WEB DEVELOPMENT

A Summer Internship Project Report

Submitted by

GAJENDRA SINGH (2202309058)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION

SANSKRITI UNIVERSITY

November 2024
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Summer Internship Project on “WEB

DEVELOPMENT” is the bonafide work of “GAJENDRA
SINGH (2202309058)” who carried out this report under my
supervison.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
DR. ABHAY KUMAR SINHA DR. ROHIT KUMAR
SINGHAL HOD BCA PROFESSOR CSE

SOEIT SOEIT

Submitted for the project viva-voce Examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ABSTRACT

This internship report includes the details of job responsibilities that was assigned during
internship period at Techmill Technologies. I had an opportunity to have real time exposure to
network hardware’s and client support system. The internship provided great deal of experience
about the professional life. It also taught me an important lesson about team work, time
boundaries and social collaboration at work.

This report represents the achievement during internship period and a golden opportunity to
implement theoretical understanding into practical aspect by gaining knowledge about how
different hardware’s and networks are integrated and how network related problem are to be
solved. The internship program mainly focused on support and proper solutions as per the client
queries or problems encountered.

Overall internship was significant from career point view and will be a useful factor to excel my
professional career. The internship program provided a platform for me to sharpen personal and
technical skills and knowledge and increased the confidence to work in their interested field.

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 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1
1.1 Introduction to Internship.................................................................................1
1.2 Details of Internship...........................................................................................1
1.3 Background.........................................................................................................2
1.4 Objectives............................................................................................................2
1.5 Responsibilities Assigned...................................................................................2
1.6 Motivation...........................................................................................................3
1.7 About Organization............................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: SYSTEM ANALYSIS.........................................................................5
2.1 VLAN...................................................................................................................5
2.2 Fiber Cables........................................................................................................6
2.3 Network Types....................................................................................................6
2.3.1 Active Networks...........................................................................................6
2.3.2 Passive Method............................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN............................................................................11
3.1 Core Network....................................................................................................11
3.2 Optical Distribution Network..........................................................................12
3.3 Distribution Point.............................................................................................14
3.4 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)...........................................................15
CHAPTER 4: IMPLENTATION..............................................................................16
4.1 IP Address Allocation.......................................................................................16
4.2 Implementation of fiber connection................................................................13
4.3 Managing Client Details..................................................................................14
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION....................................................................................15

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Internship

An internship is a period of work experience offered by an employer to give students and

graduates exposure to the working environment, often within a specific industry, which relates
to their field of study. The internship is done as a partial fulfillment of requirements of the
Bachelor’s degree in Computer Applicaton under Sanskriti University. Internships provide
opportunities to experiment and pursue careers that match academic and personal interests
which eventually aids in shaping the professional career of students.

As a responsibility I was assigned a post of technical support executive that requires to diagnose,
troubleshoot and resolve the client's query through phone conversation. The problem which
were not solved instantly were escalated to concerned departments depending upon the nature of
the problem.

Internship is considered to be a significant factor in bridging the gap between the universities
and the labor market. Internship experiences are considered in the hiring process, and often
interns are looked as the best potential candidates for full-time positions in organizations.
1.2 Details of Internship

After selection as an Intern in the organization, I was introduced and trained regarding the
organizations work and working nature. After a week, I was placed in Support Department of
the organization as an Intern. I worked in that department for the rest of the internship period. I
worked in an office time from 3 PM to 10 PM for a duration of 3 months. The internship mainly
involved providing a solution to various network problems reported by clients through tasks
created via the Customer Care Department and also providing technical queries, response and
instructions.

1.3 Background

The Internet opens large opportunities for work, leisure, communication, and sharing diverse
information. Internet has changed the world and society consistently because the creation of
internet and its growing popularity contributed to the consistent change in the life of people.
They have opened the new, virtual world and a new effective means of communication- internet
– which have started to replace the traditional means of communication, to the extent that online
communication has started to replace the live, real, physical communication between people.
The Internet has accelerated the pace of business and broadened the scope of what is possible in
the workplace. The most obvious benefit is that people have better options for direct
communication, including email, texting and videoconferencing.

