e know that torque depends upon applied force &

from perpendicular the axis of rotation as

T = r x F (1)
 CONCEPTUAL QUEST
IONS

I-JESTION # n the rectangular component of the vector be greater than vector

itself?

ANSWER: No,
it is than the
vector not possible. The rectangular component may be equal OR less
components
Fx & itselfthe & cannot be greater than vector p Consider the rectangular
maximum Fy which is given by Fx=FCos0 & Fy=FSin0. Now we know that of
value omp Cos0 & Sino is (1,1) which means that the rectangular be greater
nents cannot than vector itself.
U I N #02: Explain why door handles are not put near the hinges?
 Equation (1) shows that if we decrease moment arm "r" then greater force will
be required to open the door but if we increase the value of moment arm "r"
then less force will be required. That's why the door handles are not put near the
hinges to open the door easily with less force.
 75

TION #03: Can a small force ever exert a greater torque than a larger
forge?
QUES
Explain.

ANSWER: We know that torque depends upon applied force & perpendicular
distance from the axis of rotation as
(1)

Equation (1) shows that if we increase moment arm "r" then less force can produce
greater torque than a larger force/Consider a force of 5N & moment arm of 2m
then the required torque will be equal to T = 10 N.m.
But if we decrease force to 2N & increase moment arm to 6m then the required
torque will be of T = 12 N.m.
So it is possible that smaller force can exert greater torque than larger force.

QUESTION #04: Why it is better to use longer spanner rather than a short
one to loosen a rusty nut?
ANSWER: We know that torque depends upon applied force & perpendicular
distance from the axis of rotation as
T = r x F (1)
Equation (1) shows that greater torque will produce if the moment arm r IS greater.
That's why it is better to use longer spanner (which has larger moment arm "r")
rather than a shorter one (which has Fmaller moment arm "r") to produce greater
torque with less force to loosen rusty nut easily.
QUESTION #05: The gravitational force acting on a satellite is always
directed towards the Centre of the earth. Does this force exert any torque
on a satellite?
ANSWER: The gravitational force on a satellité is always directed towards the
Centre Of the earth & acting on the Centre of the satellite i.e. on the axis of
rotation. For which the moment arm is equal to •zero r=0.

We know that torque depends upon apolied force & perpendicular distance
from the
axis of rotation as
T = r >< F (1 )
T = OXF (2)
 76

T = ON. m (3) so this

force does not exert any torque on the satellite.
QUESTION #06: Can we have situations in which an object is not in
equilibrium, even though the net force cn it is zero? Give two examples.
ANSWER: Yes, we have situations in, which an object will not in equilibrium even
though the force acting on it will be zero.

Example 01: when we open the cap of the bottle, we apply couple i.e. same force
in opposite direction which have zero resultant force but the cap does not remain
in equilibrium.

Example 02: when we switch on the fan, the coil of a fan apply couple i.e. same
force in opposite direction which have zero resultant force but the fan does not
remain in equilibrium for the first few seconds.

QUESTION #07: Why do tightrope walkers carry a long, narrow rod?

ANSWERS: When the tightrope wallsers move on the rope, their Centre of
gravity remains just above the rope exactly and hence they move smoothly but
there is a chance that their bodies can lean towards right OR left which will
produce clockwise OR anti clockwise torque in their bodies ånd they will fall
down. To prevent this dangerous situation, they carry long rod with them to
balance their body's clockwise & anti clockwise torque which will save them
from falling.

QUESTION #08: Why does wearingfhigh-heeled shoes sometimes cause lower

back pain?

ANSWER: High-heeled shoes push the body in forward direction. It means that
center of gravity is pushed forward. Now to main balanced condition, the body
try to oppose the forward push of center of gravity. In doing so his back muscles
become tense and he feels back pain.

QUESTION #09: Why is it more difficult to lean back?

ANSWER: The center of gravity of foot is half way along the foot from head to
toe. When we keep the foot on ground, it is almost in contact. If we lean
backward it is not possible to exert a backward force on the foot and hence
we will lose our balance and will fall.

