(ii) Another student repeated the investigation with the same volumes of solutions and at the same temperature of 25°C. Give two other variables that would need to be controlled in the investigation. (2) 1 ..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Both students also included a tube containing 10 cm3 of starch solution with 5 cm3 of distilled water instead of 5 cm3 of amylase solution. They tested the solution for starch and for glucose every 30 seconds. Give one reason why this tube was included in their investigations. (1) .............................................................................................................................................
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
Figure 3 shows some onion cells that have been soaked in a concentrated salt solution.
(i) The cells in Figure 3 have been stained.
Give one reason why the cells have been stained. ............................................................................................................................................. (1) (ii) Which is the name of the structure labelled V? (1) A chloroplast B vacuole C nucleus D cell wall
(iii) The salt solution outside the cell has a higher concentration than the solution inside the cell. Explain why the cytoplasm shrinks away from the sides of the cell when the cells are in salt solution. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
Chymosin is an enzyme that causes milk to curdle.
When milk curdles the proteins in the milk clump together and become solid.
As part of an investigation, milk was heated in test tubes to different temperatures using a Bunsen burner.
Two drops of chymosin solution were added to each test tube and the time taken for the milk to curdle was recorded.
Figure 11 shows the results.
(i) Which variables need to be kept constant in this investigation?
(1) A the volume of milk and the time B the temperature and the time C the volume of milk and the concentration of chymosin D the temperature and the concentration of chymosin
(ii) Explain why the time taken for the milk to curdle decreases from 30°C to 40°C. (2) .............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain what the expected result would be if two drops of chymosin were added to the milk at 70°C in the test tube. (2) .............................................................................................................................................
(iv) As part of this investigation, test tubes containing only milk were heated to each temperature and no chymosin solution was added. State why these test tubes containing only milk were used. (1) .............................................................................................................................................
(v) Describe two improvements that could be made to the method of this investigation so that the optimum temperature for chymosin can be found. (2) 1 ..........................................................................................................................................
DNA is composed of four different DNA nucleotides.
(i) Which diagram represents the arrangement of the sugar, phosphate and the base in a DNA nucleotide? (1) (ii) An allele starts with the DNA sequence ATGCATGTACCG. Give the sequence of the complementary DNA sequence. (1) .............................................................................................................................................
(iii) The length of one DNA nucleotide was measured at 3.3 × 10–10 metres. Calculate the approximate length of a gene containing 250 nucleotides in nanometres. (2)
A student chose three carrot sticks and weighed each one.
The carrot sticks were placed in 50 cm3 of distilled water.
After two hours the student weighed each carrot stick again.
Figure 11 shows the results for these carrot sticks P, Q and R.
(i) Give one reason why the student used three carrot sticks instead of just one carrot stick. (1) .............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Which uses more oxygen when the running speed of the athlete changes from 4 to 6 km per hour? (1) A increasing aerobic respiration B increasing anaerobic respiration C decreasing aerobic respiration D decreasing anaerobic respiration
(iii) Explain why the athlete produces lactic acid when running at 14 km per hour. (2) .............................................................................................................................................
