2.

To express the given text in proper math format:

In the alpha-particle scattering experiment, if a thin sheet of solid
hydrogen is used in place of a gold foil, then the scattering angle would
not be large enough. This is because the mass of hydrogen ( 1.67 ×10−27
kg) is less than the mass of incident alpha particles (6.64 × 10−27 kg). Thus,
the mass of the scattering particle is more than the target nucleus
(hydrogen). As a result, the alpha particles would not bounce back if
solid hydrogen is used in the alpha-particle scattering experiment.

3.Certainly! Let's address each part of your question:

(1) Frequency of Radiation Emitted:
Given that a difference of 2.3 eV separates two energy levels in an atom,
we can find the frequency of radiation emitted when the atom
transitions from the upper level to the lower level.
1. The energy difference between the energy levels is:
−19
E=2.3 eV=2.3 × 1.6 ×10 J
2. The frequency of the emitted radiation during this transition is
given by:
E=h ν
where:
o h is Planck's constant (6.626 ×10−34 J s).
o ν is the frequency of the radiation.
3. Solving for ν :
−19
E 2.3 × 1.6× 10
ν= = −34
h 6.626 × 10
Calculating this gives the frequency of the emitted radiation:
14
ν ≈ 5.5 ×10 Hz
 Frequency of emitted radiation: 5.5 ×1014 Hz

4. Kinetic and Potential Energies of Electron in Hydrogen Ground

State:
The ground state energy of a hydrogen atom is given as –13.6 eV. Let's
find the kinetic and potential energies of the electron in this state.
1. Kinetic Energy (KE):
The kinetic energy of the electron is related to the total energy by:
KE=−E
where is the total energy (ground state energy).
E
Plugging in the value:
KE=−(−13.6 eV)=13.6 eV
 2. Potential Energy (PE):
The potential energy is related to the kinetic energy by:
PE=−2 KE
Plugging in the kinetic energy value:
PE=−2 ×13.6 eV=−27.2 eV
Therefore, in the ground state of a hydrogen atom:
 Kinetic energy (KE) = 13.6 eV
 Potential energy (PE) = –27.2 eV

5. Wavelength and Frequency of Photon:

When a hydrogen atom transitions from the ground level to the n=4
level, it absorbs a photon. Let's find the wavelength and frequency of
this photon.
1. The energy absorbed by the photon is:
−18
E=E2−E 1=2.04 ×10 J
2. Using the relation for energy of a photon:
E=h c / λ
where:
o h is Planck's constant.
o c is the speed of light.
3. Solving for λ :
−34 8
h c 6.626 ×10 × 3 ×10
λ= = −18
E 2.04 ×10
Calculating this gives the wavelength of the photon:
λ ≈ 97 nm
4. The frequency of the photon is given by:
8
c 3 × 10
ν= =
λ 97 ×10−9
Calculating this gives the frequency of the photon:
15
ν ≈ 3.1 ×10 Hz
In summary:
 Wavelength of absorbed photon: 97 nm
 Frequency of absorbed photon: 3.1 ×1015 Hz

6.Certainly! Using Bohr's model, we can calculate the speed of the

electron in a hydrogen atom for different energy levels (n) and the
corresponding orbital periods.
(a) The speed of the electron (v) in a hydrogen atom at a particular
energy level (n) is given by the formula:
 2
e 1
v n=
2ϵ0 h n
Where:
 e is the elementary charge (1.6 ×10−19 C),
 ϵ 0 is the vacuum permittivity (8.85 ×10−12 C²/N·m²),
 h is the Planck's constant (6.626 ×10−34 J·s),
 n is the principal quantum number.
Using this formula, the speeds for the first three energy levels are:
 For n=1: v 1=2.18 ×106 m/s
 For n=2: v 2=1.09× 106 m/s
 For n=3: v 3=7.27 ×105 m/s
(b) The orbital period (T) of an electron at a particular energy level (n)
is given by the formula:
2 π rn
T n=
vn
Where r n is the radius of the electron's orbit at energy level n, which can
be calculated using:
2 2
n h
rn = 2 2
4 π me e
Here, me is the mass of the electron (9.11× 10−31 kg).
Using these formulas, the orbital periods for the first three energy levels
are:
 For n=1: T 1=1.52× 10−16 s
 For n=2: T 2=1.22× 10−15 s
 For n=3: T 3=4.12 ×10−15 s