QUESTION #10: Can a single force åpplied to a body change both its
translational and rotQtional motion? Explain.
 77

ANSWER: Yes, a single force epplied to a body can change both its
translational and rotational motion. When a force is applied to the center of
mass of the body, it will change the translational motion of a body. While
when the same force applies at an
1,

other point of the body, then it will change the rotational motion of the body as
shown.

QUESTION #11: Two Forces produce the Same torque. Does it follow that they
have the same magnitude? Explain. Describe the path of the brick after you
suddenly let go the rope.
ANSWER: If the two Forces produce the same torque, it does not follow that they
have the same magnitude. Because torque depends on both force and moment arm.
Consider two forces Fl = 2 N & F2 = 3 N & their moment arms are rl = 3 m & 2 m
respectively. According to equation T = r x F, both the forces will produce.same torque
of 6 N.m but they are not same in magnitude.
If we suddenly let go the rope, then the brick will
follow tangential path to the circle in which it was
circulating.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

QUESTION #01: To open a door a force of 15 N is applied at 300 to the

horizontal, Find the horizontal and vertical components of the force.
 GIVEN DATA: 78
Force Applied 15
N
Direction of Force 9 =30

ANSWER:
REQUIRED DATA:
Horizontal component
Vertical component
 ANSWER: The gravitational force is extremely weak that's why we are not
gravitating towards buildings. In addition, once you are near to a building, the
gravitational forces from different parts of building point in different directions,
which partially.
cancelling out the force.

QUESTION #02: Does the Sun exert a larger force on the earth than that
exerted on the Sun by the Earth? Explain.
ANSWER: The Sun exert force on the Earth is the action while as a result the Earth
will also exert force on the Sun, which is called reaction. Now wé know by
Newton's
3rd law that the action and reaction always are equal but opposite in direction. So
Sun does not exert larger force on the earth than that exerted on the Sun by the
Earth.

UESTION #03: What is the importance of gravitational constant 'G'? why is it

difficult to calculate?
Q

ANSWER: Gravitational constant 'G' has many importances. All the grahtionai
theories depend on it. Without gravitational.constant 'G' we cannot measure
force between two objects. it is difficult to calculate 'G' because if we know the
masses of two Objects and distance between their centers, the gravitational force
Fg is still very Weak that we cannot measure it correctly and that's why cannot
calculate 'G' easily, QUESTION #04: If Earth somehow expanded to a larger radius,
with no change in mass, how would your weight be affected? How would it be
affected if instead shrunk?

ANSWER: As we know that the gravity changes with altitude given below'
2
According to given condition, if the mass of Earth is double while radius of Earth
remains same, then (1) becomes as
2ME
 g' 2 (2) g' (3) 2g (4)
93

QUESTION #08: Moon is

attracted by Earth, why it does not fall on Earth?
ANSWER: The truth is that, the moon is constantly trying to fall upon the earth,
due to the force of gravity but it is constantly missing, due to its tangential
velocity.
That's why moon is attracted by Earth but does not fall on
earth.

Moon
Tangential Velocity V

QUESTION #09: Why for same height larger and smaller satellites must have
same orbital speed?
ANSWER: As we know that by orbital speed of satellite as,

OR (1) . = grE2

Equation (1) shows that the orbital speed of satellite does not depends on mass of
the satellite but on a height 'r' of the satellite from Earth surface. That's why for
same height larger and smaller satellites must have same orbital speed.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

QUESTION #01: Pluto's moon Charon is unusually large considering Pluto's

size, giving them character of a double planet. Their masses are 1.25 x 1022
kg and 1.9 x 1021 kg, and their average distance from one another is 1.96 x
104 km. what is the gravitational force between them?

ANSWER:
GIVEN DATA: = 1.25 X 1022 kg
Mass of Pluto
rn2 1.9 x 1021 kg
Mass of Charon
 105

QUESTION #01: Can a centripetal force ever do work on anpbject? Exp(ain.

