one conformation, which
happens in the absence of MgATP, and progressively detaches in another. The second
conformation is induced by MgATP binding; the cross-bridge binds weakly to actin and attaches
and detaches so swiftly that it may glide across actin sites, giving negligible resistance strain.

Muscle relaxation occurs when the nerve no longer stimulates a muscle fiber; it relaxes and
returns to its resting length. Calcium is subsequently reintroduced into the sarcoplasmic
reticulum, hence disabling the actin-myosin interaction. The muscle relaxes when actin, and
myosin revert to their free states. Alternatively, when ATP is no longer accessible, relaxation
(failure) will also occur.
 4. Describe the nerve-muscle relationship.

The nerve-muscle relationship begins when the nerve impulse reaches the motor neuron's
axon terminal and initiates the release of acetylcholine (ACh). Ach diffuses across the synaptic
cleft, binds to the motor and plate receptors, and activates a muscular action potential (AP).
Then, acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft degrades ACh, preventing the emergence of
another muscular action potential until more ACh is released from the motor neuron.

The muscular AP moving via transverse tubules activates calcium-release channels in the
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane, enabling calcium ions to fill the sarcoplasm. Ca2+ binds
to troponin on the thin filament, revealing myosin binding sites. Later contractions will occur.
And Ca2+ release channels in the SR shut, while Ca2+ active transport pumps utilize ATP to
restore the sarcoplasm's low Ca2+ level. Simultaneously, the troponin-tropomyosin complex
reverts to its original location blocking the myosin-binding site on actin. Finally, the muscle will
relax.
 5. Describe three ways in which muscle meets the energy demands of exercise.

Muscles' primary phosphate storage molecule is creatine phosphate. To power contractions,

creatine phosphate's maximal concentration is five times higher than ATP or adenosine
triphosphate. Because the muscles' limited ATP supply is depleted rapidly during the action,
ATP regeneration is critical. When a single molecule of ATP is utilized for contraction, it is
hydrolyzed to ADP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and inorganic phosphate. It has enough
energy to sustain muscular action for around 30 to 40 seconds.

Aerobic respiration occurs when muscle fibers' mitochondria create ATP during daily
activities and modest exercise. Aerobic respiration needs oxygen to break down dietary energy
(often glucose and fat) and create ATP for muscular contractions. Aerobic respiration consumes
a substantial quantity of oxygen and may be sustained for an extended time when activity levels
rise and the respiratory rate increases to deliver more oxygen for higher ATP production.
Additionally, it may provide more than 90% of the ATP required for longer-duration activities.

During intense exercise, oxygen cannot reach muscle cells at a rate sufficient to generate
ATP. Muscles then transition to an oxygen-free breakdown mechanism. Anaerobic glycolysis
generates just two molecules of ATP for every glucose molecule, making it a less efficient
process than aerobic metabolism. It does, however, create about 2.5 times the amount of ATP
produced by aerobic respiration. It may supply the most ATP when high quantities of ATP are
required for brief bursts of vigorous activity. Additionally, it may give enough energy to sustain
muscular activity for around 30 to 40 seconds.
 6. Discus the factors that cause muscle fatigue.

Muscle fatigue occurs when a muscle is unable to sustain its contraction force for an

extended amount of time. Fatigue is a persistent sense of exhaustion or weakness that might be

physical, psychological or a combination of the two. It develops predominantly as a result of

muscle fiber alterations. It is thought to occur when there is: inadequate calcium released from

the sarcoplasmic reticulum, insufficient oxygen supply, failure of the motor neuron to release

enough acetylcholine, inadequate release of calcium ions from the SR, depletion of creatine

phosphate, depletion of glycogen, and build-up of lactic acid. Anyone may be affected by

fatigue, and the majority of individuals will feel it at some time in their lives.
 7. Identify some variables that determine muscular strength.

