Differential Equations

ID2301
4.1 Laplace Transform

Eng.N.Sulaxshan
Lecturer in Mathematics

Department of Interdisciplinary Studies,

Faculty of Engineering,
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka
1
 Laplace Transform
Used in solving the differential equations with boundary values
without finding the general solution and the values of the
arbitrary constants.

Let 𝑓(𝑡) be a function defined for all positive values of 𝑡, then

∞ −𝑠𝑡
𝐹 𝑠 = 0
𝑒 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Provided the integral exists, is called the Laplace transform

(LT) of 𝑓 𝑡 .
It is denoted as
∞ −𝑠𝑡
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹 𝑠 = 0
𝑒 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

2
Laplace Transform of some elementary
functions
𝑓(𝑡) 1 𝑡𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −∝𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑡
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) 1 𝑛! 1 𝛾−𝛼
𝑠
𝑠 𝑛+1 𝑠−𝑎 (𝑠 + 𝛼)(𝑠 + 𝛾)

𝑓(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑡

𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑠 𝜔 𝑠 𝛽
𝑠2 + 𝜔2 𝑠2 + 𝜔2 𝑠 2 − 𝛽2 𝑠 2 − 𝛽2

Proof ????

3
Proof
∞ −𝑠𝑡
1. 𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 0
𝑒 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿1 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 1𝑑𝑡
0

−1 −𝑠𝑡 ∞
𝐿1 = 𝑒 0
𝑠

−1
𝐿1 =
𝑠

−1
𝐿1 = ,0 − 1-
𝑠
1
𝐿1 = 𝑖𝑓 𝑠 > 0
𝑠

4
Proof
∞ −𝑠𝑡
2. 𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 0
𝑒 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡𝑑𝑡
0

∞
−1 −𝑠𝑡 ∞
1 −𝑠𝑡
𝐿𝑡 = 𝑒 .𝑡 0 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 0 𝑠
∞ ∞
−1 𝑡 1
𝐿𝑡 = + 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 0 𝑠 0

−1 1 −1
𝐿𝑡 = 0 + .
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝑡 ∞
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝐿 − 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒: 𝑠𝑡 = 0
𝑒 0
1 −1
𝐿 𝑡 =0+ . 0−1
𝑠 𝑠
1 1!
𝐿𝑡 = 2 𝐿𝑡 =
𝑠 𝑠1+1
5
Proof ∞
𝑛!
Then Assume 𝐿 𝑡𝑛 = = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑛+1 0
Let ∞
𝐿 𝑡 𝑛+1 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑛+1 𝑑𝑡
0

∞ ∞
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
−1 −𝑠𝑡 𝑛+1
𝐿𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑒 . + 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 0 𝑠 0

−1 −𝑠𝑡 𝑛+1 ∞
𝑛+1
𝐿 𝑡 𝑛+1 = 𝑒 𝑡 0 + 𝐿 𝑡𝑛
𝑠 𝑠

−1 𝑛 + 1 𝑛!
𝐿 𝑡 𝑛+1 = 0 +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑛+1
∞
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝐿 − 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒: 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛+1 0 =0

𝑛+1 !
𝐿 𝑡 𝑛+1 =
𝑠, 𝑛+1 +1-

By Mathematical induction method, Laplace transform is true for all values of

𝑛 = 1,2,3 … .
6
Proof
∞ −𝑠𝑡
3. 𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 0
𝑒 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞
𝑎𝑡
𝐿𝑒 = 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
−1 ∞
𝐿𝑡 = 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡
(𝑠 − 𝑎) 0

1
𝐿𝑡 = ;𝑠 > 𝑎
(𝑠 − 𝑎)

7
Proof
∞ −𝑠𝑡
4. 𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 0
𝑒 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞
𝐿 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 = 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑖𝜔)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

𝑖𝜔𝑡
−1 ∞
𝐿𝑒 = 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑖𝜔)𝑡
(𝑠 − 𝑖𝜔) 0

1 1 (𝑠 + 𝑖𝜔) 𝑠 𝜔
𝐿 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 = = . = 2 +𝑖 2
(𝑠 − 𝑖𝜔) (𝑠 − 𝑖𝜔) (𝑠 + 𝑖𝜔) 𝑠 + 𝜔2 𝑠 + 𝜔2
𝐵𝑢𝑡
𝐿 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + isin𝜔𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝑖𝐿(sin𝜔𝑡)

