COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

LECTURE 1
 What is a Computer?
2
A computer consists of a CPU, memory, hard
disk, floppy disk, monitor, printer, and
communication devices.
Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Devices Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices

e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,

and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer
 Programs 3
Computer programs, known as software, are
instructions to the computer.
You tell a computer what to do through programs.
Without programs, a computer is an empty machine.
Computers do not understand human languages, so
you need to use computer languages to communicate
with them.
Programs are written using programming
languages.
Programming Languages
4

Machine Language
Assembly Language

High-Level Language
 Programming Languages
5
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

Machine language is a set of primitive instructions built into

every computer.
The instructions are in the form of binary code, so you have
to enter binary codes for various instructions.
Program with native machine language is a tedious process.
Moreover the programs are highly difficult to read and
modify.
For example, to add two numbers, you might write an
instruction in binary like this:

1101101010011010 Computer
Programming, Dr.
21-Oct-21 M. Badawy
 Programming Languages
6
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

Assembly languages were developed to make programming

easy.
Since the computer cannot understand assembly language,
however, a program called assembler is used to convert
assembly language programs into machine code.
For example, to add two numbers, you might write an
instruction in assembly code like this:
ADD 2, 3, Result
 Programming Languages
7

Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

The high-level languages are English-like and easy to

learn and program.
For example, the following is a high-level language
statement that computes the area of a circle with
radius 5:
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;

Computer
Programming, Dr.
21-Oct-21 M. Badawy
 8

https://spectrum.ieee.org/top-programming-languages-2021
Popular High-Level Languages
9
Interpreting/Compiling Source Code 10

 A program written in a high-level

language is called a source program or
source code.
 Because a computer cannot understand
a source program, a source program
must be translated into machine code for
execution.
 The translation can be done using another
programming tool called an interpreter or a
compiler.
 Interpreting Source Code 11

An interpreter reads one statement from the source code,

translates it to the machine code or virtual machine code, and
then executes it right away, as shown in the following figure.

High-level Source File

… Output
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415; Interpreter
...

Note that a statement from the source code may be

translated into several machine instructions.
 Compiling Source Code 12

A compiler translates the entire source code into a

machine-code file, and the machine-code file is then
executed, as shown in the following figure.

High-level Source File Machine-code File

… … Output
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415; Compiler 0101100011011100 Executor
... 1111100011000100
…
 Operating Systems 13

The operating system (OS) is a

program that manages and User
controls a computer’s activities.
The popular operating systems for
Application Programs
general-purpose computers are
Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, and
Linux. Operating System
Application programs, such as a
Web browser or a word processor,
cannot run unless an operating Hardware
system is installed and running on
the computer.
 Software Development Process 14

Computer
Programmin
g, Dr. M.
13-Nov-21 Badawy
 Requirement Specification 15

 Seek to understand the problem

Requirement
Specification and document in detail what the
software system needs to do. This
System phase involves close interaction
Analysis between users and designers.
System
Design

Implementation

Testing

In the real world, problems are not well

defined. You need to study a problem carefully Deployment
to identify its requirements. This phase
involves close interaction between users and
Computer
Maintenance
developers. Programmin
g, Dr. M.
13-Nov-21 Badawy
 System Analysis 16

Requirement Seek to analyze the business process

Specification
in terms of data flow, and to identify
System the system’s input and output.
Analysis

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

When you do analysis, it helps to Deployment

identify what the output is first, and

then figure out what input data you Computer
Maintenance
Programmin
need in order to produce the output. g, Dr. M.
13-Nov-21 Badawy
 System Design 17

Is to design a process for obtaining

Requirement
Specification the output from the input.

System
Analysis

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

Decompose the problem into

Deployment
components and design strategies for
implementing each component You can
view each component as a subsystem that Computer
Maintenance
performs a specific function of the system. Programmin
g, Dr. M.
13-Nov-21 Badawy
 Implementation 18

Requirement The process of translating the system

Specification design into programs. Separate
programs are written for each
System
Analysis component and put to work together.

