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Becker's World of the Cell, 8e (Hardin/Bertoni/Kleinsmith)
Chapter 10 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism: Aerobic Respiration
2) Which of the following is not one of the major transport systems of the inner mitochondrial
membrane?
A) sodium-potassium pump
B) dicarboxylate carriers
C) tricarboxylate carriers
D) pyruvate carrier cotransport
E) ATP-ADP carrier exchange
Answer: A
3) Which of the following structures serves the same purpose as the inner membrane and matrix
of the mitochondrion with regard to their roles in aerobic respiration?
A) ribosomes
B) cell membrane
C) cytoplasm
D) nuceloid
E) both choices B and C
Answer: E
1
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6) Which of the following processes is associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane?
A) phospholipid synthesis
B) metabolite transport
C) β-oxidation of fats
D) transcription
E) ATP synthesis
Answer: A
8) According to your text, in which of the following steps of the TCA cycle is NADH/FADH2
not produced?
A) TCA-2
B) TCA-3
C) TCA-4
D) TCA-6
E) TCA-8
Answer: A
9) During which of the following steps of the TCA cycle does substrate-level phosphorylation
take place?
A) TCA-2
B) TCA-3
C) TCA-4
D) TCA-5
E) TCA-6
Answer: D
10) Which of the following statements is not true of the TCA cycle?
A) Oxidation occurs at three steps in the TCA cycle.
B) Decarboxylation occurs at two steps in the TCA cycle.
C) ATP/GTP is generated at one point by substrate-level phosphorylation.
D) Acetate enters the TCA cycle and joins a four-carbon acceptor molecule to form citrate.
E) FAD is an electron acceptor in the cycle.
Answer: A
2
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11) Which of the following is not a product of the TCA cycle?
A) CO2
B) ATP
C) NADH
D) acetyl CoA
E) FADH2
Answer: D
12) NADH concentrations serve to regulate oxidative decarboxylation and the TCA cycle.
Which of the following enzymes is not regulated by NADH?
A) pyruvate dehydrogenase
B) isocitrate dehydrogenase
C) α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
D) malate dehydrogenase
E) succinate dehydrogenase
Answer: E
13) Which molecule is incorrectly matched with the number of carbon atoms it possesses?
A) citrate-6
B) α-ketoglutarate-5
C) acetyl CoA-2
D) malate-5
E) isocitrate-6
Answer: D
14) Because the TCA cycle is associated with degradation and synthesis, the pathway is said to
be
A) anabolic.
B) amphibolic.
C) catabolic.
D) bipolar.
E) amphipathic.
Answer: B
15) β-oxidation
A) is the second step in the oxidation of glucose.
B) is a process used to oxidize fatty acids.
C) occurs in the cytoplasm.
D) is a process used to digest some polysaccharides.
E) both choices B and C
Answer: B
3
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
16) If a eukaryotic organism does not depend on fatty acids as an energy source, one would
expect to find β-oxidation activity associated with which of the following organelles?
A) cytoplasm
B) mitochondrion
C) peroxisome
D) ribosome
E) cell membrane
Answer: C
17) The sequential process of fatty acid catabolism to acetyl CoA is called
A) hydrogenation.
B) oxidative phosphorylation.
C) β-oxidation.
D) the glyoxylate cycle.
E) the Cori cycle.
Answer: C
18) Each of the following is a step in the degradation of fatty acids except
A) hydration
B) reoxidation
C) thiolysis
D) acylation
E) oxidation
Answer: D
19) When utilizing fats as an energy source, the glycerol portion enters the ________ when it has
been converted to ________.
A) TCA cycle; pyruvate
B) glycolysis; fructose-6-phosphate
C) TCA cycle; acetyl CoA
D) electron transport system; CoQ
E) glycolysis; dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Answer: E
20) Of the following enzymes associated with the TCA cycle, which of the following enzymes is
not under allosteric regulation?
A) isocitrate dehydrogenase
B) α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
C) malate dehydrogenase
D) fumarate hydratase
E) pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Answer: D
4
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21) The TCA cycle and glyoxylate cycle are similar in many respects. Which of the following
statements accurately describes these cycles?
A) Both cycles are catabolic in function.
B) The glyoxylate cycle has only a single decarboxylating reaction.
C) In the glyoxylate cycle, two acetyl CoA molecules are used to generate succinate.
D) The glyoxylate cycle is used by some organisms to synthesize proteins.