So, 𝑠 𝜔
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝑖𝐿 sin𝜔𝑡 = 2 +𝑖 2
𝑠 + 𝜔2 𝑠 + 𝜔2
𝒔 𝝎
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 = 𝑳 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝝎𝒕 =
𝒔𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝒔𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐
8
Proof
∞ −𝑠𝑡
5. 𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 0
𝑒 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑒 𝛽𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝛽𝑡
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑡 = 𝐿
2
1 𝛽𝑡
1
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑒 + 𝐿 𝑒 −𝛽𝑡
2 2

1 1 1
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑡 = +
2 (𝑠 − 𝛽) (𝑠 + 𝛽)

𝑠
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑡 = 2
𝑠 − 𝛽2

9
Proof
∞ −𝑠𝑡
5. 𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 0
𝑒 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑒 𝛽𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝛽𝑡
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑡 = 𝐿
2
1 𝛽𝑡
1
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑒 −𝛽𝑡
2 2

1 1 1
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑡 = −
2 (𝑠 − 𝛽) (𝑠 + 𝛽)

𝛽
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑡 = 2
𝑠 − 𝛽2

10
 Proof
∞ −𝑠𝑡
6. 𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 0
𝑒 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿 𝑒 −∝𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . (𝑒 −∝𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
∞ 0∞
𝐿 𝑒 −∝𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑡 = 𝑒 −(𝑠+∝)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝛾)𝑡
0 0
−1 ∞ −1 ∞
𝐿 𝑒 −∝𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑡 = 𝑒 −(𝑠+∝)𝑡 − 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝛾)𝑡
(𝑠 +∝) 0 (𝑠 + 𝛾) 0

1 1
𝐿 𝑒 −∝𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑡 = −
(𝑠 +∝) (𝑠 + 𝛾)

𝛾 −∝
𝐿 𝑒 −∝𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑡 =
(𝑠 +∝)(𝑠 + 𝛾)

11
Questions
1. Find the Laplace Transform of 𝑓 𝑡 defined as
𝑡 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑘
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑘
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 > 𝑘

2. Find the Laplace Transform of 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡

12
Answer
1. Find the Laplace Transform of 𝑓 𝑡 defined as
𝑡 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑘
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑘
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 > 𝑘
∞
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑘 ∞
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 1𝑑𝑡
0 𝑘

𝑘 𝑘 ∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 𝑘 𝑡 − −𝑠𝑡
𝑒 𝑑𝑡 +
−𝑠 0 0 −𝑠 𝑘

𝑘
1 𝑒 −𝑘𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑘𝑠
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑘 𝑘 − +
−𝑠 𝑠2 0
𝑠

1
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 2
1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑠
𝑘𝑠
13
Answer
2. Find the Laplace Transform of 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
∞
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞ ∞
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑑𝑡
0 0

1 𝑠
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = + 2
𝑠 𝑠 +4
2𝑠 2 + 4
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) =
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 4)

14
 Properties of Laplace Transform
1. 𝐿 𝑎𝑓1 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑓2 𝑡 = 𝑎𝐿 𝑓1 𝑡 + 𝑏𝐿 𝑓2 𝑡
2. Shifting Theorem
If 𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹 𝑠 Then 𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) ; s > 0
With the help of this property, we can have the following important
properties
𝑛!
I. 𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 =
(𝑠−𝑎)𝑛+1
𝑠−𝑎
II. 𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 =
(𝑠−𝑎)2 +𝜔2
𝜔
III. 𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 =
(𝑠−𝑎)2 +𝜔2
𝑠−𝑎
IV. 𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑡 =
(𝑠−𝑎)2 −𝛽2
𝛽
V. 𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑡 =
(𝑠−𝑎)2 −𝛽2

Proof ????
15
Proof

If 𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹 𝑠 Then 𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) ; s > 0

∞
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞
𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞
𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) ; s > 0

16
Questions
1. Find the Laplace Transform of following functions
I. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
II. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 5
III. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
IV. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡

17
I. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿,𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡-

1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿
2
1 1
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿 1 + 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
2 2

1 1 1 𝑠
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = . + . 2
2 𝑠 2 𝑠 + 22

1 𝑠2 + 2
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) =
𝑠 𝑠2 + 4

18
II. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 5
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿,𝑡 5 -

5 !
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) =
𝑠 5+1
5!
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) =
𝑠6

