DEPARTMENT

OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL CUM RECORD

(AS PER OUTCOME BASED EDUCATION - OBE)

Lab Course Code

CE8611

Lab Course Name

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT : _____________________________

NAME : _____________________________

REGISTER NUMBER : _____________________________

ROLL NO ( SECTION) : _____________________________

BRANCH : _____________________________

YEAR : _____________________________

SEMESTER : _____________________________

Bona-fide Record of work done in the ____________________________

of KAMARAJ College of Engineering and Technology, Near Virudhunagar, during
the Academic Year 20 - 20 .

COURSE INCHARGE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Submitted for the Practical Examination held on ___________________ at

KAMARAJ College of Engineering and Technology, Near Virudhunagar.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 CONTENT

Section: 1 Course Introductions

i. Introduction of Course
ii. Syllabus –List of Experiment - Reference books

Section: 2 Outcome Based Education (OBE)

i. Vision, Mission of Institution, Department, PEO‘s

ii. OBE- Outcome Based Education - Introduction
iii. Program Outcome- PO, PSO
iv. Course Outcome - Course Objectives, Course Outcome (CO)
Mapping of CO vs PO - CO-PO Matrix (Calculation of
Expected POs value)
v. Demonstration of - CO Attainment (Internal Assessment),
Action Plan
vi. Rubrics for Experiments

Section: 3 Safety Instructions

i. Principles of Safety
ii. Laboratory specific safety instruction

Section: 4 Laboratory Experiments Skill Development

i. Experiments
(Planning- Aim; Apparatus required; Theory; procedure;
diagram;
Execution - calculation; formula, table; graph; report;
Monitoring: Viva questions;
Assessment – Rubrics- Mark allotted and awarded;
signature with date
Observations - by student)

Section: 5 Self Learning

i. Self learning – Virtual lab & E-certificate course website link

 INDEX

CO
D Page Mark
Ex.No at Title of the Exercise Attained? Sign
No (100
e (Yes/No)

1 Specific Gravity Test on aggregate 1

2 Los Angels Abrasion Test 4
3 Water Absorption Test 7
4 Impact Test 10
5 Specific Gravity Test on Bitumen 15

6 Penetration Test
19

7 Viscosity Test 23

8 Softening Point Test

28

9 Ductility Test 31
Determination of Stripping Value of
10 35
Aggregates
11 Determination of Binder Content
38

12 Marshall Stability and Flow Values

41
Demonstration of any one Field
13 Testing Equipment Like Skid 48
Resistance Tester/ Benkelman Beam
14 Flash and Fire Point 52
 Laboratory Specific Instructions to Students

1) Students are required to remove their footwear outside the

center.
2) Students are asked to register their Name, Roll No.&
System No. in the Log registerbefore logging into the system.

3) Students should leave their belongings outside the lab

except their Lab Manuals and LabFile.
4) Students are requested not to place their legs on the wall or on
the table.

5) Students should refrain from leaning on the table and sitting on

it.
6) Before logging in to a particular terminal, if there is
something wrong in the terminal, the student should report the
same immediately to the concerned staff.

7) Students should not use any disks brought from outside

without prior permission from the concerned staff.

8) Students should not move from their terminal and

ask any clarification from their friends/neighbour without any
proper permission from the concerned staff.

9) Students should collect their printouts before leaving the lab for
that particular session.

10) Before leaving the Terminal, the students should logout

properly and leave their chairs in position.

11) Students are not allowed to use Pen drive in any of the systems in
the lab.

12) Students are not allowed to take any manual outside the center.

13) Edibles are strictly prohibited in the center.

14) Mobile Phones usage are strictly prohibited inside the

CAD Lab. In case of any violence, the mobile phone will be
seized or broken.

15) No internet browsing is allowed during the lab hours.

 Section: 1 Course Introductions

Introduction of Lab Course

Course Code
: CE8611
(As per Curriculum)
Course Code
: C316
(As per NBA)
Course Name : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Importance of Course (150 Words write up)

The highway Engineering lab has equipment required to conduct all standardized tests to assess

quality of highway materials, pavement evaluation and traffic engineering studies. Experiments

are conducted in pre-, during- and post-construction phases of highways. The highway

Engineering lab does quality assurance and quality control tests for the Roads. Well-equipped

safety and security standards are applied in the Transportation and Highway Engineering

Laboratory to ensure the safety and security of our students. Bring students to the level of

industrial standards in field of Transportation Engineering. Provide a platform for integration of

academics and research. Enhancing ability of students to apply appropriate methods of analysis

to raw data deduced from experiments. At the end of course students would be able to carry out

testing procedures correctly. Significance of testing in the design and infrastructure of

transportation engineering projects.

***************
 Lab Course syllabus – List of Experiments
Course Code
: CE8611
(As per Curriculum)
Course Code
: C316
(As per NBA)
Course Name : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LABORATORY

To learn the principles and procedures of testing of highway

Aim : materials

To study different testing procedures for aggregates, bitumen and

Objectives : bituminous mixes

1. Specific Gravity Test on aggregate

2. Los Angels Abrasion Test

3. Water Absorption Test

4. Impact Test

5. Specific Gravity Test on Bitumen

6. Penetration Test

7. Viscosity Test
List of Experiment :
8. Softening Point Test

9. Ductility Test

10. Determination of Stripping Value of Aggregates

11. Determination of Binder Content

12. Marshall Stability and Flow Values

13. Demonstration of any one Field Testing Equipment Like

Skid Resistance Tester/ Benkelman Beam Etc

Additional –
Experiment (If any) 1. Flash and Fire Point

1. Highway Materials and Pavement Testing, Nem Chand and Bros,

Roorke, Revised Fifth Edition, 2009
Reference Book : 2. Methods for testing tar and bituminous materials, IS 1201-1978
to IS 1220-1978, Bureau of Indian standards

***********
 Section: 2 Outcome Based Education (OBE)

VISION & MISSION & QUALITY POLICY OF THE COLLEGE

Vision : To Make this Institution the unique of its kind in the field of Research
and Development activities in this part of world

Mission : To impart highly innovative and technical knowledge to the urban and
unreachable rural student folks through "Total Quality Education".
Quality
: Committed to impart Quality Technical Education imbibed with
Policy proficiency, human values and continual improvement.

VISION & MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To make the department of civil engineering, unique of its kind to
Vision : promote education and research in the various fields of construction
industry.

Mission To impart highly innovative and technical knowledge in the field of civil
: engineering to the urban and rural student folks through “Total
Quality Education”.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’s)

Graduates of the programme will analyze, investigate and design
complex Civil Engineering problems by applying the fundamental
PEO -1 : knowledge of Mathematics and Science, Modern tools and Cutting edge
technologies of Civil Engineering.

Graduates of the programme will continuously upgrade the domain

specific knowledge to contribute for the societal benefit through
PEO -2 : Research and Development with main focus on Environment protection
and Sustainability.

Graduates of the programme will prove as a competent team member as

well as a successful team leader of Civil Engineering projects by making
PEO -3 : efficient documentation, presentation and execution by effectively
communicating among the Engineering community and applying
management principles with professional ethics.