E) The TCA and glyoxylate cycles both occur in the mitochondrion.
Answer: C
22) In electron transport, which respiratory complex is not involved in the flow of electrons from
NADH?
A) complex I
B) complex II
C) complex III
D) complex IV
E) all of the above
Answer: B
23) In electron transport, which respiratory complex is not involved in the flow of electrons from
FADH2?
A) complex I
B) complex II
C) complex III
D) complex IV
E) all of the above
Answer: A
24) Which of the following molecules is not a carrier of electrons in the electron transport system
(ETS)?
A) flavoproteins
B) copper-nickel compounds
C) cytochromes
D) iron-sulfur proteins
E) coenzyme Q
Answer: B
25) Which of the numbered respiratory complexes is not correctly paired with its name?
A) complex I: NADH dehydrogenase complex
B) complex II: succinate-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase complex
C) complex III: coenzyme Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex
D) complex IV: cytochrome c reductase complex
E) none of the above
Answer: D
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26) Of the following sequences, which shows the correct molecules through which electrons
flow when delivered to the electron transport system by NADH?
A) complex I, cytochrome c, complex III, coenzyme Q, complex IV, oxygen
B) complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, complex IV, oxygen
C) complex I, coenzyme Q, complex IV, cytochrome c, oxygen
D) complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome c, complex IV, oxygen
E) complex II, coenzyme Q, complex III, complex IV, oxygen
Answer: D
27) Of the carrier molecules in the electron transport chain, which has heme as part of its
prosthetic group?
A) flavoproteins
B) iron-sulfur proteins
C) cytochromes
D) copper-containing cytochromes
E) coenzyme Q
Answer: C
28) The chemiosmotic model of ATP synthesis is based on several lines of experimental
evidence. Which of the following statements is not correct experimental evidence to support the
chemiosmotic model?
A) Artificial proton gradients established by addition of acid can drive ATP synthesis in the
absence of electron transport.
B) Oxidative phosphorylation does not require a membrane-enclosed compartment.
C) Electron transport causes protons to be pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix.
D) The proton gradient established by electron transport has enough energy to drive ATP
synthesis.
E) Uncoupling agents abolish both the proton gradient and ATP synthesis.
Answer: B
30) Of the following electron carriers of the electron transport system, which transfers protons in
addition to electrons?
A) cytochrome a
B) cytochrome b
C) coenzyme Q
D) iron-sulfur proteins
E) iron-copper proteins
Answer: C
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31) Which of the following would not be used as a final electron acceptor in anaerobic
respiration?
A) oxygen
B) sulfur
C) protons
D) iron
E) nitrogen
Answer: A
34) Multiple protein complexes associated with the cellular respiration are known as
A) Q cycles.
B) chemiosmotic coupling complexes.
C) Fe-S centers.
D) respirasomes.
E) synthesomes.
Answer: D
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36) Crista junctions
A) are large pores.
B) are associated with the movement of materials from the cytosol into the mitochondrion.
C) contain the mitochondrial DNA.
D) are associated with the thylakoid membrane system.
E) limit the movement of products between the intracristae and intermembrane spaces.
Answer: E
37) The form of fatty acid that is transported into the mitochondrion is
A) sulfated fatty acid
B) fatty acyl CoA
C) decarboxylated fatty acid residues.
D) triacylglycerols.
E) phospholipids.
Answer: B
39) Proton gradients are generated by all of the following complexes except
A) complex I.
B) complex II.
C) complex III.
D) complex IV.
E) coenzyme Q.
Answer: B
40) In brown fat, ________ present in the inner mitochondrial membrane uncouples ATP
synthesis from electron transport in infants and other newborn mammals.
A) thermogenin
B) fluorocitrate
C) coenzyme A
D) submitochondrial particles
E) respirasomes
Answer: A
8
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Matching Questions
Match the plant process or characteristic with the location in which it occurs in the cell.
1) glycolysis
2) TCA cycle
3) phospholipid synthesis
4) nucleotide phosphorylation
5) electron transport
Answers: 1) E 2) C 3) I 4) F 5) A
A) NADH
B) oxygen
C) succinate
D) cytochrome c
E) Fe-S center
F) ADP
G) coenzyme Q
H) ATP
6) complex I
7) complex II
8) complex III
9) complex IV
Answers: 6) A 7) C 8) G 9) D
9
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Match the reactant in the TCA cycle on the left with the appropriate enzyme on the right.
