UNIT - 4

Control Structures
 INTRODUCTION
Generally, C program contains many statements
that are normally executed in sequence or we can
say in a specific order as per written in a program.

That’s why C is also called a sequential

language or procedural language because the
execution flow is always in a sequence.
 INTRODUCTION
In some situation we required to change the
execution flow of control according to certain
condition. Based on that conditions we want to
execute the statements of the program.

• (1) Decision making statement or Conditional

Statement ( If … else statement)
• (2) Different branches statement (Switch Case)
• (3) Jumping statement (goto statement)
 INTRODUCTION
• Different ways to write conditional statement
(If…else)

(1) Simple if statement ( Without else statement)

(2) if…else statement
(3) else if ladder
(4) Nested if…else statement
 1. SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
If statement is the simplest form of decision
control statements that is frequently used in
decision making. The general form of a simple if
statement is shown in the figure.
SYNTAX OF IF STATEMENT

if (test expression)
{
statement 1;
..............
statement n;
}
statement x;
 1. SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
First the test expression is evaluated. If the test
expression is true, the statement of if block
(statement 1 to n) are executed otherwise these
statements will be skipped and the execution will
jump to statement x.
 1. SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
In some cases, we want to execute the statement
only if the condition becomes true. If condition is
wrong the we just want to move on next
statement.

In such as situation we don’t require else

statement we can write a program using only if
statement with its block.
 1. SIMPLE IF STATEMENT EXAMPLE
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter Value : “);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
if(a>5)
{
printf(“\n Value is Greater than Five”);
}
}
 2. IF ELSE STATEMENT
The if else is actually just an expansion of the
general format of simple if statement.

SYNTAX OF IF ELSE
STATEMENT

if (test expression)
{
statement_block 1;
}
else
{
statement_block 2;
}
statement x;
 2. IF ELSE STATEMENT
In the if-else construct, first the test expression is
evaluated. If the expression is true, statement block
1 is executed and statement block 2 is skipped.

Otherwise, if the expression is false, statement

block 2 is executed and statement block 1 is
ignored.

In any case after the statement block 1 or 2 gets

executed the control will pass to statement x.
Therefore, statement x is executed in every case.
 2. IF ELSE STATEMENT EXAMPLE
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b;
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter Value 1 : “);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
printf(“\n Enter Value 2: “);
scanf(“%d”,&b);
if(a>b)
{
printf(“\n A is Maximum”);
}
else
{
printf(“\n B is Maximum”);
}
}
 3. IF ELSE IF STATEMENT
C language supports if else if statements to test
additional conditions apart from the initial test
expression. The if-else-if construct works in the
same way as a normal if statement.
3. IF ELSE IF STATEMENT
SYNTAX OF IF-ELSE STATEMENT

if ( test expression 1)
{
statement block 1;
}
else if ( test expression 2)
{
statement block 2;
}
...........................
else if (test expression N)
{
statement block N;
}
else
{
Statement Block X;
}
Statement Y;
 3. IF ELSE IF STATEMENT
In the else if ladder construct, first the test
expression is evaluated.
If the expression1 is true, statement block 1 is
executed , if it is false then it will check expression2
and if it is true then statement block 2 is executed
but if it is false then again it will check for next
condition.

This process is continue up to last condition is

checked. At last if all condition fails then it will be
moved to else portion.
 3. IF ELSE IF STATEMENT EXAMPLE
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter Value 1 : “);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
printf(“\n Enter Value 2: “);
scanf(“%d”,&b);
printf(“\n Enter Value 3: “);
scanf(“%d”,&c);
if(a>b && a>c)
{
printf(“\n A is Maximum”);
}
else if(b>a && b>c)
{
printf(“\n B is Maximum”);
}
else
{
printf(“\n C is Maximum”);
}
}
 4. NESTED IF ELSE
The if statement may itself contain another if
statement is called as nested if..else statement.

Whenever we required to check condition inside other

condition , such a situation is known as nested condition.

The general form of this statement is given as follows.

