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PHYS 124:
PhysOrientation
211-212 Project,
Department of Physics,
Bilkent University
Bilkent University,
F. Ö. Ilday
Spring 2013
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A detailed example
A detailed example
A paper from Optics Letters
Sub-50 fs all-fiber Yb-doped laser with anomalous-dispersion photonic
crystal fiber

Zuxing Zhang,1,∗ Ç. Şenel,1,2 R. Hamid,2 and F. Ö. Ilday1

1
Department of Physics, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
2
TÜBITAK National Metrology Institute (UME), 41470 Kocaeli, Turkey
∗
Corresponding author: [email protected]

Compiled January 6, 2013

We report on the generation of 42-fs pulses at 1 µm in a completely fiber-integrated format, which are, to the
best of our knowledge, the shortest from all-fiber-integrated Yb-doped fiber lasers to date. The ring fiber cavity
incorporates anomalous-dispersion, solid-core photonic crystal fiber with low birefringence, which acts as a
broadband, in-fiber Lyot filter to facilitate mode-locking. The oscillator operates in the stretched-pulse regime
under slight normal net cavity dispersion. The cavity generates 4.7 ps-long pulses with a spectral bandwidth
of 58.2 nm, which are dechirped to 42 fs via a grating pair compressor outside of the cavity. Relative intensity
noise (RIN) of the laser is characterized, with the integrated RIN found to be 0.026% in the 3 Hz-250 kHz
frequency range. ⃝ c 2013 Optical Society of America
OCIS codes: 060.2320, 140.7090, 190.4370, 320.7090

An intense research effort has been channelled into externally to 42 fs. The pulse evolution and the cavity
improving understanding and technical performance of layout had to be carefully designed to achieve this per-
mode-locked fiber laser oscillators in recent years. These formance: the residual birefringence that prevented self-
efforts have led to the discovery of new mode-locking starting operation of the first fiber laser with PCF [15] is
regimes [1–3], new theoretical treatments [4,5], increased actively employed to construct an intra-cavity Lyot filter
pulse energies [6, 7], decreased pulse durations [8], un- to ease initiation of mode-locking [19]. The pulse energy
earthed rich dynamical behavior [9, 10], and demon- is reduced to ∼78 pJ in the PCF to prevent excessive
strated excellent frequency comb performance [11]. De- nonlinear effects. This requires an intra-cavity gain of 60
spite efforts in all-normal dispersion oscillators, disper- to reach the maximum pulse energy of 4.7 nJ, and self-
sion management is evidently necessary to reach pulse similar evolution in part of the gain fiber is utilized to
durations below 50 fs. This is implemented most com- prevent gain narrowing.
monly with bulk optical components, such as diffrac- The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. The gain
tion gratings, in Yb-doped fiber lasers [12]. Increased section of the oscillator is 1.88 m-long ytterbium-doped
robustness against environmental perturbations remains fiber (YDF), followed by a 10% output coupler and an in-
a valuable trait, for which all-fiber-integration is high- line isolator. Up to 500 mW of pump light from a 976-nm
ly desirable. Several techniques for fiber-based anoma- pump diode is delivered via a 980/1060 nm wavelength-
lous dispersion have been utilized, such as tapered fiber- division multiplexer (WDM). The YDF has a group-
s [13], chirped fiber Bragg gratings [14], photonic crys- velocity dispersion (GVD) of 35.7 fs2 /mm at 1.05 µm.
tal fibers [15] and hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber- A polarizer flanked by two polarization controllers (PC-
s [16, 17]. Fabrication of sufficiently long fiber tapers de- s) implements nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE). A
mands great precision; chirped fiber Bragg gratings have section of solid-core PCF with length of 2.1 m, directly s-
limited bandwidth and hollow-core photonic bandgap pliced to SMF with a modified electric arc fusion method,
fibers suffer from poor matching with standard fibers. is utilized to manage the cavity dispersion. The insertion
Solid-core photonic crystal fibers (PCF) have small mod- loss is about 10-dB. The PCF has an air-hole spacing of
e field diameters, enhancing nonlinear effects and usually 2.0 µm, an air-hole diameter of 1.2 µm (characterized
are birefringent. The first mode-locked laser to incorpo- using a scanning electron microscope), corresponding to
rate a PCF was reported in 2002 by Lim, et al. [15]. an effective area of 3.15 µm2 and a nonlinear coefficient
Indeed, mode-locking was not self-starting owing to the of 52 W−1 km−1 . The dispersion of the PCF was cal-
residual birefringence of the PCF. Since then, a number culated to be -44.8 fs2 /mm at 1.05 µm using numerical
of dispersion-managed Yb-doped fiber lasers using PCFs simulations of the wave propagation and a model of fiber
and all-fiber-integrated lasers have been reported. After created according to the measured parameters. The oth-
10 years, no all-fiber-integrated Yb-fiber laser has been er fibers, including pigtails of all components, are stan-
demonstrated to support pulses below 60 fs [18]. dard single-mode fiber (SMF) with GVD of 20.7 fs2 /mm
Here, we present an all-fiber-integrated, dispersion- and total length of 1.68 m. It is optimal to keep the net
managed Yb-doped oscillator incorporating a segment of dispersion of the cavity close to zero for minimum pulse
PCF. The oscillator is self-starting and generates puls- duration [20]. Thus, we have set it to near-zero, at slight-
es with a spectral bandwidth of 58.2 nm, compressible ly normal dispersion, estimated to be 0.008 ps2 . This is