*****************
 OBE- Outcome Based Education – Introduction
Aim:
i. Outcomes are more like signboards and roadmaps to help the learners reach where
they’re supposed to reach, and contribute to progress.
ii. Outcome measurements provide the basis for continuous improvement in the
quality of learning
Terminology Description
i. With the introduction of the washington accords, our higher
education demands better, intelligent workflows for the sake of
improving quality
ii. The accreditation and regulatory organisations including NBA, NAAC,
Accreditation
AICTE etc. has clearly made their intentions clear about introducing a
skill-based, competency nurturing learning experience
iii. As of the NBA, their accreditation methods and assessment
parameters are based on OBE

i. Deciding outcomes for academic achievements and it‘s attainment for

assessment and formulation is based on a learning theory called
Outcome Based Education(OBE)
ii. OBE is an educational theory that bases each part of an educational
OBE- system around goals (outcomes).
Outcome iii. Student role: By the end of the educational experience, each
Based student should have achieved the goal. There is no single specified
Education style of teaching or assessment in OBE; instead, classes, opportunities,
and assessments should all help students achieve the specified
outcomes.
iv. Faculty role: The role of the faculty adapts into instructor, trainer,
facilitator, and/or mentor based on the outcomes targeted.

i. Stating what you want your students to be able to do at the end of

the program,
OBE ii. Assessing the students whether they are able to do what they are
emphasizes expected to do to do what they are expected to do,
on iii. Orienting teaching and other academic processes to facilitate
students to do what they are expected to do.
Note: Outcomes are different from your course objectives.

i. An objective is more like a plan, or a road map to reach/attain the

outcomes.
Course ii. A course objective describes what a faculty member will cover in a
Objectives
course. They are generally less broader than desirable goals and
more broader than student learning outcomes.

i. Outcome — A detailed description of what a student must be able to do

at the conclusion of a course.
ii. POs are attained through program specific Core Courses, which has their
Course own, previously set outcomes to attain. These course-specific outcomes
Outcomes
are called Course Outcomes.
(COs)
iii. No.of CO statement: Each course is designed to meet (about 5–6)
Course Outcomes.
iv. Structure of COs Statements: The Course Outcomes are stated in
 such a way that they can be actually measured. (SMART –“S- Specific;
M-Measurable; A-Achievable; R-Realistic; T-Time bound‖)
v. Framing of COs: COs are set by the institution, by consulting with the
department heads, faculty, students and other stakeholders.

i. POs are statements about the knowledge, skills and attitudes

(attributes) the graduate of a formal engineering program should have.
ii. POs deal with the general aspect of graduation for a particular
Program program, and the competencies and expertise a graduate will
Outcomes
possess after completion of the program.
(POs)
iii. These are broad and covers a wider area than of COs. the NBA has set 12
Program Outcomes, or Graduate Attributes for the sake of unity
and quality assurance.

i. Map the objective to the outcomes to analyse and document their

attainment
ii. Each CO can be identified to address a subset of POs
iii. Based on the number of COs and sessions dedicated to them , it is
Mapping of possible to identify the strength of mapping (1,2 or 3) to POs
CO vs PO
iv. Based on these strength of selected POs a CPO matrix can be established.
PO matrix can be established
Course PO1 PO2 PO3 PO11 PO12
CO1 1 0 3 1 2 3 2

i. Program Educational Objectives (PEO) are statements that describe

the career and professional accomplishments that the program is
preparing the graduates to achieve.
Program ii. Measuring PEOs: PEO‘s are measured 4–5 years after graduation.
Educational iii. They are set in order to measure the effectiveness of the program, and to
Objectives check whether it has prepared the students to deal with the real
(PEOs) world, where they could apply and use the skills and knowledge they‘ve
learned to good use.
iv. No.of PEOs: Each program shall specify 2–4 program specific
outcomes for the accreditation by the NBA.

CO Assessment:
i. The assessments should be in alignment with the COs
ii. Question paper should be so set to assess all COs
iii. The average marks obtained in assessments against items for each CO
will indicate the CO attainment
CO Attainment gaps:
CO iv. Instructors can set targets for each CO of his/her course
Attainment
v. Attainment gaps can therefore be identified
vi. Instructor can plan to reduce the attainment gaps or enhance attainment
targets enhance attainment targets
CO Attainment:
vii. If the assessment is in alignment with COs, the performance of the
students indicates the CO attainment
 Program Outcome (PO)
( Graduate Attributes)

Learn At end of the laboratory course,

PO/ Engineering Graduate will be able
ing attained the Outcomes/Skill of the
PSO to : Level student- ( Remark by students)
Engineering knowledge: Apply the
knowledge of mathematics, science, K3
PO 1 engineering fundamentals and an -

engineering specialization for the solution Apply

of complex engineering problems.

Problem analysis: Identify, formulate,
research literature and analyze complex K4
engineering problems reaching -
PO 2
substantiated conclusions using first Analy
ze
principles of mathematics, natural
sciences and engineering sciences.
Design/development of solutions:
Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components K5
-
PO 3 or processes that meet the specified needs
Evalu
with appropriate consideration for public ate
health and safety, and cultural, societal,
and environmental considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex
problems: Use research-based
knowledge and research methods K5
-
PO 4 including design of experiments, analysis
Evalu
and interpretation of data, and synthesis ate
of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
Modern tool usage: Create, select and
apply appropriate techniques, resources
and modern engineering and IT tools, K6
-
PO 5 including prediction and modeling to
Creat
complex engineering activities, with an e
understanding of the limitations.

The engineer and society: Apply K3

PO 6 reasoning informed by the contextual -

knowledge to assess societal, health, Apply

 safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
Environment and sustainability:
Understand the impact of the K2
professional engineering solutions in Unde
PO 7
societal and environmental contexts, and rstan
d
demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and
K3
commit to professional ethics and
PO 8 -
responsibilities and norms of the Apply
engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function
A3
effectively as an individual, and as a
PO 9 -
member or leader in diverse teams, and in Value
multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate
effectively on complex engineering
activities with the engineering community
and with the society at large, such as, A3
PO 10 being able to comprehend and write -

effective reports and design Value

documentation, make effective

presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
Project management and finance:
Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering and K3
PO 11 management principles and apply these to -

one‘s own work, as a member and leader Apply

in a team, to manage projects and in

multidisciplinary environments.
Life-long learning: Recognize the need A5
for, and have the preparation and ability Char
PO 12 to engage in independent and life-long acteri
learning in the broadest context of
ze
technological change.
Program Specific Outcome (PSOs)
At the end of the program, the
student
 Graduating students will be able to deal
complex problems in the field of Civil K4
Engineering to achieve design solutions -
PSO 1
with modern technological approach and Analy
ze
application software.

Graduating students will be able to

understand the professional Civil
Engineering practice and apply contextual K5
-
PSO 2 knowledge with the appropriate
Evalu
consideration of the society and ate
environment.

Flow Chart -Attainment of Program Educational Objectives (PEO’s) through PO & CO

 Course Outcome (COs)
Course Code
: CE8611
(As per Curriculum)
Course Code
: C316
(As per NBA)
Course Name : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Course Objectives
 To identify properties of aggregates
 To differentiate aggregate grades
 To evaluate the quality of pavement
 To distinguish the pavement construction materials
 To visualize the highway field test

Course Outcomes
On successful completion of this course, students will be able to
CO CO-Statements Learning Level
316.1 Analyze the properties of the aggregates by conducting various K3
test. Apply
316.2 Classify the aggregates based on their gradation K3
Apply
316.3 Analyze the quality of pavement by conducting various test. K3
Apply
316.4 Categorize pavement construction materials with relevant test. K3
Apply
316.5 Evaluate the highway field test by Benkelman Beam method K3
Apply

Laboratory Assessment Tool

S.No Assessment Tool Weightage (%)
1 Laboratory experiment – (Rubrics) 80
2 Model Exam 20

Target Value = 80 % of Marks

 CO –PO Mapping
Program
Program outcomes Specific
outcomes
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO
(K3) (K4) (K5) (K5) (K6) (K3) (K2) (K3) (A3) (A3) (K3) (K5) (K3) (K5)
316.1
M M H - M M L - M L - - - L

