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History of Computer’s
Lesson 1:- The Development of the Computer.

The Abacus

The First Computers were invented by the Chinese about 2500 years ago.

The abacus shown in Figure 1.1, is a calculator,

The Chinese used it to add, subtract, multiply, and divide.

(Find by archeological department)

Figure 1.1 The First Computer.

The Analytical Engine (A Pre-Electronic computer)

The first mechanical computer was the analytical engine, conceived and
partially constructed by Charles Babbage in London, England, between 1822
and 1871.

People called Father of Computer’s to Charles Babbage.

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It was designed to receive instructions from punched cards, make the

calculations with the aid of a memory bank, and print out solutions to math
problems.

The Analytical Engine By Charles Babbage (1822 and 1871)

____________________________________________________________________________________

The First Electrically Driven Computer

The first computer designed expressly for data processing was patented on
January 8, 1889, By Dr. Herman Hollerith of New York.

The prototype model of this electrically operated tabulator was built for the
U.S. Census Bureau to compute results of the 1980 census.
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Using punched cards containing information submitted by respondents to

the census questionnaire, the Hollerith machine made instant tabulations
from electrical impulses actuated by each hole.

It then printed out the processed data on tape. Dr. Hollerith left the
Census Bureau in 1896 to establish the Tabulating Machine Company
to manufacture and sell his equipment. The company eventually become
IBM. And 80-column punched card used by the company.

Typical 80-column punched card.

Tabulator Accounting Machine.

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The Digital Electronic Computer

The first modern digital computer, the ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computes),
was built in a basement on the lowa State University campus in Ames. Lowa,
between 1939 to 1942.

The development team was led by john Atanasoff, a professor of physics and
mathematics, and Clifford Berry, a graduate student.

This machine utilized concepts still in use today: Binary, arithmetic, parallel
processing, regenerative memory, separate memory, and computer
functions.

When completed, it weighed 750 pounds and could store 3000 bits. (4 KB) of
data.

In 1945 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer)
Begun as a classified military project, ENIAC was designed to prepare firing
and bombing tables for U.S. army and Navy.
It weighed 30 tons. And used 19,000 vacuum tubes, 1500 relays, and
hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, inductors, it required 200
kilowatts of electrical power to operate.
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What Is Computer?
1) A computer is an electronic device which takes input through input
devices, processes it and gives output through output devices. 2) It
also stores data for further processing.
3) Computer works with 0’s & 1’s (Binary)
4) Like all electronic devices a computer works with DC power supply.

Input Devices are (Keyboard , Mouse , mic , Webcam , Scanner)

etc…
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Output Devices are (Monitor, Projector, LED TV, Speaker’s) etc…

Processing Devices (CPU)

Storage Devices (Hard-disk,SSD, DVD, CD, BRD, FD)

HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Components of a computer

1) Motherboard
2) Processor
3) Primary storage Devices
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
4) Secondary Storage Devices
HDD (Hard Disk Drive) , SSD(Solid Slide Drive)
Optical Drives (CDROM, DVD, etc.)
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Floppy Disk Drive

5) SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply)
6) Input devices
Keyboard & Mouse
7) Output Devices Monitor, Projector, Speaker .etc..

SMPS
Switched Mode Power Supply
SMPS Is a Main Component of Computer, It Convert AC Voltage in to DC
Voltage and Provide Required Power To all Computer Part’s, like
Motherboard, Hard-disk, DVD R/W, FAN, etc...

Convert
Input AC 220 V to 230 V SMPS
Output DC 3.3V, 5V, 12V

Types of SMPS

1) AT (Advance Technology)
2) ATX (Advance Technology Extended)
3) Hot Swap SMPS

Hot Swap SMPS

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ATX SMPS

Difference between AT & ATX SMPS

AT (Advanced Technology) and ATX (Advanced Technology
Extended) are two incompatible power supply standards. While both
power supplies share some of the same connectors, the technology
behind both of them is quite different, requiring different
motherboards and computer cases. The AT style was used from
approximately 1980-1997, while the ATX standard is current.
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AT ATX

1. The power switch of AT style 1. ATX style power supplies use a

power supplies is integrated directly "soft switch" that is controlled by the
into the power supply itself. motherboard.