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Looking back to internet history in Online Mode, internet started with ADSL i.e. through
Telephone line but along with the progress and development in the technology various types of
broadband internet communications such as ADSL, DSL, Cable modem, Fiber, Wireless,
satellite has been introduced. NTC, NCELL, Subisu, Classictech, WorldLink, Techmill are the
leading ISP in Online Mode that have been providing fast and better internet service to home as
well as corporate users at reasonable price.

Thus, the Internet a virtual world that connects people from all walks of life has had an
extensive impact on communication since its proliferation and globalization.
1.4 Objectives

The internship is based on an ISP and the major objectives include:

 To know the network structure of company.

 To know the working of an ISP in Online Mode.

 To troubleshoot the customer’s queries.

1.5 Responsibilities Assigned

During the internship period, I was assigned as a Technical Support Executive whose job was to
call back the client trying to diagnose and troubleshoot their problem and provide them with the
proper solution instantly.

1.6 Motivation

The biggest reason I want to work in field of computer network is my passion for learning about
network devices and protocols that makes communication possible. I personally like to plan,
analyze and troubleshoot networks. Besides I care about the value, and recognition of my
engineering skills. When I see I did a good job, planned or implemented a great network on
client’s side, it makes me proud and happy. What is more, to develop my skills every day and to
become a real expert in network engineering also drives me forward. The job itself motivates
me, as I enjoy doing it.

1.7 About Organization

Techmill Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is a leading IT solutions provider based in Mysore, India,
renowned for its innovative services in IT consultancy and support. Established with a mission
to bridge the gap between business challenges and technology solutions, Techmill Technologies
has built a reputation for delivering high-quality, client-centric IT solutions tailored to diverse
industries. Founded in the early 2000s, Techmill Technologies has consistently evolved to adapt
to the rapidly changing technological landscape. The company’s vision is to empower
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businesses by leveraging cutting-edge technology to optimize operations and drive growth. This
vision is supported by a mission to deliver practical, scalable, and innovative solutions that
address the unique needs of each client.
Techmill prides itself on fostering a collaborative and innovative work culture. The company
values employee growth and encourages continuous learning through training programs,
workshops, and mentorship initiatives. Their supportive work environment ensures that interns
and new hires feel welcomed and are provided with ample opportunities to learn and contribute.

Techmill’s Approach to Internships

One of Techmill’s standout qualities is its commitment to nurturing young talent. Their
internship programs are meticulously designed to bridge the gap between academic knowledge
and real-world application. Interns are mentored by experienced professionals, provided with
hands-on training, and exposed to industry-standard tools and practices. Techmill prides itself on
fostering a collaborative and innovative work culture. The company values employee growth
and encourages continuous learning through training programs, workshops, and mentorship
initiatives. Their supportive work environment ensures that interns and new hires feel welcomed
and are provided with ample opportunities to learn and contribute. The company also promotes
cross-departmental collaboration, where employees have the chance to work on diverse projects,
further enhancing their skills and broadening their expertise.
Techmill’s commitment to developing young talent is one of the company's standout qualities.
Their internship programs are meticulously designed to bridge the gap between academic
knowledge and real-world application. Interns are mentored by experienced professionals,
provided with hands-on training, and exposed to industry-standard tools and practices. The
company offers a dynamic learning environment where interns not only gain technical skills but
also develop leadership qualities, teamwork abilities, and problem-solving techniques.
Additionally, Techmill fosters a culture of inclusivity and diversity, ensuring that every intern
has the opportunity to contribute and grow regardless of their background. Many former interns
have gone on to secure full-time roles within the organization, reflecting the success and value
of the internship program in shaping the careers of young professionals. The organization places
a strong emphasis on fostering a culture of innovation and continuous improvement. By
maintaining an agile approach to problem-solving and offering state-of-the-art solutions,
Techmill ensures its clients can stay competitive in a rapidly evolving business landscape. In
addition to its technical expertise, the company is known for its customer-centric philosophy,
offering exceptional after-sales support and ongoing consultancy services to ensure clients'
continued success.