316.2
M M H - M L L - L L - - - L

316.3
M M M - M M L - M L - - - L

316.4
M M H - M M L - M L - - - L

316.5
M M H - M M L - L L - - - L

CO –PO Matrix
Program
Program outcomes Specific
outcomes
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO
(K3) (K4) (K5) (K5) (K6) (K3) (K2) (K3) (A3) (A3) (K3) (K5) (K3) (K5)
316.1 2 2 3 - 2 2 1 - 2 1 - - - 1

316.2 2 2 3 - 2 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 1

316.3 2 2 2 - 2 2 1 - 2 1 - - - 1

316.4 2 2 3 - 2 2 1 - 2 1 - - - 1

316.5 2 2 3 - 2 2 1 - 1 1 - - - 1

PO 2 2 3 - 2 2 1 - 2 1 - - - 1
Expected
(Round off
Average)

Note: Target Value = 80 %

If CO Attainment,
YES = Laboratory Mark (%) >= Target Value (%); NO= Laboratory Mark (%) < Target Value (%)
 LIST OF EXPERIMENT & ITS CO

Course Blooms Marks CO

S.No EXPERIMENT NAME
Outcome Taxonomy Obtained Attained?
Specific Gravity Test on aggregate Level Out of (Y/N)
1 CO 2 K3
100
Los Angels Abrasion Test K3
2 CO 1
Water Absorption Test K3
3 CO 1
Impact Test K3
4 CO1
K3
5 Specific Gravity Test on Bitumen CO 1
K3
6 Penetration Test CO3
K3
7 Viscosity Test CO3
K3
8 Softening Point Test CO3
K3
9 Ductility Test CO4
Determination of Stripping Value K3
10 ofAggregates CO2
K3
11 Determination of Binder Content CO4
K3
12 Marshall Stability and Flow Values CO4
Demonstration of any one
Field Testing Equipment CO5 K3
13 Like Skid Resistance
Tester/ Benkelman Beam
Additional Exercise
K3
1 Flash And Fire Point CO4

*************
 CO ATTAINMENT - Internal Assessment EVALUATION SHEET
Marks Average CO
Course
EXPERIMENT NAME Obtained of each Attained?
Outcome
Out of 100 CO (Y/N)
C407.1 1. Los Angels Abrasion Test
2. Water Absorption Test
3. Impact Test

4. Specific Gravity Test on Bitumen

C407.2 1. Specific Gravity Test on aggregate
2. Determination of Stripping Value of
Aggregates
C407.3
1. Penetration Test

2. Viscosity Test

3. Softening Point Test

C407.4 1. Determination of Binder Content

2. Marshall Stability and Flow Values

3. Flash And Fire Point

1. Demonstration of any one FieldTesting
C407.5 Equipment Like Skid Resistance
Tester/ Benkelman Beam
Over All Total
Average Mark (Out of 100) – ( A)

Co Attainment (Internal Assessment) Evaluation

Experiment Model Exam CO Attained
A B C D
Assessment
Assessment
Mark Obtained Weightage (80% Mark Obtained E=((B+D) *0.20)
Weightage 20% of
(100) of 100 Marks (100)
Mark Obtained
Obtained)

Measuring Tools for CO attainment (Components & Weight age)

Internal
External
Experiment - 80% 20% 80%
University Exam
Model Exam - 20%
 Action Plan:
(If CO Not Attained)

Reason for not

CO Attaining CO Remedial Action Plan Remarks Signature

`
 Rubrics of Laboratory Experiments
Course Code
: CE8611
(As per Curriculum)
Course Code
: C316
(As per NBA)
Course Name : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Rubrics
 Section:3 Safety Instructions
The Institute works with several hazardous materials and equipment. Safety is an important part of
any training in research. Potential job givers, be it industry or academia, expect a certain
awareness about safety.

With guidance of AICTE - Office of Laboratory Safety and Environmental Health

(OLSEH), Our College has embarked on a concerted effort to improve the safety culture in our
academics and Research lab.

1. Safety OLSEH suggested that the four essential principles of safety must be
Principles follow for academics labs of institutions:
To prevent confusion, this manual clearly defines standards for safe work
practices. These rules need to be followed by everyone.
Follow Rules
“Remember practicing safety means doing things the right way,
not the quick way”

The primary responsibility for safety rests with the individual. A responsible,

Personal considerate worker with an understanding of the working of the laboratory, its
Responsibility equipment, basic chemistry, common sense,
“safety is your responsibility”

No matter how careful they are, people often make mistakes. An effective safety
policy does not rely on people but relies on systems to reduce the probability of
Trust structures
more than accidents.
people ―I will be careful with chemicals‖ is a not an “idiot-proof” safety precaution,
chemical-resistant gloves are.

Everyone must be prepared to respond quickly and effectively in an emergency.

Respond to Become familiar with the work area, available exits, and safety equipment.
Emergencies
“training could save a life during an emergency”

Safety here are links for some important Safety related documents shared by
Related IISc: Safety Manual: https://olseh.iisc.ac.in/wp-
Documents content/uploads/2019/03/IIScSafetyManual_Ver1_01.pdf
 Safety - Photo Gallery

Personal Safety Equipment (PPE)

Chemical and Biological safety -MSDS

High-Pressure Safety

Bio-Waste segregation Fire Extinguisher

Avoid Electrical Unsafe Practices

Laboratory Specific safety Instructions:

1. Keep work area neat and free of any unnecessary objects; thoroughly clean your
laboratory work space at the end of the laboratory session.

2. Do not attempt any repair work when electrical connection is ON.

3. Make sure, while leaving the lab after the stipulated time, that all the equipments
are handed over to the in-charge.
 Section: 4 Laboratory Experiments Skill Development

Ex. No :
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Date:

Aim:
To determine the specific gravity of Coarse aggregate

Apparatus required:
Cylinder, Balance(0.1g sensitivity), Distilled water.

Procedure:
1. Take a clean dry container and its weigh W1
2. Take about 1 Kg of Coarse aggregate passing through 10mm sieve
3. Weigh the container with coarse aggregate W2
4. Fill the container containing coarse aggregate with water W3.
5. The container is emptied and filled with water W4.
Observation:

Sl.No Particulars Weight in Weight in Weight in

grams grams Grams
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
1 Weight of container (W1)

2 Weight of container + C.A

(W2)
3 Weight of container + C.A +
water (W3)
4 Weight of container + water
(W4)

Formula used:

Specific gravity of C.A (G) = [(W2 – W1)] / [(W2 -W1) – (W3-W4) ]

1
CALCULATION

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the unit of specific gravity?

2. Define specific gravity.

3. What is the limitations of this test?

2
RESULT

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

**************

3
 Ex. No :
LOS ANGELS ABRASION TEST
Date:

Aim

To determine the aggregate crushing value using Los angels abrasion test

Apparatus required :

LOS angels apparatus, 2.36mm Sieve, balance

Theory:
The aggregate used in surface course of the highway pavements are subjected to
wearing due to movement of traffic. When vehicles move on the road, the soil particles
present between the pneumatic tyres and road surface cause abrasion of road aggregates.
The steel reamed wheels of animal driven vehicles also cause considerable abrasion of the
road surface. Therefore, the road aggregates should be hard enough to resist abrasion.
Resistance to abrasion of aggregate is determined in laboratory by Los Angeles test
machine. The principle of Los Angeles abrasion test is to produce abrasive action by use of
standard steel balls which when mixed with aggregates and rotated in a drum for specific
number of revolutions also causes impact on aggregates. The percentage wear of the
aggregates due to rubbing with steel balls is determined and is known as Los Angeles
abrasion value

Formula used:
Aggregate crushing value =(B/A) x 100
A- Weight of dry sample
B- Weight of fraction passing appropriate sieve

Procedure:
1. Take 5Kg of the given sample.
2. Place the aggregates in the abrasion testing apparatus
3. Allow the machine to rotate at a speed of 30 to 33rpm for about 500 revolutions
4. Collect the sample and sieve in 2.36mm sieve.