2. This is a physical switch that 2. This enables a computer with an

turns the power supply on and off. ATX power supply to power off via
software.

3. lower wattage less than 250 3. Higher wattage 300 to 400

Support Support

4. AT SMPS Having 12 Pin’s 4. ATX SMPS Having 20 to 24 Pin’s

Motherboard Power Supply Motherboard Power Supply
connector. Divided in to 2 parts 6 Connector, Called P1 ATX Connector.
pin’s P8 & 6 pin’s P9
5. Molex Connector 4 pin’s (HDD,
5. Molex Connector 4 pin’s DVD RW, FAN)
(HDD, DVD RW, FAN)
6. MINI Connector 4 pin’s (FDD)
6. MINI Connector 4 pin’s (FDD)
7. SATA Molex Connector (HDD,
7. 2 pins Connector Goes to DVD RW)
Cabinet Power Button

AT Connector
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ATX Connector
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SMPS Troubleshooting
To Check SMPS is working Or Not, take one copper wire and short it
with green pin and black pin, if SMPS fan is spinning mean’s SMPS is
ok. But SMPS Molex, Mini, and CPU P4 Connector Should be ok. We
have to Check Voltage of Molex connector & Mini Connector and
CPU Connector Manually.
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Motherboard
What is a Motherboard?
The large circuit board found inside the computer.
1) It is the main circuit board of a computer.
2) It controls all the physical devices and components that are connected
directly or indirectly.
3) CPU, RAM, Hard-disk, DVD RW,SSD, CPU FAN, Expansion cards are
connected to it.
4) Motherboard comes in different form-factors.
Type’s, Size,

AT Motherboard
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ATX Motherboard
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Components on the Motherboard

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1. Processor Slot/socket
2. Memory Slots
3. Expansion Slots
4. I/O Ports
5. Chipsets
6. IDE or PATA/SATA Connector
7. CMOS Battery
8. Power Supply Connector
9. Heat Sink
10. Front Panel Connector

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IDE/SATA PORT CMOS BATTERY

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CPU (LIF SOCKET) CPU(ZIF SOCKET)

I/O PORTS RAM SLOT

POWER SOCKET HEAT SINK

FRONT PANNEL EXPLANSION SLOT CHIPSET

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Back Panel Connectors

1. PS/2 (Personal System v2)
It is 6 pins female port/Connector.
Used to connect keyboard / mouse.

2. USB (Universal Serial Bus)

Used to connect various USB enabled devices.
(Keyboard, mouse, pen drive, external Hard disk, etc…)

3. VGA (Visual Graphic Adapter )

It is 15 pins female connector
Used to attach monitor, projector & TV

4. Serial port (Com Port)

It is 9 pins male connector
Used to connect cisco router or switches etc…

5. LAN Port: (Ethernet Port)

Used to connect PC to Local Area network.
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6. LPT Port (Line Print Terminal)

It is 25 pins female connector.
Used to attach Dot. Matrix printer.

7. Sound Port
It is used to attach speaker & mic.

Chipset
1. North Bridge :
-it controls the Processor and RAM (High speed devices)
-it is placed nearer to the processor
-it also contains graphic processor
-it is also called as GMCH (Graphic Memory Controller Hub)

2. South Bridge:

-it controls low speed devices like I/O ports, slots etc…

-it is placed nearer to the slots.

-it is also called as IOCH (Input Output Controller Hub)

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IDE / PATA and SATA Connector

IDE (integrated drive electronics)/PATA(Parallel advance
technology attachment)

• IDE/EIDE cables are used to connect the devices the

connector
• It is 40 pin’s connector used to attached or connect hard disk, dvd r/w.