19
III. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿,𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡-

1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡
2

1 1
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
2 2

1 1 1 𝑠 − −1
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = . + .
2 (𝑠 − −1) 2 (𝑠 − −1)2 +22

1 (𝑠 + 1)2 +2
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) =
(𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 + 1)2 +4

20
IV. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿
2

𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿
2
1 1
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 − 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2 2

1 3 1 1
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = . 2 − .
2 (𝑠 + 9) 2 (𝑠 2 + 1)

1 𝑠2 − 3
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 2
(𝑠 + 9) (𝑠 2 + 1)

21
 Laplace Transform of the Derivatives
𝐿 𝑓′ 𝑡 = 𝑠𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑓 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)

Proof
∞
𝐿 𝑓′ 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓′ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
Integrating by parts, we get
∞
∞
𝐿 𝑓′ 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓(𝑡) 0 − −𝑠𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞
𝐿 𝑓′ 𝑡 = 0−𝑓 0 +𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
𝐿 𝑓′ 𝑡 = −𝑓(0) + 𝑠𝐿,𝑓 𝑡 -
𝐿 𝑓′ 𝑡 = 𝑠𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 −𝑓 0

22
Questions
1. Find the Laplace Transform of following functions
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡

Answer
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 𝑓 0 =0 𝑓′ 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
𝐿 𝑓′ 𝑡 = 𝑠𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 −𝑓 0

𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = 𝑠𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 − 𝑓 0

2 2𝑡 − 0
= 𝑠𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑠 2 + 22

2
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 =
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 4)
23
 Laplace Transform of Higher Derivative
𝐿 𝑓𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑛 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑓 0 − 𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑓 ′ 0
− 𝑠 𝑛−3 𝑓 ′′ 0 − ⋯ − 𝑓 𝑛−1 𝑡

Proof ∞
𝐿,𝑓 ′′ 𝑡 - = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓′′ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
Integrating by parts, we get
∞
∞
𝐿,𝑓 ′′ 𝑡 - = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓′(𝑡) 0 − −𝑠𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓′ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞
𝐿,𝑓 ′′ 𝑡 - = 0 − 𝑓′ 0 + 𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓′ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
𝐿,𝑓′′ 𝑡 - = −𝑓′(0) + 𝑠𝐿,𝑓′ 𝑡 -
𝐿,𝑓′′ 𝑡 - = −𝑓′(0) + 𝑠*−𝑓 ′ 0 + 𝑠𝐿 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) +
′
𝐿 𝑓′ 𝑡 = 𝑠2𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑓 0 − 𝑓 ′ 0

Likewise can prove for the higher derivatives

𝐿 𝑓𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑛 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑓 0 − 𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑓 ′ 0 − 𝑠 𝑛−3 𝑓 ′′ 0 − ⋯ − 𝑓 𝑛−1 𝑡

24
 Inverse Laplace Transforms
Now we obtain 𝑓(𝑡) when 𝐹(𝑠) is given, then we say that
Inverse Laplace Transform of 𝐹(𝑠) is 𝑓(𝑡).

𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) then 𝐿−1 𝐿,𝑓 𝑡 ]=𝑓 𝑡

Where 𝐿−1 is called the Inverse Laplace Transform Operator

25
Important Inverse Laplace Transform

,F(s)] 1 1 1 𝑠
𝑠
𝑠𝑛 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠 2 − 𝛽2

𝑓 𝑡 1 𝑡 𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑡
𝑛−1 !

,F(s)] 1 𝑠 1 𝐹 𝑠−𝑎
𝑠 2 − 𝛽2 𝑠2 + 𝜔2 𝑠2 + 𝜔2

𝑓 𝑡 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝛽 𝜔

26
Proof

1 1
1. 𝐿 1 = , 𝑖𝑓 𝑠 > 0 𝐿−1 =1
𝑠 𝑠

(𝑛 − 1)! 1 𝑡 𝑛−1
2. 𝐿 𝑡 𝑛−1 = 𝐿−1 =
𝑠𝑛 𝑠𝑛 𝑛−1 !
1 1
3. 𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿−1 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑎

Likewise we can prove for other elementary functions also

Try for others….