4. NESTED IF ELSE
SYNTAX OF NESTED IF-ELSE
STATEMENT

if ( test expression 1)
{
statement block 1;
if(test expression 2)
{
statement block 2;
}
else
{
statement block 3;
}
}
else
{
Statement Block X;
}
Statement Y;
 4. NESTED IF ELSE
In the nested if else statement, first the test
expression1 is evaluated.
If the expression1 is true, statement block 1 is
executed and it will check again for next test
expression2 and if it is true then statement block 2
is executed but if it is false then statement block 3
is executed. But if Main test expression1 is false
then it is directly move to the else part and execute
remaining statement.
 4. NESTED IF ELSE EXAMPLE
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter Value 1 : “);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
printf(“\n Enter Value 2: “);
scanf(“%d”,&b);
printf(“\n Enter Value 3: “);
scanf(“%d”,&c);
if(a>b)
{
if(a>c)
{
printf(“\n A is Maximum”);
}
else
{
printf(“\n C is Maximum”);
}
}
 4. NESTED IF ELSE EXAMPLE
else
{
if(b>c)
{
printf(“\n B is Maximum”);
}
else
{
printf(“\n C is Maximum”);
}
}
getch();
}
 SWITCH STATEMENT
Instead of using if-else-if ladder, the switch construct can be
used to handle multiple choices, such as menu options. Using
this statement we can develop a menu base program in C
language.

The general syntax of the switch construct is different

from if-else construct. The objective is to check several
possible constant values for an expression.
 SWITCH STATEMENT
switch (control variable )
{
case constant-1 :
statement block;
break;
case constant-2 :
statement block;
break;
case constatnt-3 :
statement block;
break;
……………………………
…………………………..

default :
statement block;
[break];
}
 SWITCH STATEMENT
The switch construct starts with the switch keyword
followed by a different blocks which contain the
different cases with constant value. Switch evaluates
the control variable and compare with the first case
if its value is equal to constant-1; then it executes the
block of statements until it reaches the break
keyword.

When the break keyword is found no more

cases will be considered and the control is
transferred out of the switch structure to next part
of the program.
 SWITCH STATEMENT
If the value of the expression is not equal to constant-
1 it will check the value of constant-2. If they are
equal it will execute relevant statement(s). This
process continuous until it finds a matching
value. If a matching value is not found
among any cases, the statement(s) given after the
default keyword will be executed.
 SWITCH STATEMENT
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=0,b=0,ch=0,ans=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enetr A :");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("Enetr B :");
scanf("%d",&b);
printf("\n-----------------\n");
printf("Available choices");
printf("\n-----------------\n");
printf("\n1 - Addition (+)");
printf("\n2 - Subtraction (-)");
printf("\n3 - Multiplication (*)");
printf("\n4 - Division (/)");
printf("\n5 - Modules (%)");
printf("\n\nEnetr your choice : ");
scanf("%d",&ch);
 SWITCH STATEMENT
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
ans=a+b;
break;
case 2:
ans=a-b;
break;
case 3:
ans=a*b;
break;
case 4:
ans=a/b;
break;
case 5:
ans=a%b;
break;
}
printf("\nAnswer = %d",ans);
getch();
}
 ITERATIVE STATEMENTS
Iterative statements are used to repeat the execution
of a list of statements, depending on the value of an
integer expression. In this section, we will discuss all
these statements.

While loop
Do-while loop
For loop
 ITERATIVE STATEMENTS
Actually there are two types of loop in C
language Entry controlled loop and Exit controlled
loop.

• Entry controlled loop (pre test loop) : In this loop,

during the execution process of loop it first checks the
condition and if the condition becomes true then and
then it will execute body of the loop otherwise control
will directly jump on next statement after the loop
body. That’s why this type of loop is known as Entry
controlled loop.

For example : while loop and for loop

 ITERATIVE STATEMENTS
• Exit controlled loop (Post test) : This type of loop
first execute its body statements and at the end of
body it check the condition. If condition becomes true
then it will repeat the same process again or execute
loop body once again. But if condition becomes false
then it will terminate loop process and control will
move on next statement. It means that this type of
loop executes its statements at least one time and at
the end of loop check the condition, that’s why this
type of loop is called exit controlled loop.

For Example : do… while loop

 WHILE LOOP
• The while loop is used to repeat one or more
statements while a particular condition is true.