A) fumarate dehydrogenase
B) malatase
C) succinyl CoA synthetase
D) malate dehydrogenase
E) citrate synthase
F) fumarate hydratase
G) succinate dehydrogenase
H) aconitase
10) oxaloacetate
11) malate
12) citrate
13) fumarate
14) succinyl CoA
1) The ________ (TCA) cycle is also known as the ________ cycle after the individual whose
laboratory elucidated the sequence in the 1930s.
Answer: tricarboxylic acid; Krebs
3) The reduction of NAD+ to NADH (and H+) occurs both in the ________ and in the ________
of the ________.
Answer: cytoplasm; matrix; mitochondria
4) Pyruvate passes freely across some intracellular membranes. The membranes of the ________
must be crossed by pyruvate prior to its oxidation during respiration.
Answer: mitochondria
5) Protruding from the inner membrane of the mitochondria into the matrix are knoblike spheres
called ________ complexes, which are attached by a short protein stalk to a(n) ________
complex. Together these complexes are referred to as the ________ complex.
Answer: F1; Fo; FoF1 (or F1Fo)
10
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7) ________ (FAD) is a molecule similar to NAD+ in function, but it is a lower-energy
coenzyme.
Answer: Flavin adenine dinucleotide
8) NAD+ contains the B vitamin ________ as part of its structure, whereas FAD contains
another B vitamin, ________, as part of its structure.
Answer: niacin; riboflavin
9) The outer membrane of the mitochondrion is not a significant permeability barrier because it
contains transmembrane proteins called ________.
Answer: porins
10) ATP synthesis that involves phosphorylation events linked to oxygen-dependent electron
transport is called ________.
Answer: oxidative phosphorylation
11) While electron transport is occurring, the development of a(n) ________ is established by the
directional pumping of protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
Answer: electrochemical proton gradient
12) In the case of the Fo complex, the "o" refers to the antibiotic ________, to which the
structure is sensitive.
Answer: oligomycin
13) The site of DNA replication is localized to the ________ within the mitochondrion.
Answer: matrix
11
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Inquiry
1) The synthesis of ATP as a result of the electron transport system is dependent on the delivery
of electrons and hydrogen ions by NADH and FADH2 to the inner membrane of the
mitochondria in eukaryotic cells or the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells. For each of the
situations below, give the maximum number of ATP generated.
2) The maximum yield of ATP per molecule of glucose in eukaryotic cells is 36 or 38 ATP. In
prokaryotic cells, the maximum yield is 38 ATP.
a. From what you know about prokaryotes and eukaryotes, suggest why there is a difference in
maximum ATP production.
b. The yield of ATP varies in eukaryotes from 36 to 38 ATP. Why is there a variation?
c. Why is ATP yield clarified with "maximum"?
Answer:
a. Prokaryotes do not have inner membranes. In eukaryotes, the NADH produced in the
cytoplasm by glycolysis must be transported into the mitochondrion. The transport of the
electrons may be active and require energy. The result is a loss of 2 ATP.
b. NADH does not have a carrier protein in the mitochondrial membrane. The movement of the
electrons and protons through the membrane will require a shuttle. This shuttle may be an active
or passive process. The concentration of cytoplasmic NADH may be higher or lower than
mitochondrial NADH concentrations. If the NADH concentration is higher in the cytoplasm, a
molecule of NADH will be generated in the mitochondria as electrons and protons are shuttled.
If the NADH concentration is lower in the cytoplasm, a molecule of FADH2 will be generated.
This difference may decrease the yield by 2 ATP per glucose (since 2 NADH are generated from
glycolysis).
c. Energy may be used for other purposes. The energy of the proton gradient may be used to
transport ions, substrates, intermediates, and metabolites across the membrane. The movement of
phosphate ions for ATP synthesis involves the outward flow of hydroxyl ions, which neutralize
the proton gradient.
12
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3) Explain how fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm and ultimately transported into the
mitochondrion to be oxidized. Why would the use of carnitine be an advantage for this process?
Answer: Fatty acids are activated by adding CoA to the molecule, which also requires the
hydrolysis of a molecule of ATP (mediated by fatty acyl-CoA ligase (also called acyl-CoA
synthetase or thiokinase). For entry into the mitochondrion, the CoA is exchanged for carnatine
by carnatine transferase I. The fatty acyl-carnitine intermediate is then transported inside the
membrane of the mitochondrion, where the reverse reaction takes place using an exchange by
carnitine palmitoyl transferase II. The fatty acyl-CoA is now available for oxidation.