Muscular strength is related to your capacity for movement and lifting. It is determined by
the amount of power you can apply and the amount of weight you can lift for a short period. It is
proportional to the cross-sectional area of muscle; thus, if you expand the size of your muscle by
50% after a period of training, you will also increase the force that muscle can generate by 50%.
Muscular strength is determined by three variables: physiological strength, neurological strength,
and mechanical strength.

Physiological strength is determined by elements such as muscle size, cross-sectional area,

and training responses. Simultaneously, neurological strength considers how weak or strong the
signal instructing the muscle to contract is. Finally, mechanical strength refers to the pulling
force exerted by a muscle and the manner in which such forces may be adjusted utilizing bones
and joints as levers.
8. Using a table, compare and contrast isometric and isotonic contraction. Please provide
examples each contraction.
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION ISOTONIC CONTRACTION

Muscle does not shorten Muscle shorten

Contract against force without shortening Shorten against fix load

Does not involve joint movement Involve joint movement

Tension is increase Tension is constant

No external work down Work down

Less release of heat (energy efficient) More heat release (energy deficient)

During a bicep curl, holding the dumbbell in Some of the examples are push-ups, squats,

constant/static position rather than actively and stair climbing.

raising or lowering.
 1. Discuss the structural and functional characteristics of cardiac muscle.

Cardiovascular muscle tissue is one of three forms of muscle tissue found in the human body.
It is present solely in the heart, coordinating contractions that enable the heart to pump blood
throughout the circulatory system. Cardiac muscle fibers have a single nucleus, are branching,
and are connected by intercalated discs that include gap junctions for cell depolarization and
desmosomes that keep the fibers together during contraction.

Through involuntary motions, cardiac muscle tissue keeps your heart beating. This is one of
the characteristics that distinguish it from controllable skeletal muscle tissue. This is performed
by the activity of specialized cells known as pacemaker cells. These are what regulate the heart's
contractions. Your nervous system sends messages to your pacemaker cells, instructing them to
accelerate or decelerate your heartbeat. Your pacemaker cells are related to other heart muscle
cells, enabling them to communicate. This results in a wave of cardiac muscle contractions,
which generates the sound of your heartbeat.
2. Using a table, describe the structural features of smooth muscle cells and contrast them
with skeletal muscle fibers.
SMOOTH MUSCLE SKELETAL MUSCLE

It is the activation of the tension generating It is the activation of the tension generating

sites within smooth muscles. sites with in skeletal muscle fibers.

Smooth muscles occur in the urinary bladder, It occurs attached to the bones and tendons.

stomach, uterus, intestine, and walls of the

blood vessels.

It occurs through the binding of calcium to It occurs through the binding of calcium and

calmodulin. troponin.

It is a type of involuntary muscle contraction. It is a type of voluntary muscle contraction.

It is regulated through the automic nervous It is regulated through the somatic nervous

system. system.

It is important in internal movement, which It is important for the external movemen6t of

occurs in organs. the body.

3. Compare the two types of smooth muscle.

VISCERAL SMOOTH MUSCLE MULTI-UNIT SMOOTH MUSCLE

It is a single-unit smooth muscle; cells Its cells are less organized

respond as a unit.

It has tightly bound together by gap It has individual fiber with own nerve

junctions. ending.

It is autorythmic It is stimulated by nervous system

All its fiber contact in unison. Its fibers contract individually

Its small arteries and most hollow organs. Its large arteries, airways to the lungs, eye

muscles.
 4. Explain the steps of smooth muscle contraction and how the contraction differs
from skeletal contraction.

Smooth muscle contraction is the second type of muscle contraction. It is myogenic, the
same as cardiac muscle contraction, which is the third kind. Smooth muscle contraction occurs
when a hormone binds to a hormone receptor and activates the G protein mechanism or when the
plasma membrane becomes depolarized. Then, upon depolarization, a subunit opens the Ca2+
channel in the plasma membrane. Calcium ions diffuse into Ca2+ channels, where they interact
with calmodulin. A calmodulin containing Ca2+ attached to it interacts with and activates
myosin kinase. Myosin kinase activates the contractile process by binding phosphate from ATP
to myosin heads. Following that, a cycle of cross-bridge formation, movement, detachment, and
formation of cross-bridges ensue. Finally, relaxation occurs when myosin phosphate depletes
myosin of phosphate.