Initialization of counter variable

while (condition)
{
statement_block;
increment/decrement;
}
statement x;
 WHILE LOOP
• While loop is also entry controlled loop or pre test
loop.

• In the while loop, the condition is tested before any

of the statements in the statement block is
executed.
• If the condition is true, only then the statements will
be executed otherwise the control will jump to the
immediate statement outside the while loop block.
• At last it will update counter variable by
incrementing or decrementing.
 WHILE LOOP
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
i=1;
while(i<=10)
{
printf(“\n %d”,i);
i++;
}
}
 FOR LOOP
For loop is used to repeat a task until a particular
condition is true.
The syntax of a for loop

for (initialization;condition;increment/decrement)
{
statement block;
}
Statement Y;
 FOR LOOP
For loop is also called entry controlled loop or pre test
loop because it first check the condition and if
condition becomes true then only execute its block.

The for loop allows us to specify three things about a loop

in a single line
(a) Setting a loop counter to an initial value.
(b) Test Exp : Check the condition whether counter
variable is reached at the desired value.
(c ) Increment or Decrement counter variable.
 FOR LOOP
• In the for loop, first it is assigning value of variable then
the condition is tested before any of the statements in
the statement block is executed.
• If the condition is true, only then the statements will be
executed otherwise the control will jump to the
immediate statement outside the for loop block.
• At last it move to the increment/decrement portion
and according to logic it will update the counter
variable.
 FOR LOOP
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;

for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
printf(“\n %d”,i);
}
}
 DO WHILE LOOP
The do-while loop is similar to the while loop. The only
difference is that in a do-while loop, the test condition is
tested at the end of the loop.
Statement x;
Initialization of counter variable
do
{
statement_block;
increment/decrement
} while (condition);
statement y;
 DO WHILE LOOP
Since the body of the loop is executed first and then
the loop condition is checked in do while loop so it
executes its statement at least once.

if condition becomes true then repeat sameprocess

again otherwise terminate the loop process. That’s
why do while loop is called an exit controlled loop.
 DO WHILE LOOP
One important point is that , in case of for loop and
while loop are not allowed ; (semicolon ) at the end of
loop statement but in case of do while loop it is
required to write ; (semicolon) symbol at the end of
condition.

The major disadvantage of using a do while loop is

that it always executes at least once, so even if the
user enters some invalid data, the loop will execute.
 DO WHILE LOOP
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
i=1;
do
{
printf(“\n %d”,i);
i++;
}while(i<=10);
}
 Break statement
The break statement is used to terminate the execution of the
nearest enclosing loop in which it appears.

When compiler encounters a break statement, the control

passes to the statement that follows the loop in which the
break statement appears. Its syntax is quite simple, just type
keyword break followed with a semi-colon.

break;

In switch statement if the break statement is missing then every

case from the matched case label to the end of the switch,
including the default, is executed.
 Break statement
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;

for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i==5)
break;
printf(“\n %d”,i);
}
}
 Continue statement
The continue statement can only appear in the body of a loop.

When the compiler encounters a continue statement then the

rest of the statements in the loop are skipped and the control is
unconditionally transferred to the loop-continuation portion of
the nearest enclosing loop. Its syntax is quite simple, just type
keyword continue followed with a semi-colon.

continue;

If placed within a for loop, the continue statement causes a

branch to the code that updates the loop variable. For example,
 Continue statement
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;

for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i==5)
continue;
printf(“\n %d”,i);
}
}
 goto statement
The goto statement is used to transfer control to a specified
label.

Here label is an identifier that specifies the place where the

branch is to be made. Label can be any valid variable name that
is followed by a colon (:).

Note that label can be placed anywhere in the program either

before or after the goto statement. Whenever the goto
statement is encountered the control is immediately transferred
to the statements following the label.
 goto statement
goto statement breaks the normal sequential execution of the
program.

If the label is placed after the goto statement then it is called a

forward jump and in case it is located before the goto
statement, it is said to be a backward jump.
 goto statement
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num, sum=0;
read: // label for go to statement
printf("\n Enter the number. Enter 999 to end : ");
scanf("%d", &num);
if (num != 999)
{
sum = sum+num;
goto read; // jump to label- read
}
printf("\n Sum of the numbers entered by the user is =
%d", sum);
}
Thank You