1
 (a) Coupler2 10% WDM Coupler1 10%

YDF
Pump
diode
PCF Isolator

Polarizer

PC2 PC1
(b) (c)

PCF

PC

ASE OSA

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of the all-fiber Yb-doped laser using

PCF for dispersion compensation. (b) Sagnac loop con-
structed to measure the birefringence of the PCF. (c)
Spectrum of the ASE signal entering the Sagnac loop Fig. 2. Simulated results. (a) Evolution of the spectral
(black line) and the spectrum of the signal transmitted (blue line) and temporal (red line) width as a function
through the Sagnac loop (red line). of position along the cavity. (b) Spectra after the YDF
(solid line) and after the PCF (dashed line). (c) Pulse
shape after the YDF.

necessary to support acceptable levels of pulse energy

despite the exceptionally small mode area of the PCF. but neither of these effects occurred within the range
We measured the birefringence of the PCF using a of our available pump power. The spectra at maximum
Sagnac loop, seeded by a home-made amplified sponta- power are shown in Figs. 3(a) and (b). Average powers
neous emission (ASE) source and comprising of a 50:50 extracted from the couplers after the YDF and the PCF
coupler, a PC, and 26 m-long segment of the PCF (Fig. are 16.8 mW and 0.28 mW, corresponding to intracavi-
1(b)). The Sagnac output exhibited a comb-like spec- ty pulse energies of 4.7 nJ and 78 pJ, respectively. The
trum with wavelength spacing of 2.4 nm. Given ∆n = width of the chirped pulse extracted from the coupler
(λ2 )/(∆λL), we deduced that the birefringence of the after the gain fiber was measured to be 4.7 ps, as shown
PCF is 2 × 10−5 and calculated that the corresponding in the inset of Fig. 3(c). The pulses are compressed to a
bandwidth of the Lyot filter is approximately 30 nm for FWHM duration of 42 fs (Fig. 3(c)) by applying disper-
the 2.1 m-long PCF used in the mode-locked laser. sion of -0.044 ps2 , which is smaller than the anomalous
Numerical simulations based on the model described dispersion induced by the PCF. This implies that the
in [3] were performed to investigate the mode-locking dy- pulses circulating in the laser cavity are chirp-free at a
namics (Fig. 2). The pulse duration and spectral band- point near the middle of the PCF, consistent with the
width decrease in the first half of the gain fiber, then numerical simulations and stretched pulse operation [22].
grow essentially self-similarly until the saturable ab- The inferred pulse shape retrieved from the compressed
sorber. Initial compression in the PCF is followed by autocorrelation and spectrum using PICASO algorith-
stretching, accompanying with spectral broadening and m [23] is shown in Fig. 3(d). It matches well a Gaussian
narrowing. The output spectra, measured after the YDF profile, except the small pedestal outside the main pulse
and PCF, have bandwidths of 64 nm and 43 nm, respec- with about 10% pulse energy. The corresponding Fourier
tively (Fig. 2(b)). Figure 2(c) shows a 3.2 ps-long pulse transform-limited pulse width is ∼27 fs. The deviation
after the YDF with nearly parabolic shape. While the from the transform-limit and the presence of a pedestal
overall evolution is consistent with stretched-pulse oper- is attributed to the strong higher-order dispersion aris-
ation [22], influence of self-similar evolution in the gain ing from the PCF. Autocorrelation of the pulses from
fiber is observed due to the strong nonlinearity, which the second port could not be measured due to the low
was necessary to balance gain narrowing. pulse energy of 7.8 pJ.
Owing to the filtering effect of the PCF, self-starting The stability of laser was investigated using an RF
mode-locking with a repetition rate of 35.7 MHz was ob- spectrum analyzer and a baseband spectrum analyzer.
tained at pump powers above 230 mW. The pulse spectra Fig. 4(a) is a close-up RF spectrum of the fundamen-
broadened from a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) tal repetition frequency, with 1-Hz resolution bandwidth,
of 42.6 nm (27.3 nm) at threshold power to over 58.2 showing 80-dB sideband suppression ratio without aver-
nm (38.4 nm) at maximum available pump power after aging. Fig. 4(b) shows the relative intensity noise (RIN)
the gain fiber (PCF). This broadening should continue spectrum, the technical details of which can be found in
until either multiple pulses or CW breakthrough occurs, [21]. The integrated (over 3 Hz-250 kHz) RIN is 0.026%.

2
 1 (a) 1 (b) is exploited to function as a fiber-integrated Lyot filter

Intensity (a.u.)