Carnitine helps compartmentalize fatty acid oxidation by keeping unrelated CoA esters from
entering the mitochondrion.
4) Thermogenin and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) are both uncoupling agents. Thermogenin is found
in newborn animals and some adult mammals. DNP was marketed in the 1930s as a diet pill.
However, DNP treatment not only resulted in weight loss but also death of the patient. Based on
this information, how do uncouplers disrupt electron transport/chemiosmosis? Why do
thermogenin and DNP result in such different outcomes when both work via a similar
mechanism?
Answer: Uncoupling agents disrupt the ability to maintain an intact gradient by making the
mitochondrial membrane porous. As a result, uncoupling is irreversible and cannot be bypassed.
Thermogenin allows for fast substrate oxidation with low ATP generation with high heat
release particularly useful for infants or mammals that hibernate. This occurs exclusively in
brown fat and is inhibited by ADP and GDP. One the other hand, DNP has no regulatory
mechanism within cells, so it would occur in all cells rather than just a select few.
5) Calculate the standard free energy change (ΔG°) associated with the transfer of electrons from
NADH and O2 using the following equation:
O2 + 2 NADH + 2H+ = 2 H20 + 2 NAD+
The half equations are : O2 + 4H + 4e- → 2H2O, E0’ = 0.82V; NAD + H + 2e- → NADH, E0’
= -0.32V
Answer: ΔG° = -nFΔE0’; which equals -105 kcal/mo
13
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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Aivan äkkiä juolahti Viktorinen mieleen ajatus, joka tuotti hänelle
niin paljon huvia, että hän heti heitti kaulakoristeen, jonka hän
monta kertaa oli pannut kiinni ja taas ottanut pois.
»Minä voin mennä sisälle ja sanoa hänelle mitä kello on. Eihän hän
suinkaan saata pahastua siitä?» lisäsi hän epäröiden ja punastuen,
jota hän ei kuitenkaan itse huomannut.
Hän luuli kai, että sitä mitä hän nyt aikoi, ei voitu pitää
sopimattomana; hänen äitinsähän meni usein isän luo, mutta
tämähän sanoikin usein: »Rakas Helena, saanko puhua kanssasi!»
Wilhelm ei ollut sentään lausunut puoltakaan toivomusta puhua
Viktorinen kanssa huoneessaan. Siksi…
»Pelästyitkö?»
»Minulla oli niin ikävä», sanoi hän, »enkä tietänyt mitä tekisin
iltaan saakka, ja siksi panin nämä kaikki päälleni».
»Kiitos.»
Hän alkoi ottaa pois koristeen toisensa perään. »Mitä tarkoitit
kiittämisellä?» kysyi Wilhelm, joka, nojaten käsivarttaan
sohvatyynyyn, seurasi vaimonsa nopeita liikkeitä.
»Vai niin, senkö takia minä olen mennyt naimisiin. Entäs sinä
sitten?» kysyi Viktorine epäröiden.
»Ei maksa vaivaa puhua tästä asiasta. Sano minulle mieluummin
eikö sinulla ole halua mihinkään muuhun kuin illallisiin ja
teattereihin?»
»Ooh…»
*****
KIRJEVAIHTOA.
»Tee minulle se ilo, paras Gustaf, ettet vaivaa minua niin pitkillä
kirjeillä!
Luuletko sinä voivasi parantaa taudin, jota olen potenut aina siitä
saakka kun tulin tähän maailmaan — kuitenkin oli pieni aika, jota
en ota lukuun.
Ystäväsi
Wilhelm.»
*****
Luulen kuitenkin, että hän pitää minusta, sillä hän antoi minulle
melkein tuhat kruunua yhdellä kertaa talousrahoiksi.
Hän saa kai äärettömän paljon rahaa isältään; mutta nyt minä
olen pulassa, sillä äiti tarvitsi lainaksi vähän kaikessa hiljaisuudessa,
ja keittäjä sanoo, että meidän taloutemme ylläpitämiseksi tarvitaan
kauhean paljon rahaa.
Äiti sanoo minulle aina, että minun pitää laulaa ja olla iloinen.
Mutta Wilhelm sanoi kerran, että laulan huonosti suuria aarioita, ja
kun eräänä toisena päivänä koetin olla hyvin iloinen, täytyi minun
lopulta itkeä, sillä Wilhelm haukotteli… hänellä on sangen ikävä
tapa haukotella. Hyvästi, ystävä kulta: Ajattele joskus uskollista
ystävääsi
Viktorinea.