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 CHAPTER 2: SYSTEM ANALYSIS

1.1 VLAN

A VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a group of devices residing on one or more LANs that are configured
to communicate as if they were attached to the same wire despite the fact that they are
geographically located on a completely different LAN segment. They are only logical therefore
are extremely flexible.

VLAN tagging is a method through which more than one VLAN is handled on a port. VLAN
tagging is used to tell which packet belongs to which VLAN on the other side. VLAN tagging is
performed by the putting the VLAN ID into a header to identify which network it is present in.
This helps in determining which interface the information packet needs to be sent to in order to
receive the right information. (Allied Telesis, 2019)

Figure 20 : Comparison of LAN & VLAN

Purpose:

 Provides flexibility & makes relocation of network or network nodes easier.

 Allows network administrators to employ additional security.

 Decreases latency and traffic load on the network.

 Reduces cost of using routers to contain broadcast traffic.

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1.2 Fiber Cables

An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass. It either functions as a
waveguide or light pipe that transmits light between two ends of the fiber cable. Signals travel
along them with less loss, at higher bandwidths and are also safe to electromagnetic
interference.

1.3 Network Types

1.3.1 Active Networks

Active networks contain an active source either a voltage source or current source it contains
one or more sources of electromotive force. Active elements like a battery or a transistor is used.
Active elements can inject power to the circuit, provide power gain, & control the current flow
within the circuit.

1.3.2 Passive Method

Passive method or passive optical network does not include electrically powered switching
equipment and instead uses optical splitters to separate and collect optical signals as they move
through the network. A passive optical network shares fiber optic strands for portions of the
network. Powered equipment is required only at the source and receiving ends of the signal.

The passive method, or passive optical network (PON), does not require electrically powered
switching equipment, relying instead on optical components such as optical splitters, couplers,
and filters. These passive components are responsible for managing and distributing optical
signals as they move through the network. PONs are known for their efficiency and cost-
effectiveness, as they do not require power-hungry active components in the network
infrastructure. Optical splitters enable the distribution of signals to multiple endpoints, allowing
for more efficient use of fiber-optic cables. In a passive optical network, fiber optic strands are
shared among multiple users, which reduces the overall installation and maintenance costs
compared to active networks. Powered equipment is only necessary at the signal source (e.g.,
the optical line terminal) and at the receiving end (e.g., the optical network unit). This makes
PONs particularly attractive for applications such as broadband internet, video, and voice
services, where large-scale, high-speed data transmission is required over long distances.

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 CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 Core Network

Each ISP registers their company under company act through Online Mode Telecommunications
Authority. Application and Documentation are provided from the source of Internet Bandwidth
Provider in their geographical region and are submitted to NTA mentioning the bandwidth,
selling rates and technology used.

Figure 3.1(a): Internet Lease link for Techmill

Figure 3.2(b): Network Flow Diagram

3.2 Optical Distribution Network

Optical Distribution Network (ODN) is an indispensable path for transmitting Passive Optical
Network (PON) data and directly affects the performance, reliability, and scalability of a PON
system. The ODN, an integral part of the PON system, resides as the physical path for optical
transmission between the OLT and the ONT. Its reach is 20 km or farther. Within the ODN,
optical fibers, fiber optic connectors, passive optical splitters, and auxiliary components

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collaborate with each other.