Intensity (a.u.)
0.8 of suitable bandwidth for stable and self-starting mode-
0.1 0.6 locking. Nonlinear effects and spectral shaping through-
0.01
0.4 out the cavity is carefully managed to avoid multiple
0.2 pulsing, while retaining a large bandwidth and low-noise
10 3 0 operation, despite amplification by a factor of 60.
1000 1050 1100 1000 1050 1100
This work was supported by TÜBİTAK under grants
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)
1
no. 209T058 and 109T350, and European Union (EU)
1 (c) 1 (d)
FP7 CROSS-TRAP Project (grant no. 244068).

Intensity (a.u.)
0.8

Intensity (a.u.)

Intensity (a.u.)
0.8 0.6 0.8
0.4
0.6 0.2
0.6
0.4 0 0.4 References
0 50 100 150
0.2 Time delay (ps) 0.2
1. F. Ö. Ilday, J. R. Buckley, W. G. Clark, and F. W. Wise,
0 0
200 0 200 400 600 200 100 0 100 200
Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 213902 (2004).
Time delay (fs) Time (fs) 2. A. Chong, J. Buckley, W. Renninger, and F. W. Wise,
Opt. Express 14, 10095 (2006).
Fig. 3. Spectra of the mode-locked pulses from two out- 3. B. Oktem, C. Ülgüdür and F. Ö. Ilday, Nature Photon.
put couplers after YDF (red, solid line), before WDM 4, 307 (2010).
(blue, dotted line) on (a) logarithmic scale and (b) linear 4. C. R. Jones and J. N. Kutz, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27, 1184
(2010).
scale. (c) Autocorrelation traces measured from output
5. C. Jirauschek, F. Ö. Ilday, Phys. Rev. A 83, 063809
coupler after the gain fiber after dechirping. Inset shows
(2011).
autocorrelation of chirped pulses. (d) Pulse shape re-
6. J. R. Buckley, F. Ö. Ilday, F. W. Wise, Opt. Lett. 30,
trieved using PICASO algorithm (red, solid line) with a 1888 (2005).
Gaussian fit (black, dashed line), and transform-limited 7. F. Röser, T. Eidam, J. Rothhardt, O. Schmidt, D. N.
pulse (olive, filled line). Schimpf, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, Opt. Lett.
32, 3495 (2007).
0 (a) 10 7
(b) 8. A. Chong, H. Liu, B. Nie, B. G. Bale, S. Wabnitz, W. H.
8
10 Renninger, M. Dantus, and F. W. Wise, Opt. Express
20 9
10
20, 14213 (2012).
Power (dB)

RIN (1/Hz)
40 10 10

60 10 11 9. S. Chouli and P. Grelu, Opt. Express 17, 11776 (2009).

80
10 12
10. B. Ortac, A. Hideur, M. Brunel, C. Chedot, J. Limpert,
13

100
10 A. Tünnermann, and F. Ö. Ilday, Opt. Express 14, 6075
14
10
120 15
(2006).
10
200 100 0 100 200 100 101 102 103 104 105 11. T. R. Schibli, I. Hartl, D. C. Yost, M. J. Martin, A.
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Marcinkevičius, M. E. Fermann, and J. Ye, Nature Pho-
ton. 2, 355 (2008).
Fig. 4. (a) Measured RF spectrum with 500-Hz span and 12. H. Lim, F. Ö. Ilday, and F. W. Wise, Opt. Lett. 28, 660
1-Hz resolution with central frequency shifted to zero for (2003).
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14. S. Kivistö, R. Herda, and O. G. Okhotnikov, Opt. Ex-
press 16, 265 (2008).
These results confirm that the laser has very good pulse- 15. H. Lim, F. Ö. Ilday, F. W. Wise, Opt. Express 10, 1497
to-pulse stability with no degradation compared to sim- (2002).
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In conclusion, we have demonstrated an all-fiber- 17. A. Ruehl, O. Prochnow, M. Engelbrecht, D. Wandt, and
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Kracht, S. Ramachandran, and S. Ghalmi, Opt. Lett.
compressed pulse duration is 42 fs, which is the shortest,
32, 2372 (2007).
to the best of our knowledge, from an all-fiber oscillator
19. K. Özgören, F. Ö. Ilday, Opt. Lett. 35, 1296 (2010).
at 1 µm. The short-term stability of the laser is very good
20. F. Ö. Ilday, J. Buckley, L. Kuznetsova, and F. W. Wise,
as characterized by RIN measurements. Mode-locked op- Opt. Exp. 11, 3550 (2003).
eration is self-starting and long-term stable. These re- 21. I. L. Budunoglu, C. Ülgüdür, B. Oktem, and F. Ö. Ilday,
sults have been achieved 10 years after the first mode- Opt. Lett. 34, 2516 (2009).
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was plagued with non-self-starting operation and limit- Lett. 67, 158 (1995).
ed long-term stability primarily due to the residual bire- 23. J. W. Nicholson, J. Jasapara, W. Rudolph, F. G.
fringence of the PCF. Here, the birefringence of the PCF Omenetto, and A. J. Taylor, Opt. Lett. 24, 1774 (1999).

3
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