ANSWER: No, the centripetal force does not work on an object. It is
because the centripetal force is always perpgffdicular_to-the displacemen_9
covered OR to the direction of motion i.e. the angle between centripetal
force and displacement is 90 0 .
W = FSCos90

cos90 = o

QUESTION #02: What happens to the kinetic energy of a bullet when it

penetrates a sand bag?
ANSWER: When the bullet hits the sand bag, its kinetic energy is used in doing
work done against force of friction in sand bag before coming to rest. Moreover,
some kinetic energy of a bullet is also converted into heat energy.
QUESTION #03: A meteor enters into earth's atmosphere and burns. What
happen to its kinetic energy?
 106
ANSWER: The meteor enters into earth's atmosphere with very high velocity. it
burns due to the friction force of the air on it. As a resuit, the kinetic energy of
the meteor is converted into heat energy as well as into light energy in outet
atmosphere.
QUESTION #04: Two buiiets are fired at the same time with same kinetic
energy. If one bullet has tv,.'ice the mass of other, which has the greater speed
and by what factor? Which can do the most work?
ANSWER: As we know that kinetic energy is given by Ek = mv2, for first & second
1 1
bullet the kinetic energies will be given as Eki - - - mlV12 and Ek2 = - iT12V2 ,
2 2

Now according to given condition both bullets have same kinetic energy then,
Ekl El<2.

1 2 1 2
— mlvl = — m2\/2 (1)
2 2

In equation (1) we can put nu = 2m1, because one bullet has double mass than other•
- mlV12 = — 2m1\./2" (2)
2 2

4- 2 2

2 2 (3)

V12 = 2 V22 (4)

(5)

Equation (5) shows that bullet 1st Will move faster than bullet 2nd by the factor NO.

Now as both the bullets have same kinetic energies, so both bullets will have
done same amount of work.
 107
QUESTION #05: Can an object have different amounts of gravitational
potential energy ifit remains at the same elevation?
ANSWER: No, an object cannot have different amounts of gravitational potential
energy if it remains at the same elevation because the gravitational potential
energy is given by, EG.p. E = mgh (1)
Which means that if object håve same elevation i.e. height it will
have same gravitatiqnal potential energy.

ANSWER: Roads leading to the top of a mountain wind back and forth because by
doing so,

i. The slipping possibility is reduced.

ii. Work done against force of gravity is reduced. iii. Less
power is •consumed by engine of a car. iv. Angle of inclination
remain smaller.

ANSWER: As we know that kinetic energy is given by,

Ek = - mv2 (1)

Doubling Mass: By doubling the mass we replace "m" by "2m", so kinetic

energy Wi Ek' = -- 2mv (2) become 2

Ek' = 2 (2 mv2) (3)

(4)

Doubling Velocity: By doubling the

velocity we replace "v" by '12\/', so

kinetic energy will become as

Ek' = - m4v2 (6)

Ek' =4
Ek' = 4 mv2) (7)
E
(8)
 108
Note: Equation (4) & (8) shows that doubling the velocity has greater effect on
kinetic energy than doubling the mass.
 109
QUESTION #08: If the speed of a particle triples, by what factor does its
kinetic energy increase?
 110
ANSWER: As we know that kinetic energy is given by,
Ek = -- mv2 (1)

By tripling the velocity, we replace "v" by "3v", so kinetic energy will become as

(2)

Ek' = m9v2

Ek' = 9 mvzy (4)

(5)

Equation (5) shows that the kinetic energy will increase 9-times.

QUESTION #09: The motor of a crane uses power P to lift a steei beam. By what
factor must the motor's power increase to"lift the beam twice as high in half the
time?
ANSWER: As we know that the power is given by,
(1)
t
OR (2)

Now according to given condition, if the beam is lift twice in half second then we
can replace "h" by "2h" and "t" by "-t" in equation (2), 'uve get
e
rng (2 h)
1 (3)
2
(4)

(5)

Equation (5) shows that the power will increase 4-times.