SATA (Serial advanced Technology Attachment)

• SATA cables are used to connect the devices to the SATA

• It is pin less connector used to attached or connect hard disk, dvd r/w.

FDD Port(Floppy disk Drive)

• It is 34 pin connector or port used to attached floppy disk drive.

ISA Slot(Industry Standard Architecture)

• Its is used attached sound card ,LAN card VGA card

.
• Speed 4.77 MHz and 8 bits /16 bits support .

PCI Slot(Peripheral Component Interconnect):

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• Its is used attached sound card ,LAN card VGA

card . Speed 33MHz and 32 bits /64 bits
support .

AGP(Accelerated Graphics Port)

• Its is used attached graphics card .

• 24 bits support

PCIE Slot(Peripheral Component Interconnect Enhance ):

• Its is used attached graphics card. 32 bits /64 bits support .

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CMOS Battery

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)Rom is used to

store the
Date, time and system configuration.
Battery which powers this memory is called as CMOS Battery

Series of Motherboard
CHIPSET RAM SUPPORT PROCESSOR
SUPPORT
810 ,815, 845 SDRAM P1, P2,P3
910,915,945 DDR 1 Celeron, P4 With Pins
945G, 945Z, G31 DDR2 Celeron, Pentium D,
P4 Pin-less
Dual Core & Core 2
Duo
G41 DDR3 1066 & 1333 MHz P4 .3.0 ghz dual Core ,
Core 2 duo
H55 DDR 3 1066 & 1333 Dual Core ,Core i3,
MHz Core i5
Core i7 (1st Gen )
H61 DDR3 1333 MHz Dual Core ,Core i3,
Core i5
Core i7 (2nd & 3rd Gen )
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H81 DDR3 1600 MHz Dual Core ,Core i3,

Core i5
Core i7 (4th & 5th Gen )

H110 DDR4 2400 MHz Dual Core ,Core i3,

Core i5
Core i7 (8th Gen
H210 DDR4 2400MHz Dual Core ,Core i3,
Core i5
Core i7 (9th Gen
H310 DDR4 2400MHz Dual Core, Core i3
Core i5
Core i7 (10th Gen
H410 DDR4 2400MHz Dual Core, Core i3
Core i5
Core i7 (11th Gen
H510 DDR4 /DDR5 Dual Core, Core i3
2400MHz Core i5
Core i7 (12th Gen
H610 DDR4 /DDR5 Dual Core, Core i3
2400MHz Core i5
Core i7 (13th Gen
H710 DDR4 /DDR5 Dual Core, Core i3
2400MHz Core i5
Core i7 (14th Gen

Manufacturer of Motherboard
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Intel Asus Gigabyte Foxconn

Biostar Mercury Zebronics Epro

Punta Supercom Asrock Lapcare

Chipset Manufacturer

1. Intel
2. MSI
3. Via
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BIOS
1. During the boot up it performs POST (Power On self-Test)
2. Recognizes the hardware devices
3. Locates and loads the operating system
4. It helps the operating system to access the hardware devices.
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Bios Chip

To Enter in COMS Setup Press Keyboard Del, F2, F10, F7, and ESC Button…
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Memory
Memory is a holding area for data, instructions, and information. Like
microprocessor& ram, memory is contained on chips connected to the
system board. There are three well-known types of memory chips:

Random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), and flash

memory.

RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read only Memory)

1. Ram chips hold the program 1. Rom chips have information
and data that the CPU is stored in them by the
presently processing. manufacturer.
2. RAM is called temporary or 2. Rom chips are not volatile and
volatile storage because cannot be changed by the
everything in most types of normal user.
RAM is lost as soon as the 3. Rom IC Contain BIOS /UEFI
microcomputer is turned off. Program.
3. It is also lost if there is a power 4. Integrated circuits that are
failure or other disruption of used to permanently store
the electric current. start-up (boot) instructions
and other critical info…