Observation:

Initial weight of the specimen W1 =

Final weight of the specimen W2 =
Loss of weight (W1-W2) =
Aggregate crushing value =

4
CALCULATION

5
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is purpose of crushing test coarse aggregate?

2. Define abrasion.

3. What is the limitation of abrasive test?

4. List the various sizes of coarse aggregate used in concrete.

RESULT

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

***********

6
 Ex. No :
WATER ABSORPTION TEST
Date:

Aim:
To determine the water absorption of coarse aggregates

Apparatus required:
Wire basket, Water tight container, shallow tray, air tight container, dry soft cloth

Theory:
Water absorption gives an idea of strength of aggregates. Aggregates having more
water absorption are more porous in nature and are generally considered unsuitable unless
they are found to be acceptable based on strength, impact and hardness test

Procedure:

1. The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust, drained and
then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22
and 32oC.
2. After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting the basket and allowing
it to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and sample should remain immersed for a
period of 24 + ½ hrs afterwards.
3. The basket and aggregates should then be removed from the water, allowed to drain for a
few minutes, after which the aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on to one
of the dry clothes and gently surface-dried with the cloth, transferring it to a second dry
cloth when the first would remove no further moisture. The aggregates should be spread on
the second cloth and exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight till it appears to
be completely surface-dry. The aggregates should be weighed (Weight ‘A’).
4. The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110oC for
24hrs. It should then be removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (Weight ‘B’)

Formula used:

Water absorption = [(A - B)/B] x 100%.

Observation:

S.No Determination No. I II II

I
1 Weight of saturated
surface-dried sample(A)g
2 Weight of oven-dried
sample(B)g
3 Water absorption =
[(A - B)/B]
Average Value =

7
CALCULATION

8
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between absorption and adsorption?

2. What is the purpose of this test?

3. What is the IS code used for water absorption test?

RESULT

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

**********

9
 Ex. No :
IMPACT TEST
Date:

Aim:
To determine the aggregate impact value.

Apparatus required:
Aggregate impact value with all accessories.

Theory:
The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. Due to
movement of vehicles on the road the aggregates are subjected to impact resulting in their
breaking down into smaller pieces. The aggregates should therefore have sufficient
toughness to resist their disintegration due to impact. This characteristic is measured by
impact value test. The aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to sudden impact
or shock, which may differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive load.

Procedure:
1. Take the dried aggregate sample passing 12.5 mm I.S. sieve and retained in 10 mm sieve.
2. The aggregate is filled about one third on measuring cylinder and tamped with 25 strokes
by the tamping rod.
3. A further similar quantity of aggregate is added and tamped in the standard manner.
4. The measure is filled completely and then struck off level.
5. The net weight of the aggregate in the measure is determined (weight A) and this weight
of the aggregate is used for the test.
6. The whole sample is filled into a cylindrical steel cup firmly fixed on the base of the
machine.
7. A hammer weighing about 14 kg is raised to a height of 380 mm above the upper surface
of the aggregate in the cup and allowed to fall freely on the aggregate.
8.The test sample shall be subjected to a total of 15 such blows each being delivered at an
interval of not less than one second.
9. The crushed aggregate is sieved thro' I.S. sieve 2.36mm.
10. Weight of the material passing the sieve is noted (weight B)
11. Aggregate impact value = B /A X100

Observations:

Diameter of the mould =

Height of the mould =
Weight of the aggregate taken =
No. of blows =
Weight of material retained = Weight C
Weight of material passing = Weight B
Weight B = Weight A - Weight C

10
 Formula used:
Aggregate impact value =

Interpretation of results :

Aggregate impact value is used to classify the stones in respect of their toughness property
as indicated below :

Aggregate impact value Classification

< 10% Exceptionally strong
10-20% Strong
10-30% Satisfactory for road surfacing
> 35% Weak for road surfacing

The Indian Road Congress has recommended the following values for different types
of road construction.

Type of pavement Maximum aggregate impact value, %

Bituminous surface dressing penetration macadam, 30
bituminous carpet concrete and cement concrete
wearing course.
Bitumen-bound-macadam, base course 35
WBM base course with bitumen surfacing 40
Cement concrete base course 45

11
CALCULATION

12
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define aggregate crushing value

2. How is aggregate impact value is expressed?

3. Aggregate crushing value of material A is 40 and that of B is 25. Which one is better?
Why?

RESULT

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

*********

13
 BITUMEN

INTRODUCTION

Bitumen also known as Asphalt is a black, sticky, black and highly viscous
mixture of hydrocarbons obtained naturally or as a residue from petroleum
distillation. The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to
mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance.

In American English ―asphalt‖ (or‖ asphalt cement‖) is commonly used for

a refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the
United States, the product is often called ―bitumen‖.

The primary use of asphalt is in road construction, where it is used as the

glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other
main uses are for water proofing products.

Types of Bitumen,

 Penetration grade
 Bitumen 80/100 – Softest grade (Low volume roads)
 Bitumen 60/70 - Can with stand with higher traffic loads(National
and State Highways)
 Bitumen 30/40 – Can with stand very high traffic loads(Airport
runways and roads in coastal cities)
 Industrial grade
 Also known as blown bitumen
 Obtained by blowing air in to hot bitumen at high temperatures.
 Used as water proofing agents
 Cutback
 Is a free flowing liquid at normal temperatures and is obtained by
fluxing bitumen with suitable solvents
 Used for coating

14
 Ex. No :
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST ON BITUMEN
Date:

Aim:

To determine the specific gravity of the given bitumen sample

Apparatus:

Pycnometer bottle, Weights.

Theory:

It is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of the material to the weight of
an equal volume of water at a given temperature, usually 25°C. Specific gravity
may be measured directly by means of hydrometer for the fluid grades and by
displacement method for solid grades by weighting in air and weighting when
completely immersed in distilled water at the standard temperature.

PROCEDURE:

1. The specific gravity bottle is cleaned, dried and weighted along with the stopper.
2. It is filled with fresh distilled water, stopper placed and the same is kept in
water container for at least half an hour at temperature 27oC + 0.1 oC.
3. The bottle is then removed and cleaned from outside.
4. The specific gravity bottle containing distilled water is now weighed.
5. The bituminous material is heated to a pouring temperature and is poured in
the above empty bottle taking all the precautions that it is clean and dry
before filling sample materials.
6. The material is filled up to the half taking care to prevent entry of air bubbles.
7. To permit an escape of air bubbles, the sample bottle is allowed to stand for
half an hour at suitable temperature cooled to 27 oC and then weighed.
8. The remaining space in the specific gravity bottle is filled with distilled
water at 27 oC, stopper placed and is placed in water container at 27 oC. the
bottle containing bituminous material and retaining water is removed,
cleaned from outside and is again weighed.

15
Observation:

Weight of the empty Pycnometer (W1) =

Weight of the sample + Pycnometer(W2) =

Weigh of the Pycnometer filled with

Water to complete the filling(W3) =

Weigh of the Pycnometer filled with water(W4) =

Weight of bitumen (W5) = W2-W1

Formula used:

Interpretation of Results

Knowledge of the correct specific gravity of bituminous materials has mainly two
applications.
1. To convert the specified bitumen content by weight to volume basis when
the binder is measured by volume.
2. The specific gravity is useful to identify the source as a bituminous binder.
Pure bitumen has a specific gravity in the range 0.97 to 1.02. In case the bitumen
contains mineral impurity, the specific gravity will be higher.