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

This phase requires the use of a

programming language like Java. Deployment
The implementation involves coding, Computer
Maintenance
self-testing, and debugging. Programmin
g, Dr. M.
13-Nov-21 Badawy
 Testing 19
Ensures that the code meets
Requirement
Specification the requirements specification
and weeds out bugs.
System
Analysis

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

An independent team of software Deployment

engineers not involved in the design

and implementation of the project Maintenance
Computer
usually conducts such testing. Programmin
g, Dr. M.
13-Nov-21 Badawy
 Deployment 20

Requirement
Specification Deployment makes the project
available for use.
System
Analysis

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

Deployment
For a Java applet, this means installing it
on a Web server; for a Java application, Maintenance
Computer
installing it on the client's computer. Programmin
g, Dr. M.
13-Nov-21 Badawy
 Maintenance 21

Requirement Maintenance is concerned with

Specification changing and improving the product.
System
Analysis

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

Deployment

This requires periodic upgrades of the

product to fix newly discovered bugs and Maintenance
Computer
incorporate changes. Programmin
g, Dr. M.
13-Nov-21 Badawy
 Java Programming language

 Java is popular high-level, class-based object oriented

programming language originally developed by Sun
Microsystems and released in 1995.
 Java runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS,
and the various versions of UNIX.
 Java is used to develop numerous types of software
applications like Mobile apps, Web apps, Desktop apps, Games
and much more.
 Java Applications

• Mobile applications (specially Android apps)

• Desktop applications
• Web applications
• Web servers and application servers
• Games
• Database connection
• And much, much more!
 Java Applications
 There are many other good reasons which makes Java as the
first choice of any programmer:

• Java is Open Source which means its available free of cost.

• Java is simple and so easy to learn
• Java is much in demand and ensures high salary
• Java has a large vibrant community
• Java has powerful development tools
• Java is platform independent
 Java Terminology
1. Java Virtual Machine(JVM):
• Writing a program is done by a java programmer like you and me.
• The compilation is done by the JAVAC compiler which is a primary
Java compiler included in the Java development kit (JDK). It takes
the Java program as input and generates bytecode as output.
• In the Running phase of a program, JVM executes the bytecode
generated by the compiler.

• Every Operating System has a different JVM but the output they
produce after the execution of bytecode is the same across all the
operating systems. This is why Java is known as a platform-
independent language.
 Java Terminology

 2. Bytecode in the Development Process: Javac

compiler of JDK compiles the java source code into bytecode so that
it can be executed by JVM. It is saved as .class file by the compiler.

 3.Java Development Kit(JDK): While we were using the

term JDK when we learn about bytecode and JVM. So, as the name
suggests, it is a complete Java development kit that includes
everything including compiler, Java Runtime Environment (JRE), java
debuggers, java docs, etc.
 Java Terminology
 4. Java Runtime Environment (JRE): JDK includes JRE.
JRE installation on our computers allows the java program to run,
however, we cannot compile it. JRE includes a browser, JVM, applet
support, and plugins. For running the java program, a computer needs
JRE.
 5.ClassPath: The classpath is the file path where the java runtime
and Java compiler look for .class files to load. By default, JDK
provides many libraries.
 IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
 An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software
application that helps programmers develop software code
efficiently.
 To write your Java programs, you will need a text editor.
you can consider one of the following :
• Notepad − On Windows machine, you can use any simple text editor like Notepad
(Recommended for this tutorial), TextPad.
• Netbeans − A Java IDE that is open-source and free which can be downloaded from
https://www.netbeans.org/index.html.
• Eclipse − A Java IDE developed by the eclipse open-source community and can be
downloaded from https://www.eclipse.org/.
 A Simple Java Program
29
Listing 1.1

Run Welcome to Java

 A Simple Java Program
30
• Line 1 defines a class. Every Java program must have at
least one class.
• Each class has a name (Welcome in our example).
• By convention, class names start with an uppercase letter.
• Line 2 defines the main method.
• A class may contain several methods. The main method is
the entry point where the program begins execution.
• A method is a construct that contains statements.
• The main method in this program contains the
System.out.println statement. This statement displays the
string Welcome to Java! on the console (line 4).
 A Simple Java Program
31

• String is a programming term meaning a sequence of

characters.
• A string must be enclosed in double quotation marks.
• Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;).
• Reserved words, or keywords, have a specific meaning to the
compiler and cannot be used for other purposes in the
program.
• For example, when the compiler sees the word class, it
understands that the word after class is the name for the class.
• Other reserved words in this program are public, static, and
void.
 A Simple Java Program
32
• Line 3 is a comment that documents what the program is and
how it is constructed.
• Comments help programmers to communicate and understand
the program. They are not programming statements and thus
are ignored by the compiler.
• In Java, comments are preceded by two slashes (//) on a line,
called a line comment, or enclosed between /* and */ on one or
several lines. Here are examples of comments:
 A Simple Java Program
33
Listing 1.2: Welcome with three messages

Run