LEVEL
LEVEL
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Types of RAM

SRAM DRAM

EDORAM
CACHE

RDRAM

DDR - 1
LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 2

DDR - 2

DDR - 3

DDR-4-
R
LEVEL 1) Static Ram (Caches Memory)
• The CPU process data at a very high speed.
• Dynamic RAM cannot match that speed.
• Hence, a special type of RAM called as cache is used. Frequently access
instruction and data will be stored in cache Cache levels:
- The cache memory that is placed inside the processor is called as
level 1 cache (internal).
- The cache memory located on the die of the processor is called as
level 2 cache (external).
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Cache Location In processor

LEVEL-3

DRAM DISCRIPTIONS WITH SLOT’S

SIMM-SLOT
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EDORAM 30-PIN
EDORAM 72-PIN

RIMM SLOT
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SDRAM

DIMM DDR-1

DDR-2

DDR-3

DDR-4
Steps of Identifying Ram
1. EDORAM (Extended Data Out Ram)
• Its having 30 Pins & 72 Pins
• 1 Notch in 72 pins EDORAM
• No notch in 30 pins EDORAM
• Frequency 64MHz
•
2. RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Ram)
• Its Having 184 & 192 ,202 Pins
• Two notches Available But Very Close
• Frequency 100MHz

3. SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Ram)

• Its Having 168 Pins
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• Two notches Available But in in Distance

• Frequency 133 MHz , 333 MHz ,400 MHz
• Use in Celeron / P3 , P4 PC but Pins CPU

4. DDR 1 (Dual data Rate)

• Its having 184 pins
• 1 notch present
• Frequency 400 MHz
• Use in Celeron /P4 , Dual Core (pins & pin-less cpu)
5. DDR 2 (Dual data rate)
• Its having 240 pins
• 1 notch present
• Frequency 533 MHz, 667 MHz, 800MHz
• Use in Celeron , Pentium 4 / D , Dual Core , Core 2 Due
6. DDR 3 (Dual data rate )
• Its having 240 pins
• 1 notch present
• Frequency 1066 MHz, 1333MHz, 1600MHz
• Use in Pentium 4 , Dual Core , Core 2 Due , i3,i5,i7 CPU (1st to 5th
GEN)

7. DDR 4 (Dual data rate)

• Its having 284 pins
• 1 notch present
• Frequency 2400 MHZ, 4600 MHz
• Use in Dual Core , i3,i5,i7 CPU (6th,7th to 14th Gen

8. DDR 5 (Dual data rate)

• Its having 288 pins
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• 1 notch present
• Frequency 2400 MHZ, 4600 MHz
• Use in Dual Core , i3,i5,i7 CPU (12th to 14th Gen

RAM SLOT’S
• SIMM (single inline Memory Module)
• RIMM (ram-bus inline Memory Module)
• DIMM (dual inline Memory Module)

RAM VOLTAGE
• SDRAM 3.3 V
• DDR-1 2.5 V
• DDR-2 1.8 V
• DDR-3 1.5 V
• DDR-4 1.2 V

• DDR-5 1.1 V
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PROCESSOR’S
• The CPU /Processor is main part of a computer
• It is also called the brain of the computer.
• It is a semi-conductor device it controls the
operation of the computer
• It contains the complete CPU (Central
Processing Unit) in single chip
• It performs Arithmetic and logical function.
CPU has two basic Components:
Control Unit:
The control unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out
a program‘s instruction .It directs the movements of electronic signals
between memory which temporarily holds data, instruction and
processed information and the arithmetic-logic units. It also directs
these control signals between the CPU and input and output devices.