In contrast, skeletal muscle contraction happens as a result of calcium binding to troponin.

Calcium is obtained from intracellular calcium stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Additionally, calcium release is triggered during skeletal muscle contraction by the action
potentials generated by neurotransmitters.
 5. Describe the electrical and functional properties of smooth muscle.

Smooth muscle is found in hollow organ walls, passageway walls, and respiratory tracts. It is
a non-striated involuntary muscle. It is composed of thick and thin filaments that do not form
sarcomeres, resulting in a non-striated pattern. Smooth muscle fibers are spindle-shaped and
contain a single nucleus; they vary in length from around 30 to 200 μm and are responsible for
producing endomysium, the connective tissue. Despite their lack of striations and sarcomeres,
they contain actin and myosin. Actin and myosin act as the main proteins involved in muscle
contraction. Actin filaments are connected to dense bodies that are distributed throughout the
cell.

Smooth muscle's primary role is to help in digestion and the collecting of nutrients. It
exists throughout the urinary system, where it functions to help rid the body of toxins and works
in electrolyte balance and arteries and veins, where it plays a vital role in regulating blood
pressure and tissue oxygenation. Without these essential functions, the body would be unable to
perform even the most basic tasks.
 6. Explain how smooth muscle activities are regulated.

Two processes, which act indirectly and slowly through covalent protein modification,
govern smooth-muscle contraction. The first one involves phosphorylation of the myosin
regulatory light chain, whereas the second consists of caldesmon phosphorylation on actin
filaments. Both are reliant on the Ca2+-binding Ca2+-binding Ca2+-binding Ca2+-binding
Ca2+- The CM-dependent myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) is regulated by a cAMP-
dependent phosphorylation mechanism in smooth muscle alone. Thus, unlike in heart muscle,
medications that raise cAMP in smooth muscle may result in relaxation without decreasing
cytosolic free Ca2+.

Additionally, smooth muscle cell contraction in the intact body is primarily governed by
receptor and mechanical (stretch) activation of the contractile proteins myosin and actin.
Contraction may also be triggered by a change in membrane potential caused by the discharge of
action potentials or the activation of stretch-dependent ion channels in the plasma membrane.
 1. Describe the relationship between bones and skeletal muscle in producing body
movements.

The body’s bones, muscles, together with tendons, ligaments, cartilage, joints, and other
connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs work together to support your
body’s weight and give humans the ability to move.

They provide the body its shape, support, stability, and mobility. The muscles of the
muscular system not only hold the bones in place; they also contribute to the bone movement by
contracting and pulling on the bones, enabling motions such as standing, walking, running, and
gripping things. Joints link several bones together to allow for movement. Within these joints,
connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments connects bones and muscle fibers to muscle.
Cartilage keeps the bone ends from rubbing directly against one another—muscles contract to
move the joint-attached bone.
 2. Define lever and fulcrum, and compare the three types of levers based on
location of the fulcrum, effort, and load.

Levers are formed when muscles and bones work together. A lever is a rigid rod, often a
bone length, revolving around a pivot or fulcrum. A fulcrum is a rigid structure's fixed point,
weight, or resistance. Levers may be used to move a much larger force with a tiny force. Levers
may also be used to magnify movement; for example, while kicking a ball, modest leg muscle
contractions result in a significantly larger movement at the leg's end. There are three different
kinds of levers: first-class levers, second-class levers, and third-class levers.