Figure 3.1: Optical Distribution Network

3.3 POP (Point of Presence)

POP is primarily the infrastructure that allows remote users connect to the Internet. A POP is
generally present at an Internet service provider (ISP) or the telecommunication service
provider. It can consist of a router, switches, servers and other data communication devices. An
ISP or telecom provider might maintain more than one POP at different locations, with each
catering to a distinct user base. Moreover, POP also supports the conversion of analog to digital
data and vice versa to complement different data communication technologies and receiving
devices. The POP Architecture is divided into two parts: Inside Ring & Outside Ring which
have the respective VLAN tags. VLAN tags for IPTV are different for each POP. Figure 3.1: techmill POP Architecture

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13
3.4 Distribution Point

For the distribution of network techmill uses the 1*8 PLC Optical splitter. At first, First stage
splitter is connected to OLT PON port which then distributes the optical connection to 8 second
stage splitter. Each second lever splitter is capable of further distributing the optical connection
to 8 individual ONU devices residing at users end. Thus, each GEPON OLT port is capable of
providing connection to 64 clients in total. Following is the figure:

Figure 3.1: 1x8 PLC Optical Splitter Configuration

3.5 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)

A customer premises equipment device (CPE device) refers to a telecommunications hardware

device located on the telecommunication customer's premises. This equipment might include
cable or satellite television set-top boxes, DSL or other broadband Internet routers, VoIP base
stations, telephone handsets, or other customized hardware. CPE equipment can be owned by
the customer or leased from the telecommunications company. CPE also includes the interior
wiring at the customer's location that is connected to a communication service.
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 CHAPTER 4: IMPLENTATION

Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) has long been recognized as a technology that provides future proof
bandwidth, but has generally been too expensive to implement on a wide scale. However,
reductions in the cost of electro-optic components and improvements in the handling of fiber
optics now make FTTH a cost-effective solution in many situations. The transition to FTTH in
the access network is also a benefit for both consumers and service providers because it opens
up the near limitless capacity of the core long-haul network to the local user.

4.1 IP Address Allocation

The ISP consists of pools of public IP addresses from the IRR which is then dynamically
assigned to each of the client. This is the most common form of distribution and the DHCP
assigns different public IP address for each client which changes every time the session gets
disconnected. It is used for the efficient use of available IP addresses such that inactive clients
do not reserve IP addresses for the time being.

However, a static IP address can also be assigned which is used for hosting websites, providing
email, database and FTP services. This is mostly used by commercial leased lines or public
organization requiring same IP address every time. However static IP are much more expensive
than dynamic ones.
Meanwhile for its internal network devices and IPTV, it uses IP through the private IP pool.

Figure 2.1(b): Private IP classes

The POP OLT throughout the Kathmandu Valley uses Class C IP, POP OLT outside the valley
(Birgunj, Hetauda, Butwal etc.) use Class C IP & all of the IPTV Set Top Boxes use Class A IP.

4.2 Implementation of fiber connection

4.2.1 Fiber connection using non-wireless ONU
4.2.1.1 Via Direct Connection

Here a connection can be made using Ethernet cable directly to a device supporting Ethernet
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adapter. The process includes:

 Click the Start button.

 Click the Control Panel.

 Go to Network and Sharing Center.

 Select Set up a new connection or network.

The above figure displays the IP address and DNS provided by the ISP for internet connection
when choosing option (Obtain an IP address automatically). When choosing a dynamic DNS,
DHCP automatically assigns the ISP DNS server which in this case is the Techmill DNS
(110.44.112.200). We can also statically set the IP address and preferred DNS Servers manually.
4.2.1.2 Via Third Party router

Here, two approaches are in implementation: wireless ONU and non-wireless ONU
configuration:

 Basic router configuration steps for TP-link router.

 Log into the router’s web-based management page or default

gateway(192.168.0.1)

 Configure WAN Connection Type On the router’s management page, click Network >
WAN on the left of the web page: and Change the WAN Connection Type to PPPoE.

Figure 4.5.1.2(a): WAN Connection Settings

 Click Save to save your settings, then the router will connect to Internet after a while.

 Change Wi-Fi SSID and Pre-shared key as per your will.