Arithmetic –logic Unit:

The arithmetic-logic unit usually called the ALU performs two types of
operations: arithmetic and logical. Arithmetic operation are as you
might expect, the fundamental math operations: addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division, Logical operation: consist of comparison
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Processor Specification
 Speed (measured in Hz (Hertz))
 Width (measured in bite ,ex.:16 bits,32 bits or 64 bits)
 FSB Speed (Front Side Bus) (Measured in Hz)

 Cache memory (measured in Kbytes/Mbytes)

TYPES OF PROCESSOR

Slot type processor

Socket type processor

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Processor Manufactures
• Intel
• AMD (Advances Micro Devices) VIA
• Motorola
• VIA

History of Processor:
On November 15 1971, Intel shipped the Commercial microprocessor
Model 4004. It ran a product called the Busicom calculator .The 108KHz
4004 had 2300 transistors and a 4-bit data bus and could address 640
bytes of RAM. Computer engineers quickly took advantages of the
potential this new type of chip offered, leading the way to the first
personal computer.

Generation of the Processor:

• First Generation (4004,8080,8086,80186)
• Second Generation(80286)
• Third Generation (80386)
• Fourth Generation(80486)
• Fifth Generation(Intel Pentium & AMD K5)
• Sixth Generation(Intel Pentium II & AMD K6)
• Seventh Generation(Intel Pentium III , AMD Athlon & Cyrix III)
• Eight Generation(Intel Pentium IV & AMD Athlon XP)
• Ninth Generation(Intel Pentium Extreme Edition & AMD Athlon fx 64 bit)
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Desktop Processor

Intel AMD

Pentium ,Pentium pro, Pentium K5,K6

MMx

Pentium II, Celeron K6 II, K6 III

Pentium III, Celeron Athlon, Duron, AMB Phenom

Pentium IV Athlon Xp, Sempron

Pentium Dual Core, Pentium Core 2 Athlon Fx, Athlon 64x2 ,Sempron
Duo, Pentium Quad Core 64Fx, Opteron, Turon

Core i3, Core i5 , Core i7, Core i9 AMD –A , AMD RYZEN

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Intel Pentium Processor

PENTIUM PROCESSOR PENTIUM –II PROCESSOR

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Intel Pentium IV ,Core 2 Duo

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CORE 2 EXTREME QUAD –CORE & CORE i7

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CORE i3, i5, i7, i9 CPU GENERATION

Processor Processor code nanometer Processor graphics

Generation name
1’st Generation Nehalem 42nm Intel HD Graphics

2’nd Generation Sandy Bridge 32nm Intel HD 3000

3 ‘rd. Generation Ivy Bridge 22nm Intel HD 4000

4’th Generation Has well 22nm Intel HD 4600

5’th Generation Broad well 14nm Intel iris pro 6200

6’th Generation Sky Lake 14nm Intel HD Graphics 530

7’th Generation Kaby Lake 14nm Intel HD Graphics 620

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8’th Generation Coffee Lake 14nm Intel UHD 630

9’th Generation Coffee Lake -S 14nm Intel UHD 630

10’th Generation Comet Lake 14nm Intel UHD 630

11’th Generation Rocket Lake 10nm Intel Iris Xe

12’th Generation Alder Lake 10nm Intel UHD80 EUS

13’th Generation Raptor Lake 10nm Intel UHD 730

14’th Generation Meteror Lake 7nm Intel Arc Battemage

Core 2 Duo Nm 65
What is NM (Nanometer)?
It is size of transistor in Processor. The more small Transistor higher the
speed.

How to Identify Processor Generation on Numeric value ?

Core i3/i5/i7-530
Core i3/i5/i7-2010
Core i3/i5/i7-3020
Core i3/i5/i7-4030
Core i3/i5/i7-5003
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Core i3/i5/i7-6001
Core i3/i5/i7-7010
Core i3/i5/i7-8005

What the letters mean after the numbers

Example :- Core i3/i5/i7 -8700K
Core i3/i5/i7 -8600G
Core i3/i5/i7 -8600T
Core i3/i5/i7 -8600U

1) The "K" chips are usually the fastest, with higher clock speeds than the
standard chips without a letter in Intel's mainstream chips. It also means the
chip is "unlocked," where its clock speeds can be tweaked — or "overclocked —
by a user to squeeze out a little extra performance than what you get out of the
box. Usually, it's mostly enthusiasts who tend to overclock their chips, and
they're mostly designed for desktops or high-performance laptops.
2) The "G" means the chip has a built-in graphics processor. Most of Intel's chips
come with basic built-in graphics processors so you can display something on
your monitor without an entirely separate graphics card. But Intel's "G"
processors come with a more powerful graphics processor for more
powerhungry apps and games.

