Matoshri Pratishthan`s School of Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

Index
Sr. Page
Title/Name of the Experiment Date Sign
No. No.

This is to certify that Mr./Miss/Mrs. ____________________________________________

has carried out the above mentioned term work of the subject Electrical Machines-I in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, MPGI, Khupsarwadi, Nanded.

Subject Incharge HoD

Dept. of Electrical Engg.
 Index
1. Turns Ratio Test of Single Phase Transformer

2. Polarity Test on Single Phase Transformer

3. OC & SC Tests on Single Phase Transformer

4. Study of Connections of Three Phase Transformers

5. Magnetization Characteristics of Self Excited DC Shunt Generator

6. Load Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor

7. Speed Control of D.C. Shunt Motor

8. Study of Starters for D.C. Motors

 Preface
DOS AND DON‛TS IN LABORATORY
DOs:
1. Proper dress has to be maintained while entering in the Lab. (Boys Tuck in and shoes, girls
with apron)
2. All students should come to the Lab with necessary tools. (Cutting Pliers 6”, Insulation
remover and phase tester)
3. Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects.
4. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit diagram.
5. Student should be aware of operating equipment.
6. Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is restricted.
7. Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment from the
Lab Store Room.
8. After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the Lab Instructor.
9. The reading must be shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification.
10. Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, all the connections are
removed.
11. All patch cords and stools should be placed at their original positions.
DON’Ts:-
1. Don’t come late to the Lab.
2. Don’t enter into the Lab with Golden rings, bracelets and bangles.
3. Don’t make or remove the connections with power ON.
4. Don’t switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
5. Don’t switch OFF the machine with load.
6. Don’t leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not make voltage measurements while the multimeter is set for current measurements-
you will blow the current limiting fuse!
2. Do not turn on the power supply until you have rechecked your circuit for correct wiring.
3. Do not allow the test leads connected to the power supply to touch each other.
4. Do not change the +ve & -ve terminals.
Experiment No. Date: / / /
Turns Ratio Test of Single Phase Transformer
Aim:
To determine the turns ratio of single phase Transformers for different tap positions.
Apparatus Required:
Single phase 230V / 230V transformer with tappings on both sides - 1 Nos, Voltmeters MI
type (0-600) V - 2 Nos
Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
Transformers are used in a wide array of electrical or electronic applications, providing
functions that range from isolation and stepping up or stepping down voltage and current to noise
rejection, signal measurement, regulation and a host of functions particular to specific applications.
In order to test that a transformer will meet its design specification, a number of functions should be
tested and one of the most commonly used tests is turns ratio.
This technical note will review briefly the basic theory of turns ratio and then introduce
some additional issues that should be considered when testing this critical transformer
characteristic.
The turns ratio of a transformer is defined as the number of turns on its secondary divided
by the number of turns on its primary. The voltage ratio of an ideal transformer is directly related to
the turns ratio:
VS / VP = NS / NP
The current ratio of an ideal transformer is inversely related to the turns ratio:
IP / IS = NS / NP
Where VS = secondary voltage, IS = secondary current, VP = primary voltage, IP = primary current,
NS = number of turns in the secondary winding and NP = number of turns in the primary winding.
The turns ratio of a transformer therefore defines the transformer as step up or step-down. A
step-up transformer is one whose secondary voltage is greater than its primary voltage and a
transformer that steps up voltage will step-down current. A step-down transformer is one whose
secondary voltage is lower than its primary voltage and a transformer that steps down voltage will
step-up current.
Precautions:
1. When tap selected on primary side is smaller than that on secondary side, select the higher
range for voltmeter on secondary side.
2. Connections should not be loose.
Procedure:
1. Make connections as shown in circuit diagram, keep the supply off.
2. First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest position and secondary terminals
are kept open.
3. Switch on the mains, note the voltmeter readings on primary and secondary side.
4. Raise the tap changer of transformer by one position and repeat test.
5. Repeat the same for each of the tap position separately.
Observation Tables:
Sr. No. Primary tap Secondary tap Primary voltage Secondary voltage Turns ratio
1. 50 % 50 %
2. 50 % 86.6 %
3. 50 % 100 %
4. 86.6 % 50 %
5. 86.6 % 86.6 %
6. 86.6 % 100 %
7. 100 % 50 %
8. 100 % 86.6 %
9. 100 % 100 %