Vertical – retort tars have a specific gravity range 1.10 to 1.15. Horizontal –
retort tars and coke oven tars have values in the range 1.18 to 1.25.
The ISI specifies that the minimum specific gravity values of paving
bitumen at 27C shall be 0.99 tar grades A25, A35, A45, A65, S35, S45 and S65.
0.98 for A90 & S90;
0.97 for A200 & S200 ;

16
CALCULATION

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are the equipment used for finding specific gravity?

2. Define bitumen.

3. What is the difference between bitumen and tar

17
RESULT

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

*********

18
 Ex. No :
PENETRATION TEST
Date:

Aim:

To determine the consistency of bituminous material and to assess the

suitability of bitumen for its use under different climatic conditions.

Apparatus required:
Container, needle, water bath, transfer dish or tray penetration apparatus,
thermometer, time measuring device.

Theory:
Penetration value is a measure of hardness or consistency of bituminous
material. It is the vertical distance traversed or penetrated by the point of a
standard needle in to the bituminous material under specific conditions of load,
time and temperature. This distance is measured in one tenths of a milli meter.
This test is used for evaluating consistency of bitumen. It is not regarded as
suitable for use in connection with the testing of road tar because of the high
surface tension exhibited by these materials.

Procedure:

1. The bitumen is softened to a pouring consistency between 75 C and 100 C above

the approximate temperature at which bitumen softens
2. The sample material is thoroughly stirred to make it homogenous and free from
air bubbles and water.
3. The sample material is then poured into the containers to a depth of atleast
15mm more than the expected penetration.
4. The sample containers are cooled in atmospheric temperature not lower then 13
C for one hour.
5. The sample container is placed in the transfer tray with water from the water
bath and placed under the penetrometer needle.
6. The weight of needle, shaft and additional weight are checked. The total weight
of this assembly should be 100g.
7. Using the adjusting screw, the needle assembly is lowered and the tip of the
needle is made to just touch the top surface of the sample; the needle assembly is
clamped in this position.
8. The contact of the tip of the needle is checked using the mirror placed on the
rest of the needle.
9. The initial reading of the penetrometer dial is either adjusted to zero or the
initial reading is taken before releasing the needle.

19
10. The needle is released exactly for a period of 5.0 secs .by pressing the knob and
the final reading is taken on the dial.
11. At least three measurements are made on this sample by testing at distance of
not less than 10mm apart.
12. After each test the needle is disengaged and cleaned with benzene and carefully
dried. The sample container is also transferred in the water bath before next
testing is done so as t
13. The test is repeated with different sample.

Precautions:
i) Movement of the container should not be made while needle is penetrating
into the sample.
ii) The sample should be free from any extraneous matter.
iii) The needle should be cleaned with benzene and dried before each
penetration.
Observations:

Actual test temperature = °C

Penetrometer dial reading Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Initial
Final
Penetration value

Mean Penetration value =

Interpretation of results:
The Indian Standards Institution has classified paving bitumen available in this
country into the following six categories depending on the penetration values.
Grades designated ‗A‘ (such as A 35) are from Assam Petroleum and those
designated ‗S‘ (such as S 35) are from other sources.

Bitumen Grade A25 A35 & S35 A45 & S45 A65 & S65 A90 & A200 &
S90 S200
Penetration value 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 60 to 70 80 to 100 175 to 225

II.
Sl. No. Types of works Penetration values
1 Pavement construction in country region Between 20 and 225
2 Bituminous meadow and penetration 30/40, 60/70 and 80/100
mecadam

20
III. In warmer region - Lower penetration grade In colder region -
Higher penetration grade

CALCULATION

21
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are the application of penetration test?

2. What do you understand by the term 30/40 bitument?

3. What are the precaution s taken while conducting penetration test?

RESULT
Mean penetration value of the bitumen sample =

Reference:
IS 1203 – 1978

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

********

22
 Ex. No :
VISCOSITY TEST
Date:

Aim:

To determine the viscosity of bituminous binder.

Apparatus required:

Tar viscometer, receiver, thermometer

Theory:

Viscosity is the inverse of fluidity. The degrees of fluidity at the application

temperature greatly influences the ability of bituminous material to spread,
penetrate into voids and also coats the aggregate and hence affect the strength and
characteristics of resulting paving mixes. At high fluidity or low viscosity, bitumen
binder simply lubricates the aggregate particles instead of providing an uniform
film thickness for binding action. Low fluidity or high viscosity does not enable the
bitumen to coat the entire surface of aggregate in the mix easily and also resists
the comp active effort and resulting mix is heterogeneous in character.

Table1:Specifications for Test Temperature and Range of

Viscosity for Road Tar (As Per Is: 215-1981)

Road Tar Type RT – 1 RT – 2 RT - 3 RT - 4 RT - 5

Orifice size mm 10 10 10 10 10
Test Temperature 35C 45C 45C 55C 65C
Viscosity in sec. 30-55 30-55 35-60 35-70 35-70

Table-2: Specifications for Test Temperature and Range of

Viscosity for Cut Back Bitumen (As Per IS: 217- 1961)

Road Tar Type 0 1 2 3 4 5

Orifice size mm 4 4 10 10 10
Test Temperature 25 25 25 25 40 40
Viscosity in sec. 25-75 50-150 10-20 26-27 14-45 60-140

Note:
The working range of the tar viscometer with 10mm orifice is such that
liquid having time of efflux between 10 sec and 140 sec should be used. For 4mm
orifice, it should be 20 to 200 seconds.

23
Procedure:

1. The tar cup is properly leveled and water in the bath is heated to the
temperature specified for the test and is maintained throughout the test. Stirring is
also contained.

2. The sample material is heated at the tem

temperature, and the material is allowed to cool. During this the material is
continuously, stirred.

3. When material reaches slightly above test temperature, the same is poured in
the tar cup, until the levelling peg on the value rod is just immersed.

4. In the graduated receiver (cylinder), 20 ml of mineral oil or one per cent by

weight solution of soft soap is poured. The receiver is placed under the orifice.

5. When the sample material reaches the specified testing temperature within 0.10C
and is maintained for 5 minutes, the value is opened.

6. The stop watch is started, when cylinder records 25 ml. The time is recorded for
flow up to a mark of 75 ml. (i.e., 50 ml of test sample to flow through the orifice.

7. The viscosity test on road tar is carried out using 10mm orifice and the standard
test temperature for road tar grades RT1, RT2, RT3 and RT4 are 35, 40, 45 and
550C respectively.

8. In case the viscosity test is being carried out to classify a given sample of road
tar or to find its grade, then the test should be first conducted at the lowest

sample to flow through the 10 mm orifice is more than 55 secs. or if the sample
does not flow freely, the test may be repeated at the next higher temperature, till
the viscosity value falls in the specified range.

9. The viscosity test on cutback bitumen is carried out using 4.0mm orifice for
grades 0 and 1 (SC-0, MC-0, RC-0, SC-1, MC-1, RC-

10. The tests for cutback grades 2 and 3 are carried out

11. For details of requirements of cutbacks if the viscosity of an unknown grade of

cutbacks is the determined, the orifice size and the trial test temperature may be
chosen using judgment.

12. If the viscosity value of the trial test does not fall with the specified range, the
test should be repeated by altering the test temperature or orifice size or both
suitably.

24
Precaution:

(1) The tar cup should be cleaned gently with non-corroding solvents such as
light tar oils free from phenols.

