2022 International Conference on Computational Modelling, Simulation and Optimization (ICCMSO)

Quantum Machine Learning and Quantum

2022 International Conference on Computational Modelling, Simulation and Optimization (ICCMSO) | 979-8-3503-3288-9/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCMSO58359.2022.00025

Communication Networks:The 2030s and the Future

Dr.Anju Gandhi Dr. Sanjay Lucy Garg Dr.Stuti Mehla

Shweta Jain
Professor Singla Assistant Associate
CSE -ET CSE -ET Professor Professor Professor
Department Department Chandigarh CSE -ET CSE -ET
PIET PIET University, Department Department
Panipat,Haryana Panipat,Haryana PIET PIET
Mohali
jainshweta2902 anjugandhi.cse Panipat,Haryana Panipat,Haryana
[email protected] Dr.ssinglacs@g
@piet.co.in mail.com Lucygarg29@g stutimehla.cse
mail.com @piet.co.in

Abstract—The two emerging technologies are back in time, the first mathematical description of a
machine learning and artificial intelligence, and as we all biological neuron serves as the foundation for machine
know, quantum computing is one of the most learning. When addressing technologies, data science is
revolutionary developments in technology. Researchers highly significant. By using statistics, machine learning
are considering combining machine learning and and deep learning (ML and DA) examine data and give
quantum computing with the advancements in both computers the ability to learn. Machine learning
fields. As a result, quantum machine learning-a fusion of techniques are divided into several categories based on
these two fields-has evolved. It has the capacity to learning styles, including supervised learning,
effectively address a wide range of real-world issues. unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. The
Both fields will surely benefit from the combined results most stressful aspect of machine learning is how difficult
of the two fields. When the potential of quantum it is to get data, how time-consuming it is, how tough it is
principles and its peculiarities is employed with machine to maintain the consistency and standardization of the
learning, quantum machine learning reaches a very data.
advanced level. Now that quantum concepts are being Later, it paved the way for deep learning, which
incorporated, traditional machine learning algorithms like encompasses representation learning and other machine
SVM, PCA, and KNN are being reviewed as QSVM, Q- learning techniques based on artificial neural networks.
KNN, and QPCA, which are the most effective and Self-driving cars, natural language processing, and many
powerful techniques for quantum machine learning. more technologies are now possible because of deep
Quantum machine learning is a boom for the future; it learning advances. A key technology of the fourth
will soon vastly surpass even the most advanced neural industrial revolution is deep learning. Artificial neural
networks, deep learning systems, and machine learning networks (ANNs), which gave rise to deep learning
systems of today. Modern machine learning is quicker technology, are employed in a variety of fields including
than classical computing thanks to quantum machine security, healthcare, and visual identification. But creating
learning, which is concerned with quantum software. an effective deep learning model while dealing with the
Quantum data from an artificial quantum system is what dynamic nature and fluctuations of real-world problems
QML is based on. In this paper, we will also study about and data is a difficult undertaking.
the future network that is quantum network, which will The process known as quantum computing employs the
be use by replacing classical networking. By enabling principles of quantum mechanics to resolve challenging
quantum communication between any two sites on Earth, issues in conventional computing. Instead of the binary
a quantum internet is intended to fundamentally advance bits used in conventional computing, quantum computing
internet technology. uses quantum bits as the fundamental informational unit.
Keywords—Machine learning, Quantum Machine learning, Quantum bits rely on the superposition principle, which is
at the core of quantum theory and explains the existence
Quantum neural networks, Quantum world, Quantum data,
of bits in several states simultaneously. Real atoms,
QML Algorithms, Quantum internet
trapped ions, photons, and quasiparticles can all be used
to create this. In quantum computing, quantum computers
I. INTRODUCTION
take the role of conventional and modern computers. With
Systems may learn and improve their capabilities smartly the development of quantum computing, new discoveries
from the past data attributable to machine learning, a are being made in managing air traffic, sending goods,
subgroup of artificial intelligence and computing. Going storing energy, and many other areas.

