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Lecture 9 A 24112024 034252pm

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8 views19 pages

Lecture 9 A 24112024 034252pm

Uploaded by

Qaiser Hafeez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differentiation

Part 2
Differentiation
In this program we will learn about.
• Differentiation
i. Rules of Differentiation
• Additional Rules of Differentiation
i. Chain Rule
• Instantaneous-Rate of Change Interpretation
• Higher- Order Derivatives
i. The Second Derivative
ii. Third and Higher Order Derivatives
Differentiation
• Rules of Differentiation
Differentiation is a process of finding derivatives.
Rule 1: Constant Function
If f(x) = c, where c is any constant then,

f ( x)  0
where f ( x ) (read as f prime x) represents the derivative of the function f at
x.
Rule 2: Power Rule
If where n is real number then.

•
Differentiation

Rule 3: Constant times a Function


If where c is constant and g is a differentiable function.

Rule 4: Sum or Difference of Function


If where u and v are differentiable.

Rule 5: Product Rule


If where u and v are differentiable, then
Differentiation

Rule 6: Quotient Rule


If , where u and v are differentiable and then
. ( )
Differentiation
Example 1: Differentiate the following function

Solution: To differentiate the given function we need to remember the first and
second rule of differentiation i.e. constant function and power rule.
Differentiation
Example 2: The position of any object at any time t (in hours) is given by

Determine when the object is moving to the right and when the object is moving to the
left.
Solution: To determine the direction of the object we need to determine the velocity of
the object. If the velocity is positive this implies the direction of the object is moving
off to the right and if the velocity is negative this implies the direction of the object is
moving to the left.
To determine the velocity we derivate the given function.
Differentiation

The intervals at which velocity is positive or negative is given by:

1st Positive at i.e.


2nd Negative at i.e.

Hence the object is moving to the right over the interval and
the object is moving to the left over the interval
Differentiation

Example 3: Differentiate the given function

Solution: To differentiate the given function we apply the rule 5 that is product
rule.
Differentiation
Example 4: Differentiate the following function

Solution: To differentiate the given function we apply the rule 6 that is quotient
rule.
Additional Rules of Differentiation
Rule 7: Power of a Function
If where u is a differentiable function and n is a real number then

Rule 8: Base e Exponential Function


If where u is the differentiable then

Rule 9: Natural Logarithm Function


If where u is differentiable then

Rule 10: Chain Rule


If is a differentiable function and is a differentiable function then
Additional Rules of Differentiation
Example 1: Use the chain rule to differentiate the given function

Solution: Using the chain rule we need to identify the two functions that we needed
for composition i.e.

Now using the chain rule we get.


Additional Rules of Differentiation
Example 2: The demand equation for a certain product is dollars.
Find the level of production that results in maximum revenue.
The revenue function R(x) is

Solution:
The marginal revenue is given by
Additional Rules of Differentiation
The graph of R(x) is a parabola that opens downward. It has a horizontal tangent at x for which
𝑅 𝑥 = 0 that is for those x at which marginal revenue is zero is at 𝑥 = 6.
Hence the corresponding value of revenue is
1
𝑅 6 = 6 6 − 6
2
𝑅 6 = 18$
Thus the rate of production resulting in maximum revenue is 𝑥 = 6, which results in total
revenue of 18 dollars.
Instantaneous Rate of Change
Interpretation

The derivatives can be interpreted as Instantaneous Rate of Change


Interpretation.
The average rate of change of a function from to is
defined by.
Instantaneous Rate of Change
Interpretation
Example: Suppose a company’s total cost in dollars to produce x units of its
product is given by

Find the average rate of change of total cost for


(a) The first 100 units produced from to
(b) The second 100 units produced.
Solution: (a) The average rate of change of total cost from to
units is
Instantaneous Rate of Change
Interpretation

The average rate of change of total cost from to units is 26


dollars per unit.
(b) The average rate of change of total cost from to units is

The average rate of change of total cost from to units is 28


dollars per unit.
Higher Order Derivatives
• The Second Derivative
The derivative of the function is referred as first order derivative of the
function. The derivative of the function (denoted by is referred as second
derivative.
• Third and Higher Order Derivative
The derivative of the function of second order derivative is referred as third
derivative.
The nth-order derivative of denoted by is found by differentiating the
derivatives of order i.e. at
Higher Order Derivatives

Example : Find three higher order derivatives of the given function

Solution: The derivatives of are

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