WRITTEN & COMPOSED BY

MR FARMAN ULLAH KHAN MARWAT

M.sc PHYSICS (B. ED)

THE WISDOM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY HANGU

 111
QUESTION #01: Determine the work done in each of the following cases (a) a
soccer ball forward with a force of 40 N over a distance of 15 cm. (b) lifting a 50
kg barbell straight up lu95 m.

ANSWER:
GIVEN DATA:
Force Applied F = 40 N
Displacement Covered 15 cm = 0.15 m
Mass of barbell m = 50 kg
Height h = 1.95 m
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 ms 2
REQUIRED DATA:
Work done in elSt case WI
Work done in 2 nd case

SOLUTION: As we know that work done in 1st case is given by,

OR WI = 40 X 0.15

Now the work done in 2nd case is given by,

W2 = mgh
ORW2 = 50 x 9.8 x 1.95
OR W2 = 955.5 J
 123

Strain OR train =
0.03
Young Modulus Stress
straln
OR Young Modulus = 9000
0.03

Young Modulus = N.rn:2

oung Modulus z: 3.0 x 105 N.rn-2
A$IGNMENT #7.5: An elastic wire of length 2 m and cross-sectional area 0.02 rn2 is
stretched 0.10 m by a 300 N weight. Calculate the young modulus of the material.
ANSWER:
GIVEN DATA:
Length L = 2 m Area A = 0.02 m 2
Extension x = 0.10 m
Weight F = 300 N REQUIRED DATA:
Young Modulus
SOLUTION: As we know that the Young Modulus is given by
Youhg Modulus =A x x
300 x 2
OR Young Modulus =
0.02 x 0.10
OR Young Modulus = N.m -2
oung Modulus = 3.0 x 105 N.m2

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

QUESTION #01: If you climbed a mountain carrying a mercury barometer,

would the level of mercury column in the glass tube of the barometer
decrease or increase as you climb the mountain? Explain.
ANSWER•The level of mercury barometer depends on atmospheric pressure
i.e. greater the atmospheric pressure, higher will be the level Of mercury in
the column and Vice versa. Now as we know that atmospheric pressure
decreases aé we go to the top of the mountain, so the level of mercury in
column will also decreases•
124

UESTION #02: Walnuts can be broken in the hand by squeezing two together
but not one. Why?

ANSWER: When one walnut is takén in hand the area of contact with hand is
greater and hence pressure is decreases but when two walnuts are taken in
hand then area of contact decreases and hence pressure increases due to which
walnuts break.

I QUESTION #03: Why is the cutting edges of the knife made very thin?
ANSWER: The cutting edges of the knife are made thin to decrease area and
hence pressure for the knife will increases. When the pressure increases its force
for cutting things also increases and hence they cut things easily.

ANSWER: The velocity gained by the water falling under the action of gravity
depends upon the height. Therefore, the water tanks are constructed at the
highest level in our houses, so that the water flows faster to washroom etc.

ANSWER: The upthrust acting on the needle is less than the weight of the needle.
While the upthrust acting on the ship is greater than the weight of the ship.
Therefore, a small needle sinks in water but a huge ship floats.

QUESTjÖN #06: Explain how and why camels have a dapted to allow them to
more easily in desert conditions? walk

ANSWER: The camel is called ship of the desert. It has a hump for storing foo d and
long powerful legs to carry load for long distances in the desert. It can move faster
 sand due to its large surface area of its toe which exert less pressure on sand and
do

not sink in sand.

QUESTION #07: Youwould have probably experienced your ears 'popping' while
driving in Why ears pop?
mountains.
ANSWER: In plane areas, the pressure inside the ear and
outside the ear remain the same and we feel relax but as we go up in
mountains the pressure inside the ears remains the same but outside ear
pressure decreases. Due to this pressure differehce our ears start popping.
QUESTION #08: It you filled an airtight balloon at the top of a
mountain, would balloon expand or contract as you descend the
mountain? Ex lain.
As we know that the pressure decreases as we go to the top
mountains increases when we go down the mountains. Now if
we filled airtight balloon stert moving down, the pressure on balloon
increases and it will contract.