Calculations:
The turns ratio of a transformer
k = VS / VP
Conclusion:
Experiment No. Date: / / /

Polarity Test on Single Phase Transformer

Aim:
To perform polarity test on single phase transformer to identify the like and unlike terminals
Apparatus Required:
Voltmeter Moving iron type (0-300) V - 1 Nos, Connecting Wires 2.5 sq.mm.
Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
On the primary side of a two winding transformer, one terminal is positive with respect to
the other one at any instant. At the same instant, one terminal of the secondary winding is positive
with respect to the other one. Polarity test is performed to determine the terminals having the same
instantaneous polarity. Polarity testing of transformers is vital before connecting them in parallel.
Otherwise, with incorrect polarity, it is not possible to connect them in parallel.
The rated voltage is applied to the primary and its two terminals are marked as A1 and A2,
respectively, as shown in Figures (a) and (b), respectively. The secondary winding terminals are
also marked as a1 and a2, shown in Figures (a) and (b), respectively. Now a voltmeter is connected
across A2 and a2. The marking is correct if voltmeter measures the difference of E1 and E2,
A2 and a2 are of the same polarity. Such a polarity is termed as subtractive polarity. The standard
practice is to have subtractive polarity because it reduces the voltage stress between adjacent
loads. If it measures the addition of E1 and E2, A2 and a2 are of opposite polarity. Such a polarity is
termed as subtractive polarity
Precautions:
1. Be careful for the selection of the LV & HV coil of the transformer.
2. Ensure 0 V position of dimmer before turning the AC supply.
3. Ensure all the connection with care before start of experiment.
4. Do not exceed the input voltage beyond 220 V for HV coil.
5. Do not keep the circuit ON for long time.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect single phase supply across A1 and A2 terminals.
3. Take reading of voltmeter. If V < E1 (i.e. V = E1 - E2), the polarity is additive, otherwise if
V > E1 (i.e. V = E1 + E2), the polarity is subtractive.

Observation Table:
Sr.
Input Voltage (Volts) Voltmeter reading (Volts) Polarity
No.
1
2

Conclusion:

Post Lab Questions:

1. What are the different polarities of transformer?

2. What is the condition of additive polarity?

3. What is the condition for subtractive polarity?

Experiment No. Date: / / /
OC & SC Tests on Single Phase Transformer
Aim:
To conduct OC & SC tests on the given 1-Ø Transformer and to calculate its equivalent
circuit parameters, efficiency & regulation
Apparatus Required:
OC test: 1 kVA single phase 230 / 230V transformer - 1 Nos, Ammeter Moving Iron type (0-2) A-
1 Nos, Voltmeter Moving Iron type (0-150) V-1 Nos, Wattmeter (5 A / 150 V)-1 Nos, Auto
transformer (230 V / 0-270) V, 8 A-1 Nos.
SC test: 1 kVA single phase 230 / 230V transformer - 1 Nos, Ammeter Moving Iron type (0-5) A-1
Nos, Voltmeter Moving Iron type (0-50) V-1 Nos, Wattmeter (5 A / 50 V)-1 Nos, Auto transformer
(230 V / 0-270) V, 8 A-1 Nos.
Circuit Diagram:
A. Open Circuit test:

B. Short Circuit test:

Theory:
Transformer is a static device which transfers electrical power from one circuit to another
circuit either by step up or step down the voltage with corresponding decrease increase in the
current, with out changing the frequency.
OC Test: The main aim of this test is to determine the Iron losses & No - load current of the
transformer which is helpful in finding R0 & X0. In this test generally supply will be given to
primary and secondary kept open. Since secondary is opened a small current (magnetizing current
will flow and it will be 5 to 10 % of full load current. The wattmeter connected in primary will give
directly the Iron losses (core losses).
SC Test: The main aim of this test is to determine the full load copper losses which are helpful in
finding the R01, X01, Z01, efficiency and regulation of the transformer. Generally low voltage side
will be short circuited and supply will be given to high voltage side & it will be of 5-10% of the
rated voltage. The wattmeter connected in primary will give directly the full load copper losses of
the transformer.
The reading should be multiplied by a factor called the “Multiplying Factor”.
Current range * Voltage range
Multiplying factor of wattmeter 
Full scale reading of wattmeter
Precautions:
1. Auto Transformer (Dimmer stat) should be in minimum voltage position at the time of
closing & opening DPST Switch.
2. In OC test, rated voltage should be applied to the Primary of the Transformer.
3. In SC test, the Dimmer stat should be varied up to the rated load current only.
4. The Dimmer stat should be varied slowly & uniformly.
Procedure:
A. Open Circuit test:
5. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
6. After checking the minimum position of Autotransformer, DPST switch is closed.
7. Auto transformer variac is adjusted to get the rated primary voltage.
8. Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on primary side are noted.
9. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and DPST switch is opened.
B. Short Circuit test:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of Autotransformer, DPST switch is closed.
3. Auto transformer variac is adjusted to get the rated primary current.
4. Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on primary side are noted.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and DPST switch is opened.
Observation Table:
A. Open Circuit test: B. Short Circuit test:
VOC IOC WOC VSC ISC WSC
 Load Cu losses Total losses O/P power I/P power %η
Full load
¾ full load
½ full load
¼ full load

Power factor Lagging Unity Leading

% Regulation

Model Graph:
Efficiency Power factor

Calculations:
Core loss: W0 = V0 I0 cosФ0

Iω = I0 cosФ0 = Iµ = I0 sinФ0 =

Copper loss = I12 R01 = I22 R02 =

Percentage Efficiency: for all loads and p.f.
Percentage regulation

…..

Where x is the load and it is 1 for full load, ½ for half load, ¾ for 75 % load, & ¼ for 25 %
load etc. and the power factor is, 0.8 p.f lagging, unity and 0.8 p.f leading.
Conclusion:

Post Lab Questions:

1. What are the main parameters of the equivalent circuit?

2. What is the other name of O.C Test?

3. What is the purpose of O.C Test?

4. What is the purpose of S.C Test?

5. Why transformer power rating is in kVA?

Experiment No. Date: / / /
Magnetization Characteristics of Self Excited DC Shunt Generator
Aim:
To obtain open circuit (magnetization) characteristics of self excited DC shunt generator
and to find its critical resistance
Apparatus Required:
Ammeter Moving Coil type (0-1) A-1 Nos., Voltmeter Moving Coil type (0-300) V-1 Nos.,
Rheostats Wire Wound 1250 , 0.8 A-2 Nos., SPST Switch-1 Nos., Digital Tachometer (0-1500)
rpm-1 Nos., Connecting Wires 2.5 sq.mm.
Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
It is also known as Magnetic Characteristic or no-load saturation Characteristic. It shows the
relation between the no-load generated e.m.f. in armature, E0 and the field or exciting current If at a
given fixed speed. It is just the magnetization curve for the material of the electromagnets. Its shape
is practically the same for all generators whether separately-excited or self-excited. For self excited
generators, Due to residual magnetism in the poles, some e.m.f. is generated even when If = 0,
hence the curve starts a little way up. Since the generated emf is directly proportional to the flux,
the open circuit characteristic is a straight line at initial position.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position of generator
field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the motor is brought to rated speed.
4. Voltmeter and ammeter readings are taken when the SPST switch is kept open.
5. After closing the SPST switch, by varying the generator field rheostat, voltmeter and
ammeter readings are taken.
6. After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of motor to
minimum position, SPST switch is opened and DPST switch is opened.
Observation Table:
Rated speed of generator N =
Resistance of field winding Rf =
Sr. Field Current Armature Voltage
No. If (Amps) EO (Volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Model Graph:

Calculations:
Critical resistance Rc = Δ EO / Δ If =

Critical speed Nc = AB / AC × Rated speed =

Conclusion:

Post Lab Questions:

