UNIT - 3

Operators and IO Statements

 OPERATORS IN C
C language supports a lot of operators to be used in expressions. These
operators can be categorized into the following major groups:

Arithmetic operators
Relational Operators
Equality Operators
Logical Operators
Unary Operators
Conditional Operators
Bitwise Operators
Assignment operators
Comma Operator
Sizeof Operator
 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

OPERATION OPERATOR SYNTAX COMMENT RESULT

Multiply * a * b result = a * b 27

Divide / a / b result = a / b 3

Addition + a + b result = a + b 12

Subtraction - a - b result = a – b 6

Modulus % a % b result = a % b 0

Value of a=9, b=3

 RELATIONAL OPERATORS
Also known as a comparison operator, it is an
operator that compares two values. Expressions
that contain relational operators are called
relational expressions. Relational operators return
true or false value, depending on whether the
conditional relationship between the two operands
holds or not.
 RELATIONAL OPERATORS

OPERATOR MEANING EXAMPLE

< LESS THAN 3 < 5 GIVES 1

> GREATER THAN 7 > 9 GIVES 0

GREATER THAN OR EQUAL

>= 100 >= 100 GIVES 1
TO

<= LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 100 <=50 GIVES 0

 EQUALITY OPERATORS

C language supports two kinds of equality

operators to compare their operands for strict
equality or inequality. They are equal to (==) and
not equal to (!=) operator.
The equality operators have lower precedence than

the relational operators.

OPERATOR MEANING

== RETURNS 1 IF BOTH OPERANDS ARE EQUAL, 0

OTHERWISE
!= RETURNS 1 IF OPERANDS DO NOT HAVE THE SAME
VALUE, 0 OTHERWISE
 LOGICAL OPERATORS

C language supports three logical operators. They

are- Logical AND (&&), Logical OR (||) and Logical
NOT (!).
As in case of arithmetic expressions, the logical
expressions are evaluated from left to right.

A B A &&B A B A || B A !A
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
 UNARY OPERATORS

Unary operators act on single operands. C language supports

three unary operators. They are unary minus, increment and
decrement operators.
When an operand is preceded by a minus sign, the unary operator
negates its value.
The increment operator is a unary operator that increases the
value of its operand by 1. Similarly, the decrement operator
decreases the value of its operand by 1. For example,
int x = 10, y;
y = x++;
is equivalent to writing
y = x;
x = x + 1; whereas, y = ++x;
is equivalent to writing
x = x + 1;
y = x;
 CONDITIONAL OPERATOR

The conditional operator operator (?:) is just like an if .. else statement

that can be written within expressions.
The syntax of the conditional operator is
exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
Here, exp1 is evaluated first. If it is true then exp2 is evaluated and
becomes the result of the expression, otherwise exp3 is evaluated and
becomes the result of the expression. For example,
large = ( a > b) ? a : b
Conditional operators make the program code more compact, more
readable, and safer to use as it is easier both to check and guarantee
that the arguments that are used for evaluation.
Conditional operator is also known as ternary operator as it is neither a
unary nor a binary operator; it takes three operands.
 BITWISE OPERATORS
•C provides six bitwise operators for manipulating
the individual bits in an integer quantity.
•Bitwise operators expect their operands to be
integer quantities and treat them as bit sequence.
•Bitwise negation is a unary operator that
complements the bits in its operands.
 BITWISE OPERATORS

Operators Meaning Associativity

& bitwiseAND LefttoRight

| bitwiseOR LefttoRight

~ 1’sComplement LefttoRight

^ bitwiseExclusiveOR LefttoRight

<< shiftleft LefttoRight

>> shiftright LefttoRight

 BITWISE OPERATORS
example : Consider following set of expressions:
int a,b,c;
a = 12;
b = 9;
c = a & b; // Out put is : 8
c = a | b; // out put is : 13
The bitwise AND operation will be performed at
the bit level as follows
 BITWISE OPERATORS

Expression Bits
a=12 001100
b=9 001001
c=a&b 001000
c=a|b 001101
 ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

The assignment operator is responsible for

assigning values to the variables. While the equal
sign (=) is the fundamental assignment operator, C
also supports other assignment operators that
provide shorthand ways to represent common
variable assignments. They are shown in the table.
 ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

OPERATOR SYNTAX EQUIVALENT TO

/= variable /= expression variable = variable / expression

%= variable %= expression variable = variable %expression

*= variable *= expression variable = variable * expression

+= variable += expression variable = variable + expression

-= variable -= expression variable = variable - expression

 COMMA OPERATOR
The comma operator in C takes two operands. It works
by evaluating the first and discarding its value, and then
evaluates the second and returns the value as the result
of the expression.
Comma separated operands when chained together are
evaluated in left-to-right sequence with the right-most
value yielding the result of the expression.
Among all the operators, the comma operator has the
lowest precedence. For example,
int a=2, b=3, x=0;
x = (++a, b+=a);
Now, the value of x = 6.
 SIZEOF OPERATOR
• size of is a unary operator used to calculate the sizes of data
types.
• It can be applied to all data types.
• The operator returns the size of the variable, data type or
expression in bytes.
• 'sizeof' operator is used to determine the amount of memory
space that the variable/expression/data type will take. For
example,
• sizeof(char) returns 1, that is the size of a character data type. If we have,
int a = 10;
unsigned int result;
result = sizeof(a);
then result = 2,
 Associativity of operators