The first-class lever is when the fulcrum is in the middle of the effort and the load. When
you raise your head to head a football, this sort of lever is located in your neck. The neck
muscles exert effort, the neck serves as a fulcrum, and the head's weight serves as the load.
While the second class lever is when the load is in the middle between the fulcrum and the effort.
This sort of lever is located at the ankle. When standing on tiptoe, the fulcrum is the ball of the
foot, the load is the body's weight, and the gastrocnemius muscle contraction generates the effort.
This second-class lever is used to propel the athlete forward for a jump or push against the
blocks during a sprint start. Finally, a third-class lever is one in which the effort is distributed
evenly between the fulcrum and the weight. The fulcrum of a biceps curl is the elbow joint, the
effort comes from the biceps contracting, and the resistance comes from the forearm's weight and
any additional weight it may be bearing.
 3. Identify the types of fascicle arrangements in a skeletal muscle, an relate
the arrangements to strength of contraction and range of motion.

Within a muscle, the skeletal muscle fibers are organized in bundles called fascicles. Within
a fascicle, all muscle fibers are parallel to one another, but, with relation to the tendons, they may
form one of five patterns: parallel, fusiform, circular, triangular, or pennate. They must strike a
balance between strength and range of motion. The arrangement of the fascicles is inversely
proportional to the force produced by a muscle and affects the muscle's range of motion. Skeletal
muscles may be categorized in a variety of ways based on their fascicle arrangement patterns.

Parallel muscles feature fascicles that run parallel to the muscle's long axis.
Specific parallel muscles, such as the sartorius, are flat sheets that extend to form broad
attachments.

Fusiform muscles feature fascicles that are roughly parallel to the muscle's longitudinal
axis; they terminate in flat tendons; and the muscle tapers toward the tendons, where the
diameter is smaller than the diameter of a stomach.

Circular muscles, also known as sphincters, are concentric bundles of muscular fibers that
expand and contract to close them.

Triangle muscles feature fascicles spread out across a large region and converge at a thick
central tendon, giving the muscle its triangular shape.

Pennate muscles fuse into a tendon that runs the length of the muscle through its central
part, like the quill of a feather with the muscle fascicles organized similarly to the feathers.

The fascicles of the unipennate muscle are positioned on one side of the tendon. The
forearm's extensor digitorum is an example of a unipennate muscle.
 A bipennate muscle, such as the rectus femur, contains fascicles arranged in the pattern of
a single feather on both sides of the tendon.

Fascicles of multipennate muscles attach to several tendons and taper to a single tendon,
much like multiple feathers converging on a central point.
 4. Explain how the prime mover, antagonist, synergist, and fixator in muscle
group work together to produce movement. Provide an example.

The nerve-muscle relationship begins when the nerve impulse reaches the motor neuron's
axon terminal and initiates the release of acetylcholine (ACh). Ach diffuses across the synaptic
cleft, binds to the motor and plate receptors, and activates a muscular action potential (AP).
Then, acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft degrades ACh, preventing the emergence of
another muscular action potential until more ACh is released from the motor neuron.

The muscular AP moving via transverse tubules activates calcium-release channels in the
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane, enabling calcium ions to fill the sarcoplasm. Ca2+ binds
to troponin on the thin filament, revealing myosin binding sites. Later contractions will occur.
And Ca2+ release channels in the SR shut, while Ca2+ active transport pumps utilize ATP to
restore the sarcoplasm's low Ca2+ level. Simultaneously, the troponin-tropomyosin complex
reverts to its original location blocking the myosin-binding site on actin. Finally, the muscle will
relax.
 5. Explain seven (7) features used in naming skeletal muscles.

Specific muscles have names that reflect their shape. The deltoid, for example, is a huge
triangular-shaped muscle that spans the shoulder. It is called after the Greek letter delta, which is
shaped like a triangle.

Often, the name of a skeletal muscle is determined by its anatomical location or association
to a specific bone. For instance, the frontalis muscle is placed on top of the skull's frontal bone.

For the buttocks, the names are determined by the muscle size: gluteus maximus (largest),
gluteus medius (medium), and gluteus minimus (smallest) (smallest). Another instance is the
pectoral muscles, which may be big or modest in size.

Muscles are defined by the direction of their muscle fibers and fascicles. For instance, the
abdominal muscles, such as the rectus (straight), the obliques (angled), and the transverse
(horizontal) muscles, all show the orientation of the fibers.