27
1. Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of following
functions
1
I. F 𝑠 =
𝑠−2
1
II. F 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 −9
𝑠
III. F 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 −16
1
IV. F 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 +25
𝑠
V. F 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 +16
1
VI. F 𝑠 =
(𝑠−2)2 +1
𝑠−1
VII. F 𝑠 =
(𝑠−1)2 +4
1
VIII.F 𝑠 =
(𝑠+3)2 −4
𝑠+2
IX. F 𝑠 =
(𝑠+2)2 −25
1
X. F 𝑠 =
2𝑠−7

28
Answer
1
1. F 𝑠 =
𝑠−2

−1 −1
1
𝐿 ,F(s)]=𝐿 −1
1
𝑠−2 𝐿 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑠−𝑎
= 𝑒 2𝑡

1
2. F 𝑠 =
𝑠 2 −9
1
𝐿−1 ,F(s)]=𝐿−1
𝑠2 − 9 1 1
𝐿−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑡
1 𝑠 2 − 𝛽2 𝛽
= 𝐿−1
𝑠 2 − 32

1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑡
3
29
Answer
𝑠
3. F 𝑠 = 𝑠2−16
𝑠
𝐿−1 ,F(s)]=𝐿−1
𝑠 2 − 16 𝑠
𝐿−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑡
𝑠 𝑠 2 − 𝛽2
= 𝐿−1
𝑠 2 − 42
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑡

1
4. F 𝑠 =
𝑠 2 +25
1
𝐿−1 ,F(s)]=𝐿−1 1 1
𝑠 2 + 25 𝐿−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑠2 + 𝜔2 𝜔
1
= 𝐿−1
𝑠 2 + 52

1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡
5
30
Answer
𝑠
5. F 𝑠 = 𝑠2+16
𝑠
𝐿−1 ,F(s)]=𝐿−1 𝑠
𝑠 2 + 16 −1
𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝑠 𝑠2 + 𝜔2
= 𝐿−1 2
𝑠 + 42
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡

1
6. F 𝑠 = (𝑠−2)2+1

1 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
𝐿−1 ,F(s)]=𝐿−1
(𝑠 − 2)2 +1 1 1
𝐿−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
= 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡 𝑠2 + 𝜔2 𝜔

31
Answer
𝑠−1
7. F 𝑠 = (𝑠−1)2 +4 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑠−1
𝐿−1 ,F(s)]=𝐿−1 𝑠
(𝑠 − 1)2 +4 𝐿−1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝑠2 + 𝜔2
= 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡

1
8. F 𝑠 = (𝑠+3)2−4

𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
1
𝐿−1 ,F(s)]=𝐿−1
(𝑠 + 3)2 −22 1 1
𝐿−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑡
1 −3𝑡 𝑠 2 − 𝛽2 𝛽
= 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡
2

32
Answer
𝑠+2
9. F 𝑠 = (𝑠+2)2 −25 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑠+2
𝐿−1 ,F(s)]=𝐿−1 𝑠
(𝑠 + 2)2 −52 𝐿−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑡
𝑠 2 − 𝛽2
= 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5𝑡

1
10. F 𝑠 =
2𝑠−7 1 𝑡
𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑎𝑠 = 𝑓
1 𝑎 𝑎
𝐿−1 ,F(s)]=𝐿−1
2𝑠 − 7

1 7𝑡
= 𝑒2
2

33
1. Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of following
functions
𝑠 2 +𝑠+2
I. F 𝑠 = 3/2
𝑠
2𝑠−5
II. F 𝑠 = 2
9𝑠 −25
𝑠
III. F 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 −16
𝑠−2
IV. F 𝑠 = 2
6𝑠 +20

34
Answer
𝑠 2 +𝑠+2
1.F 𝑠 = 𝑠 3/2
1 1 1
= 1 + 1 +2 3
−2
𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠2

−1 −1
𝑠2 + 𝑠 + 2
𝐿 ,F(s)]=𝐿
𝑠 3/2

1 1 1
= 𝐿−1 1 + 1 +2 3
−2
𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠2
1 1 1
= 𝐿−1 1 + 𝐿−1 1 + 2𝐿−1 3
−2
𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠2
1 𝑡 𝑛−1
𝐿−1 =
3
−2
1
−2
1 𝑠𝑛 𝑛−1 !
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡2
= + + +
3 1 1
−2 ! −2 ! 2 !
35
 Answer