QUESTION *09: A rowboat is floating in a swimming pool when the anchor

is dropped over the side. When the anchor is dropped, will the water level
in the swimming pool increase, decrease or remain the same? Explain.
ANSWER: When the anchor is ih the boat. its whole weight is supported, and the
emount cf water displaced balances that wéight. When it is dropped over the side.
it sinks and only displaces its volume so the water level decrease.
QUESTION #10: Which material is more elastic, steel or rubber and why?
ANSWER: Steel is more elastic than rubber. Because steel produce more
resistance against the deformation than rubber. So more deforming force is
required to deform steel. While rubber can be easily deformed.•i.e. steel comes
back to its original shape faster than rubber.
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

QUESTION #01: A rectangular glass block of dimensions 30 cm by 5 cm by 10

cm weighs 37.5 N. calculate the least and greatest pressure it can exert when
resting on a horizontal table.

ANSWER:
GiVEN DATA:

Length 1=30 cm = 0.30m

Width w = 5 cm = 0.05 m
Height h = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Amax = (0.30) (0 . 1)-0.03 rn
Maximum Area 2

Minimum Area = (0.1) (0.05) = 0.005 rn 2

Weight F = 37.5 N
REQUIRED DATA: pmax_

Maximum Pressure
Minimum Pressure

SOLUTION: As we know that pressure is given by

(1)

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

QUESTION #01: Ordinary electric fan increases the kinetic energy of the air
molecules caused by the fan blades pushing them means the air
temperature increases slightly rather than cool the air. why use it?
ANSWER: The electric fan does not cool air molecules. It increases the kinetic energy
of the air molecules due to whicnthe temperature of a room in which fan is installed
increases. Such a high-speed air molecule touches our skin and evaporate water
 molecules from it. The water molecules take heat away from our skin and as a result
cooling effect produce.

JESTION #02: why are small gaps left behind the girders mounted in walls?
ANSWER: we know that everything expands on heating. small gaps are left behind
girders mounted in walls to allow expansion of girders in the wall during summer
whenaemperature is high. If no gaps are left behind, the expansion will cause girder
bend OR wall crack.

QUESTION #03: Why you should not put a closed glass jar into a campfire. What
could happen if you tossed an empty glass jar, with the lid on tight, into a fire?
ANSWER: When we put a sealed OR closed glass jar (containing gas or liquid) into a
campfire. It can explode due to high internal energy OR pressure. It is because the
internal energy OR pressure will increase inside the glass jar due to external heat Of
campfire. We should not toss a glass jar in campfire, because it has high internal
energy due to which it can breaks into pieces during tossing.

QUESTION #04: Explain why it is advisable to add water into an overheated

automobile engine only slowly, ahd only with engine running.
ANSWER: it is advisable to add water into an overheated automobile engine
only slowly, and only with engine running. Because if we add water to an
overheated car engine quickly, then some metal pieces of engine may cool
very quickly and may be damaged. Due to which the engine may not work
properly.
QUESTION #05: Explain, why burns caused by steam at 100 oc on the skin are
often more severe than burns caused by water at 100 oc?
ANSWER: Steam at 10b oc on the skin are often more severe than water at 100
is because steam possess latent heat of vaporization i.e. steam contains more
heat (536 calories per gram) than water at the same temperature.

ANSWER: During day, Sun shines equally cn the land and sea. The land heats up
more quickly than the sea, because of high specific heat of water. the hot air
over the land rises and the cold air from the sea blows to replace it. Thus, there is
a sea breeze during the day. At night the process is reversed, the land cools quickly
than the sea. As a result, the cold air blows from the land and the hot air rises
from the sea to replace it. Therefore, the temperature of the coastal areas
remains at moderate level.

QUESTION #07: An iron rim which is fixed aiound a wooden wheel is heated
before its fixture. Explain why?
ANSWER: The diameter of the iron rim is slightly lesser at room temperature
than the diameter of the wooden wheel. The rim is heated, so it expands on
heating and can be placed around the wooden wheel. When the ring comes to
roorh•temperature it contracts and produces a tight fit.