3) The "T" means the chips is designed to use less power while also having less
performance than the standard chips without any letters.

4) The "U" means the chip is designed for laptops and mobile devices, as "U"
chips are Intel's "ultra-low power" models. They're "low power" because they
use even less power than the "T" models and have slower clock speeds than
their full-size, non "U" equivalents. By having slower clock speeds, they don't
get as hot and have a lower risk of heat-related damage. That's good for thin
laptops that have limited cooling compared to larger desktops and laptops.
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Secondary Storage
Secondary storage provides permanent or nonvolatile storage. Using
secondary storage devices such as a hard disk, data and programs can be
retained after the computer has been shut off.

Hard-Disk

1. HDD is Non-volatile permanent storage device, Uses magnetic media for

storing data, and Hard disks save files by altering the magnetic charges
of the disk’s surface to represent 1s and 0s. Hard disks retrieve data and
programs by reading these charges from the magnetic disk.
2. Hard disks use rigid metallic platters that are stacked one on top of
another.

3. Hard disk store and organize files using tracks, sectors and cylinders.
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History of Hard disk

The first hard disk drives were small in capacity, physically large, and
expensive when compared to the cost of drives today.

They were about 4 inches tall, 5.25 inches wide, and 8 inches long, and they
weighed almost 10 pounds.

In 1981, IBM introduced the XT computer with a 10 MB hard drive.

(Winchester Drive)

Types of Hard disk

1) PATA / IDE (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) Having

40 Pins
Molex Connector Use for Power
RPM 5400/ 6400/ 7200
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PATA is capable of data transfers speeds of 66/100/133 MBs/3 GBs

second,

Power Molex
PATA / IDE Hard Disk

SATA Hard disk

1) SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

It is Pinless hard disk
SATA Molex Connector Use for Power
RPM 7200
SATA is capable of data transfers speeds of 150/300/600 MBs/ to 6 GBs
second,
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SATA Data & Power Cable

USB / External Hard disk

A USB hard drive is an external hard drive that connects via USB. It
uses the same design as an internal hard drive, except comes in an
external casing that protects the drive. The case also includes a USB
interface, which allows you to connect the drive to your USB port
using a USB cable.

SSD (solid State Drive)

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Unlike hard disks , which rotate and have read/write heads that move in and
out,

1. Solid state storage devices have no moving parts. Data and information are stored
and retrieved electronically directly from these devices.
2. It is new hard disk than other , more costly and high speed hdd
3. It is pinless Hard disk like sata
4. Sata molex use for power
5. Sata data cable use
6. Access speed 6 Gbps plus

TYPES OF SSD

There are four types of SSD

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 2.5 SATA SSD

 NVME SSD

 PCI SSD

 M.2 SATA SSD

SCSI (Scuzzy)
Small Computer System Interface
• It is hot swap hard disk , use in server
• It is available in 50 & 70 pins / pinless also
• Access speed 6gps plus
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• RPM 10k, 15k plus

50 to 70 Pins SCSI

Pin-less SAS HDD (SCSI)

What is Partitioning?
Disk partitioning is the process of logically dividing the storage space of a
hard disk into separate areas commonly called as partition or drives
There are three types of partitions

1. Primary
2. Extended
3. Logical

Formatting
• Formatting is the process of creating file system on the partition
• A file system tells how the files and folders to be created are stored and retrieved.
• FAT 16 Use in Windows 98
• FAT 32 Use in Windows 98, XP, Vista ,Win 7
• NTFS Use in Windows XP, Vista win8, win10, Server OS.
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