KIRJEVAIHTOA VIELÄKIN.
Sano tuolle kunnon miehelle, että sinä nyt itse haluat hoitaa
raha-asiasi. Ja kun se tapahtuu, niin paina tarkkaan mieleesi
kehoitukseni menetellä aina viisaasti ja harkitsevasti.
Lorentz Rainerilta.
J.K. Äitisi kirjoittaa erikseen. Hän on melkein mieletön surusta
sen tähden, että meidän syksyllä täytyy muuttaa Tidanäsistä, mikä
toistaiseksi luonnollisesti on syvin salaisuus.»
*****
»Kiltti Viktorineni!
Mutta, rakas Viktorineni, tästä lähtien saat olla niin kiltti, ettet
vaivaa minua, sillä tänä talvena olen vähän huolissani mitä tulee
raha-asioihin.
Clas H.
VI.
YLLÄTYS.
Nykyään puhui hän niin harvoin, että teki mieli luulla häntä
mykäksi. Hän ei myöskään pukeutunut enää niin tuhlaavan komeasti,
kuin oli tottunut.
*****
»Jatka sinä!»
»Herra W:ltä.»
»Huonekalukauppias.”
»Huonekalukauppias?»
»Niin!»
»Poika sanoo, että hänen piti tulla tänne.» Vielä kerran katsoi
Wilhelm papereita ja näki oman nimensä ylimmäisenä.
Mutta tämä kirje sisälsi varmasti jotain merkillistä, sillä hän oli
tuskin silmännyt sen läpi, ennenkuin hän, pudottaen sen pöydälle,
heitti niin suuttuneen katseen vaimoonsa, että tämä sen sijaan oli
vähällä kaataa kahvikuppinsa pelästyksissään.
»Paras vävyni!
Heloise H.
Niin pian kun hän oli lopettanut lukemisen, nousi hän tavattoman
kiivaasti, soitti ja pyysi hattuaan ja turkkiaan.
»Niin tietysti! Minun täytyy mennä äidin luo — näethän, että hän
kärsii. Hän tulee ehkä aivan köyhäksi.»
»Entäs me sitten!»
»Mekö?»
»Mitä tarkoitat?»
»Kun?»
»Kumman on syy?»
»Ah!»
Mies suorastaan häpesi, että oli mennyt niin pitkälle, että hänen
vaimonsa tarvitsi puolustaa itseään häntä vastaan — joka oli vaimon
luonnollinen puolustaja — ja hän tuli liikutetuksi siitä todistuksesta
minkä vaimo samalla antoi hänelle tunteestaan.
»Oi, jätä se siksi kun tulen takaisin!» kuiskasi nuori vaimo vienosti
ja pyytäen.
*****
Ei, Wilhelm Reinerissä ei vielä ollut niin paljon voimaa, että hän voi
suuttua.
*****
Mutta seuratkaamme nyt Viktorinea hänen tuskaisella matkallaan
äitinsä luo.
»Pahempaa?»
»En, hän sanoi, että se olisi parasta ja oikeimmin, sillä meillä ei ole
yhtään mitään, millä elämme.»
»Onko ihminen mieletön — entä hänen isänsä suuret rikkaudet:
Tidanäs, puolen miljoonan arvoinen maatila…»
»Minä en ymmärrä kuinka asian laita on, äiti, mutta mielestäni hän
sanoi, että hänen isänsä asiat eivät ole paremmat kuin isänkään ja
että meidät molemmat oli uhrattu.»
»Jos voisin luulla, että meitä olisi narrattu niin halpamaisesti, jos
voisin luulla jotain niin inhottavaa, niin…»
»Äiti kulta, älä ole tuon näköinen — minä pelkään niin kauheasti…
Wilhelm sanoi myöskin, ettemme voi moittia toisiamme
kummaltakaan, puolen.»
»Vai niin, hän sanoi niin, tuo alhainen olento tuo laiskuri, tuo
heittiö, joka on mennyt naimisiin sinun kanssasi rahojen tähden ja
nyt tahtoo lähettää sinut kotiin, kun hän huomaa pettyneensä… Oi,
minä tahtoisin, minä tahtoisin…»
»Hyvä äiti, älä toki ole niin vihainen — minä en suinkaan jätä
häntä.»