(2) The orifice size should be tested at frequent intervals with a gauge having
appropriate diameters.

Observation:

Test Temperature = Test 1 Test 2

Time taken to flow 50ml of the binder =

Viscosity = sec

Interpretation of Results:

The specified test temperatures and viscosity values of road tars of grades 1 to 5.
Using 10 mm orifice are given in following table.

Viscosity values of road tars

Road tar grades RT-1 RT-2 RT-3 RT-4 RT-5

Test temperature, 35 40 45 55 -
C

Viscosity range, 30 to 55 30 to 35 to 40 to -
secs 55 60 60

Viscosity values of Cutback bitumen

Cut back types sc, mc, & 0 1 2 3 4 5

Rc of grades

Orifice size, mm 4.0 4.0 10 10 10 10

Test temperature, 25 25 25 25 40 40
C
Viscosity range, 25 – 75 50 – 150 10 – 20 25 – 75 14 – 45 60 – 140
Secs

25
Calculation:

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define viscosity.

2. Explain the term viscosity

3. What are the uses of viscosity test?

4. What are the precautions to be taken during viscosity test using orifice viscometer?

26
RESULT

Viscosity of the given fluid = _______________________

Reference:
IS 1206: Part II – 1978

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

********

27
 Ex. No :
SOFTENING POINT TEST
Date:
Aim:
To determine the softening point of bitumen/tar.

Apparatus required:
The ring and ball apparatus, thermometer, water bath
Theory:
The Softening Point of bitumen or tar is the temperature at which the
substance attains particular degree of softening. As per IS: 334-1982, it is the
temperature in ºC at which a standard ball passes through a sample of bitumen in
a mould and falls through a height of 2.5 cm, when heated under water or
glycerine at specified conditions of test. The binder should have sufficient fluidity
before its applications in road uses. The determination of softening point helps to
know the temperature up to which a bituminous binder should be heated for
various road use applications. Softening point is determined by ring and ball
apparatus.

Procedure:

1. Sample material is heated to a temperature between 75 and 100oC above

the approximate softening point until it is completely fluid and poured in
heated rings placed on metal plate.
2. To avoid sticking of the bitumen to metal plate, coating is done to this with
a solution of glycerin and dextrin.
3. After cooling the rings in air for 30 minutes, the excess bitumen is
trimmed and rings are placed in the support as discussed in item (0C)
above.
4. At this time the temperature of distilled water is kept at 5 0C. This
temperature is maintained for 15 minutes after which the balls are placed
in position.
5. The temperature of water is raised at uniform rate of 50C per minute with a
controlled heat unit, until the bitumen softens and touches the bottom
plate by sinking of balls. At least two observations are made.
6. For material whose softening point is above 800C, glycerin is used as a
heating medium and the starting temperature is 350C instead of 50C.
Precaution:

1. Distilled water should be used as the heating medium.

2. During the conduct of test the apparatus should not be subjected
to vibrations.
3. The bubble of the thermometer should be at about the same level
as the rings.

28
Observation:

Temperature when the 1 2

balltouches bottom, °C

Average =

Softening point of bitumen/tar =

Interpretation of Results:

Softening point is essentially the temperature at which the bituminous

binders have an equal viscosity. The softening point of a tar is therefore related to
equiviscous temperature (e.v.t).Bitumen with higher softening point may be
preferred in warmer place.

The ranges of softening point specified by the Indian Standards Institution

for various grades of bitumen are given below,

Bitumen Softening point,

Grades C
A25 & A35 55 to 70
S35 50 to 65
A45, S45 & A65 45 to 60
S65 40 to 55
A90 & S90 35 to 55
A200 & S200 30 to 45

Calculation:

29
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define softening point.

2. If material A has softening point 56 and B has 42 which binder is good and why?

3. What are the factors affecting ring and ball test result?

RESULT

Softening point of the given sample =

Reference:
IS 1205 – 1978

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

********

30
 Ex. No :
DUCTILITY TEST
Date:

Aim:
To measure the ductility of given bitumen sample.
Apparatus required:
Briquette mould, Water bath, Testing machine, Thermometer.
Theory:
This test is done to determine the ductility of distillation residue of
cutback bitumen, blown type bitumen and other bituminous products as per IS:
1208 – 1978. The principle is the ductility of a bituminous material is measured by
the distance in cm to which it will elongate before breaking when a standard
briquette specimen of the material is pulled apart at a specified speed and a
specified temperature.
Procedure:
1. The bitumen sample is melted to a temperature of 75o to 100o c above the
approximate softening point until is fluid.
2. It is strained through IS sieve 30, poured in the mould assembly and placed
on a brass plate, after a solution of glycerin and dextrin is applied at all
surfaces of the mould exposed to bitumen.
3. Thirty to forty minutes after the sample is poured into the moulds, the
sample and mould assembly are removed from water bath and excess
bitumen material is cut off by leveling the surface using hot knife.
4. After trimming the specimen, the mould assembly containing sample is
replaced in water bath maintained at 270C for 85 to 95 minutes.
5. The sides of the mould are now removed and the clips are carefully hooked
on the machine without causing any initial strain.
6. Two or more specimens may be prepared in the moulds and clipped to the
machine so as to conduct these test simultaneously.
7. The pointer is to read zero.
8. The machine is stared and the two clips are thus pulled apart horizontally.
9. While the test is in operation, it is checked whether the sample is immersed
in water at depth of at least 10mm.
10. The distance at which the bitumen thread of each specimen breaks, is
recorded (in cm) to report as ductility value.
11. Precautions:
12. The plate assembly upon which the mould is placed shall be perfectly flat
and level so that the bottom surface of the mould touches it throughout.
13. In filling the mould, care should be taken not to disarrange the parts and
thus distort the briquette and to see that no air pocket shall be within the
moulded sample.

Observation:
(1) Bitumen Grade =
(2) Pouring temperature °C =
(3) Test temperature °C =
(4) Periods of cooling, minutes =
(a) In air =
(b) In water bath before trimming =

(c) In water bath after trimming =

31
 Reading Briquette
No.
1 2 3

Initial Reading

Final Reading

Ductility = b - a (cm)

Ductility value =

Interpretation of Results:

For bituminous construction - minimum ductility value of 50 cm.

The minimum ductility values specified by Indian Standards Institution for

various grades of bitumen available in India are given below:

Source of paving bitumen and

Minimum ductility value, cm
penetration grade

Assam petroleum A25 5

A35 10

A45 12

A65, A90 & A200 15

Bitumen from sources other than Assam 50

petroleum S35

S45, S65 & S90 75

32
CALCULATION:

33
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define ductile material.

2. What is the temperature to be maintained in bitumen to do ductility test?

3. Define repeatability and reproducibility.

RESULT

Ductility value of given bitumen sample =

Reference:
IS 1208 – 1978

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

*************

34
 Ex. No : DETERMINATION OF STRIPPING VALUE OF
Date: AGGREGATES
Definition:

The stripping value of aggregates is determined as the ratio of the uncovered area
observed visually to the total area of aggregates, expressed as a percentage.

Aim:

To determine the stripping value of aggregates

Apparatus:

Heat resistant glass beaker of 500 ml capacity, 20mm and 12.5mm IS

sieves, Mixer, Balance of capacity 10Kg and sensitivity 1gram, Water bath
preferably with a thermostat.

PROCEDURE:

1. Take 200 grams of dry and clean aggregates passing 20mm and retained on
12.5mm sieves and heat up to 150ºC.

2. Take five percent by weight of bitumen binder and heat up to 160ºC

3. Mix the aggregates and the binder till they are completely coated and transfer
the mixture in to 500ml beaker and allow to cool at room temperature for about 2
hours

4. Add distilled water to immerse the coated aggregates

5. Cover the beaker and keep in a water bath maintained at 40 ºC take care that
the level of water in the water bath is at least half the height of the beaker.