2.F 𝑠 = 9𝑠2𝑠−5
2 −25

2𝑠 5
= 2 −
9𝑠 − 25 9𝑠 2 − 25

2𝑠 5
= 2 − 2
5 5
9 𝑠2 − 3 9 𝑠2 − 3

2𝑠 5 2 −1 𝑠 1 −1 5
𝐿−1 ,F(s)]=𝐿−1 − = 𝐿 2 + 𝐿 2
5 2
5 2 9 5 9 5
9 𝑠2 − 3 9 𝑠2 − 3 𝑠2 − 3 9 𝑠2 − 3

2 𝑠 1 5
= 𝐿−1 + 𝐿−1 3
9 2 3 2
5 5
𝑠2 − 3 9 𝑠2 − 3

2 5 1 5
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑡
9 3 3 3 36
Answer
𝑠
3.F 𝑠 = 𝑠2−16
0.5 0.5
= +
𝑠−4 𝑠+4

0.5 0.5 −1
1 −1
1
𝐿−1 ,F(s)]=𝐿−1 + = 0.5𝐿 + 0.5𝐿
𝑠−4 𝑠+4 𝑠−4 𝑠+4

=0.5𝑒 4𝑡 + 0.5𝑒 −4𝑡

37
Answer
𝑠−2 𝑠 2
4.F 𝑠 = = 2 −
6𝑠 2 +20 6𝑠 + 20 6𝑠 2 + 20
𝑠 2
= 2 − 2
10 10
6 𝑠2 + 6 𝑠2 +
3 3

𝑠 2
𝐿−1 ,F(s)]=𝐿−1 2 − 2
10 10
6 𝑠2 + 6 𝑠2 +
3 3

10
1 −1 𝑠 1 3
= 𝐿 2 − 𝐿−1 2
6 10 3 10
𝑠2 + 𝑠2 +
3 3

1 10 1 10
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡− sin t
6 3 30 3
38
 Laplace Transform of Integral f(t)
𝑡
1
𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)
0 𝑠

Proof 𝑡
Let ∅ 𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ 0 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∅′ (𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡)
0
We know the formula of Laplace transform of ∅′ (𝑡)
𝐿 ∅′ 𝑡 = 𝑠𝐿 ∅ 𝑡 −∅ 0

𝐿 ∅′ 𝑡 = 𝑠𝐿 ∅ 𝑡
1
𝐿∅ 𝑡 = 𝐿 ∅′ 𝑡
𝑠

𝒕 𝒕 𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑭 𝒔 𝑳−𝟏 𝑭 𝒔 = 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳−𝟏 𝑭 𝒔 𝒅𝒕
𝒔 𝒔 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎

39
2. Find the inverse laplace transform of
1
1. 𝐺 𝑠 = 2 2
𝑠(𝑠 +𝑎 )
1
2. 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝑠(𝑠+𝑎)

40
Answer −𝟏
𝟏 𝒕 𝒕
𝑳 𝑭 𝒔 = 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳−𝟏 𝑭 𝒔 𝒅𝒕
1 𝒔 𝟎 𝟎
1. 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝑠(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )

𝑡 𝑡
1
𝐿−1 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 0 0

1 1
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) 𝑎

𝑡 𝑡
1 1
𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑡 𝑡 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑎 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 0 =
0 0 𝑎2 𝑎2

41
Answer −𝟏
𝟏 𝒕 𝒕
𝑳 𝑭 𝒔 = 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳−𝟏 𝑭 𝒔 𝒅𝒕
1 𝒔 𝟎 𝟎
2. 𝐺 𝑠 =
𝑠(𝑠 + 𝑎)
𝑡 𝑡
1
𝐿−1 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 0 0

1
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
(𝑠 + 𝑎)

𝑡
𝑡 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
𝐿−1 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑎 =
0 0 0 𝑎

42
 Laplace Transform of t.f(t)
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑛
𝑑
𝐿 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑡) = (−1) 𝑛
,𝐹 𝑠 -
𝑑𝑠 𝑛
Proof ∞
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. ‘s’ we get
∞ ∞
𝑑 𝑑 𝜕 −𝑠𝑡
𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑒 ) . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 0 0 𝜕𝑠

∞ ∞
= (−𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ) . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ) . ,−𝑡𝑓 𝑡 -𝑑𝑡
0 0