Some muscle names include an indication of the number of muscles in a group. One example
is the quadriceps, four muscles located on the anterior (front) thigh.

Other muscle names, such as biceps brachii, may give information about the number of
origins of a specific muscle. The prefix bi denotes a muscle with two origins, whereas tri denotes
a muscle with three origins.
 The last characteristic that distinguishes a muscle is the movement or action it
produces Flexors (which lower the angle at the joint), extensors (which raise the angle at the
joint), abductors (which pull the bone away from the midline), and adductors are a few examples
(move the bone toward the midline).
 6. Identify and describe the muscles into groups. Draw, color and label the
following muscles in the:
A. Head and neck

MUSCLES OF FACIAL
EPICRANIAL APONEUROSIS
EXPRESSION
OCCIPITOFRONTALIS
(FRONTAL BELLY)

TEMPORALIS FRONTAL BONE

CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII

ORBICULARIS OCULI
LEVATOR PALPEBRAE
LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS
SUPERIORIS
LACRIMAL GLAND

ZYGOMATIC BONE
ZYGOMATICUS
NASAL CARTILAGE
MINOR
MAXILLA
ZYGOMATICUS
MIJOR BUCCINATOR

RISORIUS MASSETER
ORBICULARIS ORIS
PLATYSMA
DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS
DEPRESSOR MANDIBLE
ANGULI ORIS
MENTALIS

OMOHYOID
THYROID CARTILAGE
(ADAM’S APPLE) STERNOHYOID

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

The facial expression muscles are found in the subcutaneous tissue originating from the
bone or fascia and are attached to the skin. Muscles contract to exert their actions on the skin.
They are the only muscle group that has an insertion into the skin.

These muscles all originate from the same embryonic arch - the 2nd pharyngeal arch.
They move away from the arch, bringing with them their nerve supply. As such, the facial nerve
innervates all face expressive muscles. The face muscles are classified into three basic
categories: orbital, nasal, and oral.
 B. Thorax and abdomen

MUSCLES OF THE THORAX THAT MOVE

THE PECTORAL GIRDLE

LEVATOR SCAPULAE
LEVATOR SCAPULAE

CLAVICLE FIRST RIB

TRAPEZIUS

SUBCLAVIUS
SCAPULA
ACROMION
OF SCAPULA
CORACOID PROCESS
OF SPULA

PICTORALIS
MINOR
STERNUM

HUMERUS

SEPRATUS SERRATUS
ANTERIOR ANTERIOR
EXTERNAL
INTERCOSTALS
RIBS
IONTERNAL
INTERCOSTALS RECTUS ABDOMINIS
(CUT)

The thorax contains the muscles responsible for positioning and stabilizing the pectoral
girdle. The muscle that moves the pectoral girdle must support the scapula, which serves as a
stable origin for the humeral muscles. Scapular motions reduce the humerus's range of motion.
Additionally, several humeral motions would be impossible without the assistance of scapular
movements.
 C. Upper limbs
MUSCLES OF THYGE FOREARM THA MOVE THE
WRIST, HAND, THUMB, AND FINGERS

BICEPS BRACHII

BRACHIALIS
MEDIAL EPICONDYTE OF HUMERUS
HUMERUS
LATERAL EPICONDYTE OF HUMERUS
TENDONS OF BICEPS BRACHII

BICIPITAL APONEUROSIS
PALMARIS LONGUS
SUPINATOR
FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS

FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS

EXTENSOR CARPI RADIAL
LONGUS FLEXOR DIGITORUM
FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS
SUPOERFICIALIS

FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS

PRONATOR QUADRATUS

TENDONS OF ABDUCTOR RADIUS

POILLICIS LONGUS

FLEXOR RETINACULUM

METACARPAL

TENDONS OF FELXOR
POILLICIS LONGUS

TENDONS OF FELXOR
DIGITORUM SUPERFICIAL

TENDONS OF FELXOR
DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS

These muscles are referred to as extrinsic muscles of the hand since they originate outside
and insert into the hand. These muscles are classified into anterior and posterior compartment
groups based on their location and function. And the tendons that continue into the hand are kept
tight to the bones by firm fascial bands called retinacula.
 D. Lower limbs