6. After 24hours take the beaker out, cool at room temperature and estimate the
extent of stripping visually while the specimen is still under the water.

Bitumen coated aggregates Aggregates kept outside for

kept in distilled water observation of stripping of bitumen coating

35
DETERMINATION OF STRIPPING VALUES OF AGGRGATES:

CALCULATION:

36
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is stripping value of aggregates?

2. What is the speed of rotation of stirrer used in flash and fire point test for cut back
bitumen?

3. What are the lab tests on bitumen?

RESULT

The stripping value of aggregates _________________

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

**********

37
 Ex. No :
BINDER CONTENT TESTS
Date:

Aim:

To determine the binder content of the given sample.

Apparatus required:

Centrifuge extractor, bowl, filter paper, balance and commercial benzene,

sample of 500g.

Theory:

The maximum theoretical density (MTD) of an asphalt mixture is equal to

the total weight of both the bitumen and the aggregate divided by the total volume
occupied by both these two materials. The volume of air contained in the mixture
is excluded. This is an important property of the material since the density
specifications are related to this value.

Procedure to determine bitumen content:

1. If the mixture is not soft enough to separate with a trowel, place 1000g of it in a
large pan and warm upto 100oC to separate the particles of the mixture uniformly.

2. Place the sample (Weight ‗A‘) in the centrifuge extractor. Cover the sample with
benzene, put the filter paper on it with the cover plate tightly fitted on the bowl.

3. Start the centrifuge extractor, revolving slowly and gradually increase the speed
until the solvent ceases to flow from the outlet.

4. Allow the centrifuge extractor to stop. Add 200ml benzene and repeat the
procedure.

5. Repeat the procedure at least thrice, so that the extract is clear and not darker
than the light straw colour and record the volume of total extract in the graduated
vessel.

6. Remove the filter paper from the bowl and dry in the oven at 110 + 5 oC. After
24hours, take the weight of the extracted sample (Weight ‗B‘).

7. Repeat the test thrice and average the results

Formula used:

Bitumen content = [(A-B)/B]×100 %.

38
CALCULATION:

39
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is OMC?

2. How does the Water absorption of the coarse aggregate affects the mix design of
concrete?

3. What is reason of good adhesion results of aged bitumen as compared to unaged

bitumen?

4. What is the range of optimum bitumen content for permeable asphalt pavement?

5. How to calculate optimal bitumen content in asphalt mixture?

RESULT

Binder content =_________________

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

********
40
 Ex. No :
MARSHALL STABILITY AND FLOW VALUES
Date:

Aim:

i) To determine the density - voids analysis for the given bituminous mixture;
ii) To determine the strength (Marshall's Stability Value) and flexibility (flow
value) for the given bituminous mixture;
iii) To determine the suitability of the bituminous mixture to meet the specified
criteria for the surface course.

Apparatus Description:

The apparatus consists of the following:

1. Specimen Mould Assembly comprising of a cylindrical mould, 10cm diameter by

7.5 cm height, base plate and extension collars.

2. Specimen extractor to extrude compacted specimen from the mould a suitable

bar is required to transfer load from the extension collar to the upper proving ring
attachment while extracting the specimen.

3. A compaction pedestal and hammer having 4.5 kg weigh with free fall of
457mm.

4. A mould holder is provided with spring tension device designed to hold

compaction mould in place on the compaction pedestal.

5. A breaking head consists of upper and lower cylindrical segments having an

inside radius curvature of 5cm. The lower segment is mounted on a base having
two perpendicular guide rods to facilitate insertion of upper test segments.

6. Loading machine is provided with a gear system to lift the upward direction
precalibrated proving ring of 5 tonnes capacity is fixed on the upper end of the
machine. Specimen is placed in between the base and proving ring.

7. The loading jack produces uniform vertical movement at a rate of 5cm per
minute. Machine is capable of reversing its movement downward also.

8. The flow meter consists of guide sleeve and a gauge. The activating pin of the
gauge slides inside the guide sleeve with the slight amount of frictional resistance.

9. A dial gauge fixed to the guide rods of the testing machine serves as flow meter
to measure the deformation of the specimen during loading. The dial gauge at the
flow meter should be able to measure accurately the total vertical movement
upward.

In addition to the above the following general equipments are also required:

41
a) Hot plates

b) Mixing apparatus

c) Water bath

d) Thermometers of range upto 200C with sensitivity of 250C

e) Miscellaneous equipments containers and mixing tools

Procedure:

Preparation of test specimens:

1. Measure out 1200g of aggregates blended in the desired proportions. Heat the
aggregates in the oven to the mixing temperature.

2. Add bitumen at the mixing temperature to produce viscosity of 170+ centistokes

at various percentage both above and below the expected optimum content.

3. Mix the materials in a heated pan with heated mixing tools.

4. Return the mixture to the oven and reheat it to the compacting temperature (to
produce viscosity of 280 + 30 centistokes).

5. Place the mixture in a heated Marshall mould with a collar and base. Spade the
mixture around the sides of the mould. Place filter papers under the sample and
on top of the sample.

6. Place the mould in the Marshall compaction pedestal.

7. Compact the material with 50 blows of the hammer (or as specified), invert the
sample, and compact the other face with the same number of blows.

8. After compaction, invert the mould. With the collar on the bottom, remove the
base and extract the sample by pushing it out the extractor.

9. Allow the sample to stand for a few hours to cool.

10. Obtain the sample's mass in air and submerged, to measure density of
specimen, so as to allow, calculation of the voids properties.

Test Procedures:

1. Specimens are heated to 600C+ 10 (37.80 + 10C for specimens in which tar
has been used in place of bitumen), either in a water bath for 30-40 minutes or in
an oven for a minimum of two hours.

42
2. Remove the specimen form the water bath (or oven) and place in the lower
segment of the breaking head. Then place the upper segment of the breaking head
on the specimen and place the complete assembly in position on the testing
machine.

3. Place the flow meter over one of the post and adjust it to read zero.

4. Apply a load at a rate of 50mm per minute until the maximum load reading
is obtained.

5. Record the maximum load reading in Newtons(N). At the same instant

obtain the flow as recorded on the flow meter in units of mm.

Observation:

Mass of aggregates in mixing pan = 1200 g

Mass of bitumen added = g

Bitumen content = %

Mixing temperature-aggregates-bitumen= 0C Compacting temperature

= 0C

Number of blows with hammer per face =

Mass of specimen in air 'Wa' = g

Mass submerged 'Ww' = g

Volume of specimen 'V' = cm3.

Calculation:

Density of compacted mix 'd' = g/cm3

43
Interpretation of Results

The values obtained for four or five binder contents with a constant aggregate
gradation are plotted on the graph for determining optimum binder content. A
typical set of such plots in shown in Fig. From these plots, bitumen contents are
determined corresponding to the following:

1. Maximum stability

2. Maximum bulk density

3. Percent air voids between 3 to 5 (depending upon the type of mix and the
traffic intensity, usually taken as 4%).

The optimum bitumen content of the mix is the numerical average of the three
values for the bitumen contents determined as mentioned above.

Graph:
Flow value stability

44
45
CALCULATION:

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the significance of flow value in Marshall Test?