= 𝐿 −𝑡𝑓 𝑡
So,
𝒅
𝑳 𝒕𝒇 𝒕 = (−𝟏)𝟏 𝑭 𝒔
𝒅𝒔

43
 Laplace Transform of t.f(t)
𝑑
𝐿 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 = (−1)1 𝐹 𝑠
𝑑𝑠

𝑑2 ∞
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑠 2
,𝐹 𝑠 - =
𝑑𝑠
−𝐿 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 = − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 0

∞
𝜕 −𝑠𝑡
=− (𝑒 ) . 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 𝜕𝑠
∞
=− (−𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ) . 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞
= (𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ) . ,𝑡 2 𝑓 𝑡 -𝑑𝑡
0

= 𝐿 𝑡2𝑓 𝑡
So,
𝑑2
𝐿 𝑡 2𝑓 𝑡 = (−1)2 ,𝐹 𝑠 -
𝑑𝑠 2
44
 Laplace Transform of t.f(t)

𝑑 1
𝐿 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 = (−1) 𝐹 𝑠
𝑑𝑠

𝑑 2
𝐿 𝑡 2𝑓 𝑡 = (−1)2 2 ,𝐹 𝑠 -
𝑑𝑠
Similarly,
𝑑3
𝐿 𝑡 3𝑓 𝑡 = (−1)3 ,𝐹 𝑠 -
𝑑𝑠 3
…
…
…
𝑑 𝑛
𝐿 𝑡𝑛𝑓 𝑡 = (−1)𝑛 𝑛 ,𝐹 𝑠 -
𝑑𝑠

45
Find the Laplace transform of the following
I. 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛h𝑎𝑡
II. 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡

46
Find the Laplace transform of the following
I. 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛h𝑎𝑡
𝑎 𝑑
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 2 ; 𝐿 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 = (−1)1 𝐹 𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑠 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑠

𝑑 𝑎
𝐿 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡 = (−1)1
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 − 𝑎2

−2𝑎𝑠
=− 2
(𝑠 − 𝑎2 )2

2𝑎𝑠
= 2
(𝑠 − 𝑎2 )2

47
2. 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡

𝑠 𝑑 2
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 2 ; 𝐿 𝑡 2𝑓 𝑡 = (−1)2 2 𝐹 𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑠

𝑑2 𝑠
𝐿 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (−1)2
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2

2𝑎𝑠 𝑠 2 − 3𝑎2
=
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )3

48
 1
Laplace Transform of 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡
∞
1
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) Then 𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡
𝑠
∞
Here, 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

Proof
Integrating F(s) w.r.t. ‘s’ we get
∞ ∞ ∞
∞ ∞
𝐹 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠
0 0
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
∞ ∞ ∞
∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
= 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑s 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 −𝑡 𝑠
0 0

∞ ∞
−𝑓(𝑡) −𝑠𝑡 ∞
−𝑓 𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑠 𝑑𝑡 = (0 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
0 0

49
 1
Laplace Transform of 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡
Proof
∞
∞ 1
𝑓 𝑡
𝐹 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡 =𝐿 𝑓(𝑡)
0 𝑡 𝑡
𝑠

So, ∞
1
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡
𝑠

∞
1
𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡
𝑠

50
Find the Laplace transform of the following
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
I. 𝑡

𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
II. 0 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

51
Find the Laplace transform of the following
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
I. 𝑡
∞ ∞
1
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 ; 𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡
𝑠 𝑠

2
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = ;
𝑠2 + 4
∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡
𝑠
∞
2 1 𝑠 ∞
= 𝑑𝑠 = −2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑠2 + 4 2 2 𝑠
𝑠

𝑠 𝜋 𝑠
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
2 2 2
𝑠
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1
2
52
Find the Laplace transform of the following
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2. 0 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
∞ ∞
1 1
𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 ; 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2 ;
𝑡 𝑠 +1
𝑠 𝑠

∞ ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 1
𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 ∞
𝑠
𝑡 𝑠2 + 1
𝑠 𝑠
𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠
2

𝑡
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 1
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 =? ? ? ; 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)
0 𝑡 0 𝑠

1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠
𝑠

53
2. Solve 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 𝑡 ; 𝑦 0 = 1, 𝑦 ′ 0 = 1

54
2. Find the inverse laplace transform
1
1. 𝐹 𝑠 = (𝑠+2)5
𝑠
2. 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑠2 +4𝑠+13
1
3. 𝐹 𝑠 = 9𝑠2 +6𝑠+1

55