If two operators of same precedence (priority) is

present in an expression, Associativity of operators
indicate the order in which they execute.
Associativity of operators
Associativity of operators
 TYPE CONVERSION AND TYPE CASTING

Type conversion and type casting of variables refers to

changing a variable of one data type into another.
While type conversion is done implicitly, casting has to
be done explicitly by the programmer. We will discuss
both of them here.

Type conversion is done when the expression has

variables of different data types. So to evaluate the
expression, the data type is promoted from lower to
higher level where the hierarchy of data types can be
given as: double, float, long, int, char.
 TYPE CONVERSION AND TYPE CASTING

For example, type conversion is automatically done

when we assign an integer value to a floating point
variable. For ex,

float x;
int y = 3;
x = y;
Now, x = 3.0,
 TYPE CONVERSION AND TYPE CASTING

Type casting is also known as forced conversion. It is

done when the value of a higher data type has to be
converted in to the value of a lower data type. For
example, we need to explicitly type cast an integer
variable into a floating point variable.
float salary = 10000.00;
int sal;
sal = (int) salary;
Typecasting can be done by placing the destination
data type in parentheses followed by the variable name
that has to be converted.
 FORMATTING INPUT/OUPUT
C language supports two formatting functions
1. printf()
2. scanf()
 printf()
The printf function is used to display information
required to the user and also prints the values of
the variables. Its syntax can be given as

printf (“control string”, variable list);

The parameter control string is a C string that

contains the text that has to be written on to the
standard output device. The prototype of the
control string can be given as below
%[flags][width][.precision][length]specifier
 printf()
specifier Qualifying Input
c For single character
d For decimal values
f For floating point numbers
E, e Floating point numbers in exponential format
o For Octal number.
s For a sequence of (string of) characters
u For Unsigned decimal value
x For Hexadecimal value.
 printf()
flag description

- Left-justify within the data given field width

Displays the data with its numeric sign (either +

+ or -)
printf( "%+d\n", 10 );
The number is left-padded with zero (0) instead
0
of spaces
 printf()

length Description

When the argument is a short int or unsigned

h short int.
short int i = 3; printf( "%hd", i );
When the argument is a long int or unsigned
l long int for integer specifiers.
long int i=200000; printf(“%ld”,i);
When the argument is a long double (used for
floating point specifiers)
L
long double i=200000; printf(“%Lf”,i);
 printf()
Integer Real Character
Format
Specification
%w d %w.p f %w c
w=width
p=precision
printf(“%10.2f
Example printf(“%7d”,12345); printf(“%5c”,’A’);
”,12345);

Output
_ Consider _ _12345 _ _12345.00 __ _ _A
as Space
Here 10.2f
Here there are 5 digits specifies 7 digits
Here 5c specifies the
and %7d leaves two + decimal + 2
Description position of the
blank space before the 5 values in
digit number precision after character to be printed
decimal point
 printf()
Output:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
12.35
{
float num=12.346; 12.35_ _ _ _ _
clrscr();
0012.35
printf(“\n %5.2f”,num);
printf(“\n %-10.2f”,num);
printf(“\n %07.2f”,num);
getch();
}
 scanf()
The scanf() is used to read formatted data from the
keyboard. The syntax of the scanf() can be given as,

scanf(“control string”, &arg1, &arg2, ……&argn);

The control string specifies the type and format of

the data that has to be obtained from the keyboard
and stored in the memory locations pointed by the
arguments arg1, arg2,…, argn.
 scanf()
The prototype of the control string can be give as:
[%[width][modifiers]type]

width is an optional argument that specifies the

maximum number of characters to be read.
 scanf()
Modifiers is an optional argument that can be h, l
or L for the data pointed by the corresponding
additional arguments. Modifier h is used for short
int or unsigned short int, l is used for long int,
unsigned long int or double values. Finally, L is used
long double data values.

Type is same as specifier in printf()

 scanf()
specifier Qualifying Input
c For single character
d For decimal values
f For floating point numbers
E, e Floating point numbers in exponential format
o For Octal number.
s For a sequence of (string of) characters
u For Unsigned decimal value
x For Hexadecimal value.
 scanf()
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter Value of i :”);
scanf(“%d”,&i);
printf(“\n The Entered Value of i is : %d”,i);
getch();
}