7.Certainly! Let's calculate the radii of the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits in a

hydrogen atom based on the given information.
Given:
 Radius of the innermost electron orbit (r 1) = 5.3 × 10^–11 m
We can use the relation for the radius of an orbit in the Bohr model:
2
2 h
r n =n 2 2
4 π ϵ 0 me e
where:
 n is the principal quantum number (orbit number).
 h is Planck's constant.
 ϵ 0 is the vacuum permittivity.
 me is the mass of an electron.
 e is the elementary charge.
Let's calculate the radii for each level:
1. For n=2:
2 2
2 h 2 h
r 2=n 2 2
=2 2 2
4 π ϵ 0 me e 4 π ϵ 0 me e
Plugging in the constants:
−10
r 2=2.12×10 m
2. For n=3:
2 2
2 h 2 h
r 3=n 2 2
=3 2 2
4 π ϵ 0 me e 4 π ϵ 0 me e
Plugging in the constants:
−10
r 3=4.77 ×10 m
Therefore, the radii of the electron orbits are:
 For n=2: r 2 ≈ 2.12× 10−10 m
 For n=3: r 3 ≈ 4.77 × 10−10 m ¹².

8.When a 12.5 eV electron beam collides with gaseous hydrogen at

room temperature, it results in the emission of specific wavelengths.
Let's break down the process:
1. The energy of the electron beam is 12.5 eV.
2. The energy of gaseous hydrogen in its ground state at room
temperature is −13.6 eV.
The net energy change during this interaction is:
Energy change=Energy of electron beam −Energy of gaseous hydrogen
¿ 12.5 eV−(−13.6 eV)=−1.1eV
Now, let's explore the possible transitions:
 If the electron jumps from n = 1 to n = 3, it forms a line in the
Lyman series of the hydrogen spectrum. The corresponding
wavelength can be calculated using the Rydberg constant:
Wavelength (Lyman series)=
1 1 1
−
(
Ry 12 3 2 )
Using the Rydberg constant Ry=1.097 ×107 m −1 , we find that the Lyman
series wavelengths are approximately:
1. 102.5 nm
2. 121.5 nm
 Alternatively, if the transition occurs from n = 2 to n = 1, it
corresponds to the Balmer series. The wavelength in this case is
given by:
Wavelength ( Balmer series)=
1 1 1
(
−
Ry 22 1 2 )
The Balmer series wavelength is approximately:
1. 656.33 nm

9.According to Bohr's model, the quantum number that characterizes

the Earth's revolution around the Sun can be determined using the
following steps:
1. Angular Momentum Quantization:
o In Bohr's model, angular momentum is quantized and given
nh
by:mv r = 2 π where:
 h is Planck's constant (6.62 ×10−34 J s).
 n is the quantum number.
2. Earth's Orbit Parameters:
o Earth orbits the Sun in a circular orbit with a radius
r =1.5× 10 m .
11

o The Earth's orbital speed is v=3 ×10 4 m/s.

3. Quantum Number Calculation:
2 π h mv
o We can express the quantum number n as follows:n= 2
r
4. Substituting the given values:
−34 24 4 11
2 π ⋅6.62× 10 ⋅6 ×10 ⋅3 ×10 ⋅1.5 × 10
n= 2
r
74
n ≈ 2.6 ×10
Therefore, the quantum number that characterizes the Earth's
revolution around the Sun is approximately 2.6 × 10^74²³⁴.