MUSCLE OF THE THIGHS

ILIAC CREST

GLUTEUS
MEDIUS (CUT)

GLUTEUS MEDIUS
GLUTEUS
SACRUM
MINIMUS
GLUTEUS PIRIFORMIS
MAXIMUS (CUT)
GREATER
TROCHANTER
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS COCCYX INFERIOR
GEMELLUS
OBTURATOR OBTURATOR
TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE INTERNUS EXTERNUS
QUADRATUS
ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY FEMORIS

GRACILIS SCIATIC NERVE GLUTEUS MAGNUS

(CUT)
FEMUR
ADDUCTOR
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
MAGNUS ILLIOTIBIAL TRACT GRACILIS

SEMITENDINOSUS

SEMITENDINOSUS

BICEPS FEMORIS
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS
VASTUS LATERALIS

LONG HEAD SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

SARTORIUS
SHORT HEAD VASTUS LATERALIS
SARTORIUS

FEMUR IN FLOOR OF
POPLITEAL FOSSA
PLANTARIS
TENDON OF BICEPS
GASTROCNEMIUS FEMORIS
GASTROCNEMIUS

The deep fascia compartmentalizes the muscles on the femur, tibia, and fibula. At the hip
joint, the femur is adducted by the thigh's medial (adductor) compartment. The thigh's anterior
(extensor) compartment stretches the leg (and flexes the thigh). The thigh's posterior (flexor)
compartment is responsible for leg flexion (and extends the thigh).
Multiple choice:

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which muscle naming criteria are used to name the quadriceps femoris?

a. muscle action and location

b. the origin and insertion

c. location and direction of muscle fibers

d. location and number of origins

2. By what name is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell known?

a. sarcoplasm

b. sarcomere

c. sarcoplasmic reticulum

d. sarcolemma

3. Of the events that lead to myofilaments sliding over each other, which

of the following happens first?

a. The myosin head engages with the binding site on actin

b. Troponin changes shape and pulls on tropomyosin

c. Calcium ions enter the cell cytoplasm

d. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate

4. Smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle because smooth muscle

a. is found in the walls of arteries

b. can be voluntarily contracted

c. has many nuclei in a cell

 d. has intercalated discs between cells

5. Which of the following muscles is named according to its origin and insertion?

a. transversus abdominus

b. semimembranosus

c. sternocleidomastoid

d. deltoid

6. During muscle cell contraction, what happens because of Ca ++

binding to troponin?

a. The binding site on actin is uncovered.

b. Acetylcholine (ACh) is released.

c. The cross-bridge disengages from the thin fi lament.

d. ATP hydrolyses to ADP.

7. Which of the following muscle cell structures is the longest?

a. A myofilament

b. A myofibril

c. A sarcomere

d. A troponin molecule
8. Which of the following is the smallest structure within a muscle fiber?

a. myosin

b. myofilament

c. myofibril

d. sarcomere
9. By which term is a muscle that opposes or reverses a particular

movement called?

a. agonist

b. synergist

c. antagonist

d. fixator

10. By what name is something that attaches a bone to another bone known?

a. aponeurosis

b. sarcomere

c. ligament

d. tendon

11. What information is contained in the muscle name ―biceps brachii‖?

a. the muscle location and the number of origins.

b. the number of origins and the muscle action.

c. the muscle size and location in the body.

d. the muscle’s shape and its action.

12. Which of the following muscles is a common intra-muscular injection site?

a. deltoid

b. gluteus maximus

c. vastus medialis

d. latissimus dorsi
13. What characteristic of a smooth muscle cell distinguishes it from

cardiac and from skeletal muscle?

a. being branched

b. being under involuntary control

c. lack of striations

d. being uninucleate

14. Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle?

a. excitability

b. autonomic innervation

c. contractility

d. extensibility

15. What is the gluteus maximus named for? Its

a. size.

b. shape.

c. action.

d. origin and insertion.