QUESTION #08: Why is ice at O oc a better coolant of soft drinks than water at O
o
c?

ANSWER: Because for ice to transform into water it must absorb heat, called the
latent heat of melting. This heat is required to break down the crystalline structure
of the i e. The heat is taken from the drinks/food and thus makes them coJder
than

they Id be if kept in the same amount of cold water.

UESTIO 09: Why we feel cool after perspiration?

ANSWER: For evaporation, there is need of heat energy. When sweat drops
evaporate from our skin. It absorbs heat from our body as a result we feel
cool.
ANSWER: The white clothes are more preferred to wear in summer because
white colour clothes reflect maximum sun light radiations and thus keep our
body cool. So we feel comfort by wearing white clothes in summer.
QUESTION #02: Why is the freezer compartment kept at the top
of the refrigerator? Explain briefly.
ANSWER: In refrigerator the cooled air is in freezer compartment at the top,
easily go to the lower portion of refrigerator which contain rood, The hot air from
the food rises up from below and thus the circulation of cold and hot air takes
place in the refrigerator.
QUESTION #03: A black car standing in the sun warms up more quickly
than other. Why?
ANSWER: The black colour is good absorber of heat radiations. It can absorb all
the sun light radiations falling on it. Therefore a black car standing in the sun
warms up more quickly than other cars.
QUESTION #04: Why a tile floor feels colder to bare feet than carpeted floor?
ANSWER : The tile floor has a good thermal conductivity as compared to
the carpeted floor. Therefore the tile floor absorb more heat from our feet as
compared to the carpeted floor. Hence the tile floor feels colder than carpet
floor.
ANSWER: The woolen sweaters contain
OUESTION #05: How woolen
sweaters air
a
large nurnber of pores filled with As is a bad conduct ur of heat, therefore heat
from our body does not flow out to the atmosphere. Thus the woolen sweaters
keep our body warm in winter.
154
 QUESTION #06: In certain places the birds are fly for hours without flapping
their wings. Ekplain?
ANSWER: Thermals are upward current Of warm air. Actually they are convection
currents arise due to the replacement of hot and cool air in the atmosphere.
Birds are able to fly for hours on thermals without flapping their wings.

QUESTION #07: Good quality thermos bottle is double walled and

evacuated between these walls, and the internal surfaces are like
mirrors with a Silver coating. How does this configuration combat heat
loss from all three transfer methods and keep the bottle's contents your
coffee hot?
ANSWER: A thermos consists of a double wall glass vessel which is silvered on the
inher side. The silver surface reflects all the radiant heat which is trying to leave OR
enter the thermos by radiation. The space is evacuated between the walls to
prevent convection. The glass is poor cönductor, so that to minimize conduction.

QUESTION #08: A piece of wood lying in the sun absorbs more heat than a piece
of shiny metal. Yet. the metal feels hotter than the wood when you pick it up.
Explain.
ANSWER: The thermal conductivity of wood is very much less than the shiny
metal. Now the wood may have absorbed more heat than the shiny metal. But by
touching metal,4t feels hotter because heat flows very quickly from metal to our
body due to high thermal conductivity of metal.

QUESTION #09: Some pot handles remain cool during cooking while other become
unpleasantly hot. What deærm;nes which handles remain cool and which become
hot?

ANSWER: Those pot handles which have high thermal conductivity, pass heat
more quickly and become unpleasantly hot during cooking. While those pot
handles which have low thermal conductivity pass heat very slowly and remain
cool during cooking. Thermal conductivity of any material determines which
handle will remain cool and which one become hot.

QUESTION #10: When sun light wårms the :and beside a cool body of water,
a breeze&egins to blow from the water toward the land. Explain.
ANSWER: It is due to the difterence between specific heat capacities of land a nd
water. When sun light shines equally on land and water, the land warms up more
quickly than water due to lower specific heat capacity than water. Now the Air
above the land become hot and rises upward. To fill the vacuum the cold air from
water surface start flowing towards land, as a result breeze begins to blow from
water to land.