2. What are the essential properties of bituminous mixes?

3. What is Marshall stability ?

4. What is Flow value?

5. What is CBR?

46
RESULT

1. Marshall Stability Value =

2. Flow value =

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

*********

47
 Ex. No : STANDARD TEST PROCEDURE FOR BENKELMAN BEAM
Date: DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS

Aim:

This test procedure covers the determination of the rebound deflection of a

pavement under a standard wheel load and tyre pressure, with or without
temperature measurements

Apparatus Description:

Basic equipment shall consist of:

(a) A Benkelman beam to the Ministry of Works and Development pattern

having the dimensions shown on Figure 1. The beam must be fitted with a
satisfactory locking device designed to secure the beam when moving to a new site
and a suitable vibrator mounted at the pivot point. In sunny weather the beam
may pass from shade into sunshine as the vehicle moves away. Therefore a shield
similar to that described in Road Research Unit Newsletter No 49 should be used.

(b) A truck or trailer with an axle load of 8.20 ±0.15 tonnes equally distributed
on two dual tyred wheels operating at the inflation pressure necessary to give a
tyre contact area of 0.048 ± 0.0002 m2. The tyres shall preferably be 10.00 x 20,
12 ply with tubes and rib treads.

(c) A tyre pressure gauge graduated in 20 Kpa divisions or smaller.

(d) A thermometer with a range of 0-6°C in 1°C divisions.

(e) A mandrel suitable for making a 100mm deep hole in the pavement for

48
inserting the thermometer. The diameter of the hole should be 13mm.

(f) A can containing either glycerol or oil for filling the thermometer hole

Procedure

Deflections shall be measured as follows:

(a) The test point shall be preselected and marked. For highway pavements,
test points shall be located at the distances from the edge of the lane given in Table
1.

(b) The tyre pressure should be checked before the first test and then at
intervals not exceeding three hours.

(c) The truck shall initially be positioned with the test wheel between 100 and
150mm to the rear of the test spot, ie position A.

(d) The probe of the beam shall be inserted between the dual tyres of the test
wheel with the toe located on the test spot.

(e) The locking device shall be released and the rear of the beam adjusted so
that the plunger is in contact with the dial gauge.

(f) The dial gauge shall be set to read between 9 and 11mm (the actual reading
need not be recorded) and the vibrator set in operation.

(g) The truck shall be moved forward at creep speed so that the test wheel
passes over the test spot and continues advancing to position 8 which is 2.7 ± 0.1
metres beyond the test spot.

(h) The START READING, S, is the maximum dial gauge reading occurring
during this movement of the truck from position A to position B, and will normally
occur as the wheel passes over the test spot. This reading shall be recorded.

(I) The INTERMEDIATE READING, I, is that figure indicated by the dial

gauge at the moment the truck stops with the test wheel in position B. This reading
shall be recorded.
49
(j) The truck shall be moved forward until the test wheel is in position V which
is not less than 10 metres from position B.

(k) The FINAL READING, F, is that figure indicated by the dial gauge when the
truck has stopped in position

C. This figure shall be recorded. Temperature measurements must be made when

the top layer of the pavement consists of 40mm or more of bitumen bound
material. The following procedure should be followed:

(a) A hole should be made with the mandrel to a depth of 40mm or to such a
depth that it does not break through the bitumen bound material.

(b) The hole should be filled with glycerol or oil and the thermometer inserted.

(c) The temperature should be recorded at least hourly, or at decreasing time

intervals down to 15 minutes when successive temperatures differ by more than
3°C. No beam readings should be made outside the pavement temperature range
of 5°C to 30°C when the top layer of the pavement consists of 40mm or more of
bitumen bound material.

Calculations

The rebound deflection of the pavement shall be calculated in the following

manner:**

(a) Two pavement rebound indicators shall be established by subtracting the

intermediate and final readings from the start reading, ie:

(b) If the indicators so obtained agree within 0.03mm the true rebound
deflection at temperature T shall be calculated as:

(c) If the indicators (S - I) and (S - F) differ by more than 0.03mm*** the initial
shape of the bowl has been such as to influence the front support legs of the
instrument and the calculations shall be adjusted as follows:

(d) The pavement rebound deflection at a standard temperature of 20°C shall

be calculated from the above figure by applying the formula:

where X20 = temperature corrected rebound deflection in millimetres

and t = temperature in degrees Celsius 40mm below the surface of the pavement

50
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. The test started from an initial point is stopped after how long for intermediate deflection
measurement.

2. Which deflection is obtained as the sum of mean rebound deflection and standard
deviation.

3. What is the standard temperature taken for the rebound deflection calculation?

4. The testing is to be carried out during the which season.

RESULT

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

*********

51
 Ex. No : CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS
Date: DETERMINING FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF BITUMEN

Aim:
To determine the flash and fire point of given bituminous binder.

Apparatus required:

1. Pensky - Martens apparatus

2. Thermometer- Low Range : -7 to 110oC, Graduation 0.5oC
3. High Range : 90 to 370oC, Graduation 2oC
Theory:
This test is done to determine the flash point and the fire point of asphaltic
bitumen and fluxed native asphalt, cutback bitumen and blown type bitumen as
per IS: 1209 – 1978.

The principle behind this test is given below:

Flash Point – The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at

which the application of test flame causes the vapours from the material to
momentarily catch fire in the form of a flash under specified conditions of the test.

Procedure to determine the Flash and Fire Point of Bitumen

FLASH POINT
1. Soften the bitumen between 75 and 100oC. Stir it thoroughly to remove air
bubbles and water.
2. Fill the cup with the material to be tested up to the filling mark. Place it on
the bath.
3. Fix the open clip. Insert the thermometer of high or low range as per
requirement and also the stirrer, to stir it.
4. Light the test flame, adjust it. Supply heat at such a rate that the
temperature increase, recorded by the thermometer is neither less than 5oC
nor more than 6oC per minute.
5. Open flash point is taken as that temperature when a flash first appears at
any point on the surface of the material in the cup.
6. Take care that the bluish halo that sometimes surrounds the test flame is
not confused with the true flash.
7. Discontinue the stirring during the application of
the test flame. Flash point should be taken as the temperature read on
the thermometer at the time the flash occurs

FIRE POINT:

52
1. After flash point, heating should be continued at such a rate that the
increase in temperature recorded by the thermometer is neither less than
5oC nor more than 6oC per minute.
2. The test flame should be lighted and adjusted so that it is of the size of a
bead 4mm in dia.

Test No. Flash Point, C Fire Point, C

1
2
3
Average

53
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define flash and fire point

2. What is the significance of flash and fire point test.

3. what are the parameter that affect the result of flash and fire point test.

4. which of the is code gives guide lines for the flash and fire point test.

RESULT

Flash point of the given sample =

Fire point of the given sample =

Observation by students: (what student able to?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

********

54
 Section: 5 Self Learning

i. Self learning – Virtual lab : https://www.vlab.co.in/ & website link

Objectives:

To provide a complete Learning Management System around the Virtual

Labs where the students can avail the various tools for learning, Conducting
experiments, including additional web-resources, video-lectures, animated
demonstrations and self-evaluation.

S.no Experiment Name Virtual lab / E-Certificate course link

Crushing Value of Aggregate https://ts-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/crushing-value/

1

Impact Test on Aggregate https://ts-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/impact-test/

2

Los Angeles Abrasion Test on https://ts-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/los-angeles-

3 Aggregate abrasion/

Ductility Test on Bitumen https://ts-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/ductility-test/

4

https://ts-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/softening-point-
Softening Point of Bitumen
5 test/

Penetration Test on Bitumen https://ts-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/penetration-test/

6

https://ts-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/specific-gravity-
Specific Gravity Test on Bitumen
7 test/

California Bearing Ratio Test on https://ts-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/california-bearing-

8 Soil ratio-test/

55