1. What is critical resistance of a dc shunt generator?
2. What is critical speed of a dc shunt generator?

3. How will you bring the DC generator to its rated speed?

4. What will happen if connections of the shunt field winding are interchanged?
Experiment No. Date: / / /
Load Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor
Aim:
To conduct load test on DC shunt motor and to find efficiency
Apparatus Required:
Ammeter Moving Coil type (0-10) A-1 Nos., Voltmeter Moving Coil type (0-300) V-1
Nos., Rheostats Wire Wound 1250 , 0.8 A-1 Nos., Digital Tachometer (0-1500) rpm-1 Nos.,
Connecting Wires 2.5 sq.mm
Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
The shunt motor has a definite no load speed the drop in speed from no load to full load is
small is 5 to 10% of no load speed. So the motor is usually referred to as constant speed motor.
The speed for any load within the operating range of the motor can be readily obtained by varying
the field current by means of field rheostat. The shunt motor has a lower starting torque. If twice
full load torque is required at starting then the shunt motor draws the full load current. To start a
shunt motor it should have enough starting torque and the armature current should be within its safe
limit. A there point starter is used for the shunt motor. The efficiency curve is usually of the same
shape for all motors or generators.
Precaution:
1. DC shunt motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
3. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
 2. After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat position, DPST switch is
closed and starter resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
4. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted under no load
condition.
5. The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load, voltmeter, ammeter, spring
balance readings and speed of the motor are noted.
6. The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum position, then
DPST switch is opened.

Observation Tables:
Spring Output Input
Sr. Voltage Current I Balance
Speed Torque
Power Power Efficiency
V N T
No (Volts) (Amps) S Pm Pi %
(rpm) (Nm)
(kg) (Watts) (Watts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Model Graph:

Calculations:
Circumference of the Brake drum = cm

Radius
 Torque T = S × R × 9.81 Nm =
Input Power Pi = VI Watts =

Output Power

% Efficiency

Conclusion:

Post Lab Questions:

1. What is the nature of field winding in DC shunt motor?

2. What is relation between load & speed?

3. What is relation between efficiency & load?

4. What are the applications of DC shunt motor?

5. Whether we can start the DC shunt motor with load or without load? Explain with reason.
Experiment No. Date: / / /
Speed Control of D.C. Shunt Motor
Aim:
To control the speed of the dc shunt motor by using
a. Armature control and
b. Field control method
Apparatus Required:
Ammeter Moving Coil type (0-10) A-1 Nos., Voltmeter Moving Coil type (0-300) V-1
Nos., Rheostats Wire Wound 1250 , 0.8 A and 50 Ω, 5 A-1 each, Digital Tachometer (0-3000)
rpm-1 Nos, 230 V, Connecting Wires 2.5 sq.mm
Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
A. Field Control Method:
We know that N α 1 / Φ, by decreasing the flux speed can be increased vice versa the
flux could be changed by changing Ish with the help of a field rheostat has to carry only a small
current which means I2R losses is small so that rheostat is small in size. Therefore this method
is efficient in non Interpol or machine the speed could increase in the ratio 2 : 1. Any further
weakening of flux affect the commutation and hence put a limit to the maximum speed obtained
with this method.
B. Armature Control Method:
This method is used when the speed below the no load speed are required. As the supply
voltage is normally a constant the voltage across armature is varied by a variable resistance is
series with the armature circuit. As this resistance is increase potential difference across the
armature decreases resulting in decrease in the armature speed.
Precautions:
The field rheostat should be in the minimum position and armature should be in the
maximum position at the time of starting and stopping the motor.
Procedure:
A. Armature voltage Control Method:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. By adjusting the field rheostat, the field current is kept at constant value.
3. Then by varying the armature voltage, the speed is measured.
4. The graph is plotted across the different value of armature voltage and speed.
B. Field Control Method:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. By adjusting the armature rheostat, the armature voltage is kept at constant value.
3. Then by varying the field current, the different speeds are tabulated.
4. The procedure is repeated and graph is plotted between field current and speed.
Observation Table:
A. Armature voltage Control Method:
If 1 = Amp If 2 = Amp If 3 = Amp
Sr. Armature Armature Armature
No Speed N Speed N Speed
Voltage Voltage Voltage
(rpm) (rpm) N (rpm)
Va (Volts) Va (Volts) Va (Volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

B. Field Control Method:

Va1 = Volts Va2 = Volts Va3 = Volts
Sr. Field Field Field
No Speed N Speed N Speed N
Current Current Current
(rpm) (rpm) (rpm)
If (Amp) If (Amp) If (Amp)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Model Graph:

Conclusion:

Post Lab Questions:

1. If you vary the armature rheostat from minimum to maximum what will happen to the speed
of the motor?

2. If you vary the field rheostat from minimum to maximum position what will happen to the
speed of the motor?