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Figure 4.6.1.2(b): Wi-Fi Setup

 Save setting and exit

4.2.2 Fiber connection using wireless ONU

For the newer ONU devices with inbuilt router, all of the configurations including firmware
upgrades and Wireless configurations can be done remotely via Telnet.

Figure 4.7.2: Wireless ONU configuration

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 4.3 Managing Client Details

Figure 4.1(a): Client Account Detail

The figure above displays detail profile of the client which enables to configure the client
network remotely. The profile consists of all the attributes that are required for the smooth
running of the network. The profile displays the following information:

 Clients personal information

 Clients Subscriptions

 Basic profile information of Client

 Account details of the Clients

 Service Usage by the client

Figure 4.2(b): Client Network Details

The figure above shows the account details of user’s current network status. Account detail of

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current network status of client includes:

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

Conclusion

To sum up the report I can say that the internship has provided me a valuable chance to gain a
lot in terms of technical as well as interpersonal and soft-spoken skills. The experience has been
very fruitful that will surely help me to expand my expertise and guide me through me career
development. As I have gained the experience of working, I will not be terrified as I was before.
Even though the job was demanding I gave my best efforts to bring in value for the organization
as well as myself.

The placement has been well worth for someone like me with no professional experience and it
has thus allowed me to learn from a particular practical experience with much enthusiasm and
make connections between what we learn in theory and what we need to implement in practice.
It has indulged myself to reflect upon to develop skills, review their effectiveness rather than
just carry on doing things as I have always done them. So, I am very grateful to have Techmill
Technologies as my workplace experience.
Lessons Learnt

During my internship program, the huge plus was obviously to get to work in a real time
environment. Implementing theory into practicality needed much adaptation and deeper
understanding. Even though the workplace was hectic, learning to work as a team was equally
rewarding. Everyday task needed to be handled with different analytical direction so it needed to
be managed flexibly under pressure. So, the experience taught me crucial time management
skills, self-motivation, analytical skills along with responsible decision making.

On the technical side of things, I got to be thoroughly familiar with the protocols and hardware
used in the network distribution.

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 References
 Corning Inc. (2020). The future of fiber optics: Transforming communications and beyond.
Retrieved from https://www.corning.com

 This article discusses the role of fiber optic technology in the future of communication, healthcare,
and smart cities.

 Cisco Systems, Inc. (2021). Understanding the role of fiber optics in 5G networks. Retrieved from
https://www.cisco.com

 Cisco provides insights into how fiber optics are critical in supporting 5G backhaul and enabling
high-speed wireless communication.

 FiberOptic.com. (2019). Fiber optics fundamentals: A guide to fiber optic cables and their
applications. Retrieved from https://www.fiberoptic.com

 A comprehensive guide on the basics of fiber optic cables, their construction, and the various
applications in telecommunications and other sectors.

 TE Connectivity (2022). Fiber optic technologies for next-gen networks: The shift to PON. Retrieved
from https://www.te.com

 TE Connectivity provides an in-depth look at the evolution of fiber optics and the increasing
adoption of Passive Optical Networks (PON).

 Ovum (now part of Informa Tech). (2020). Global fiber optic network market: Trends, forecasts, and
competitive analysis. Retrieved from https://www.informatech.com

 This market research report outlines trends in the fiber optic network industry, including growth
areas in FTTH and PON solutions.

 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (2017). Fiber optic communication systems for civil
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 A peer-reviewed journal article exploring how fiber optics is being incorporated into civil
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 Lightwave. (2021). The state of PON: How XGS-PON and NG-PON2 are driving optical network
evolution. Retrieved from https://www.lightwaveonline.com

 An article covering the latest advancements in PON technology, including XGS-PON and NG-
PON2, and their impact on broadband network evolution.

 Juniper Networks. (2020). Scaling fiber networks for the future: The next era of high-capacity
networking. Retrieved from https://www.juniper.net

 Juniper Networks explores how fiber optics can scale to meet the ever-growing demand for data and
the role of fiber in next-gen networks.

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