979-8-3503-3288-9/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 59

DOI 10.1109/ICCMSO58359.2022.00025
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 Today, quantum machine learning is the muultidisciplinary unsupervised learning, semi-superv vised learning, and
topic that will shape machine learning in n the future by reinforcement learning which is depiccted in Fig.2.
fusing the concepts of machine learning and quantum
computing. To put it another way, we cann state that the
foundation of quantum machine learninng is putting
machine learning algorithms in a box of quaantum systems.
Quantum NLP,QNN are some of the t important
terminologies associated with quantum macchine learning.
Quantum variants of machine learning alg gorithms exist,
including quantum k-nearest neighbor algorithms,
quantum support vector machines,quaantum-oriented
clustering algorithms, Hidden Quanttum Markov,
Quantum Principal Component analysis (QPCA) and
numerous others. These algorithms are beetter and more
efficient than machine learning approacches. Quantum
computing is used in quantum convoluutional neural Fig.2. Different types of classical m
machine learning
networks, quantum Boltzmann machin nes, quantum
Variational autoencoders, and many other deep learning Regarding the uses of classical macchine learning, these
applications. include product recommendationss, fraud detection,
Quantum mechanics' physical characteristiccs serve as the business process automation, picture identification, video
foundation for the confidentiality of quantum surveillance, and many more. Machine learning
communication. For instance, the no-clooning theorem techniques are successfully used to immplement these kinds
asserts that quantum states cannot be reeplicated while of applications. Regression, clusteering, classification,
being transmitted, making snoopers clearlly identifiable. dimensionality reduction, and other operations use these
Additionally, the unitary and entanglement features methods. No matter the technique or llearning style we are
provide quantum encrypted connecction. These employing. The optimal machine learningl model and
characteristics allow for the unconditional security
s of any algorithm is the one that uses th he least number of
two quantum participants' communication. resources and creates the least errors.. The amount of data
in today's world is growing continuo ously, and traditional
machine learning cannot keep up. Thiis problem cannot be
effectively solved by classical machiine learning. We are
shifting to quantum principles to fulfilll the needs.

B. Quantum Computing and QuBits

Quantum- The smallest discrete unit of any physical trait,
such as electrons, neutrinos, and pho
otons, is known as a
quantum in physics.

Quantum Computing-Utilizing the concepts

c of quantum
physics, including superposition, entanglement, and
quantum interference, is the core of quantum computing.
Fig.1 Fastest synchronized quantum ccommunication Some of the important terminologiess related to quantum
network in the world computing are as follows-
II. PRELIMINARIES x Qubit-The fundamental unnit of processing in
quantum computing is refeerred to as a Qubit.
The classical machine learning and som me basic ideas Quantum computing uses quubits, while classical
pertaining to quantum theory and quantum computing are computing uses bits (0 and d 1). Qubit can be
discussed in this part. demonstrated as linear superpposition of states.
A. Classical Machine Learning x Entanglement- Quantum entanglement
e is the
Today, artificial intelligence is becoming more
m prevalent. condition in which two sysstems are so closely
The development of AI has made machine learning more connected that information ffrom one system can
aware of its possible impact. A branch h of artificial instantaneously be acquirred from another,
intelligence called machine learning enablees computers to regardless of how far apartt they are. The term
operate by learning from the past data. Maachine learning "spooky action at a distant" also refers to this
has proven successful in a variety of industtries, including phenomenon.
health, business, agriculture, communnications, and x Superposition- Quantum objects can exist
aerospace, among others. Machine learrning can be concurrently in more than one
o state attributable
categorized into four types supervised learning, to the superposition prinnciple in quantum
computing. Most of the lig ght we encounter is

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 made up of a variety of waves that originate from III. THE COMBINING RESULTS OF F QUANTUM WITH
various sources. The light is allegedly
a in a MACHINE LEARNING- QUANT TUM MACHINE
superposition of many polarizing sstates. LEARNING(QML L)
x Quantum Gates-A basic quantuum circuit that Quantum data and blended quantuum classical models
uses a few qubits is called a quanntum gate. The form the foundation of QML.
core components of quantum circcuits are logic Quantum Data - Any type of data so ource that appears in
gates. Contrary to traditional logic gates, these a real or created quantum system iss known as quantum
gates are reversible. data. This can be produced by a quaantum computer, like
x No cloning theorem-It assertts that it is the samples produced by Google's demonstration using
impossible to build a quantum ddevice that can the Sycamore processor.
create an identical replica of any given
g quantum On a quantum device, the following types of quantum
state. data can be created or simulated:
x Quantum metrology- In qquantum metrology,
Quantum computers are thousands of timees quicker than there are High-precision measurements
m with a
ordinary computers in case you're curiou us about their quantum component, suuch as quantum
speed. This suggests that quantum computeers may be able imaging and quantum senssing, are inherently
to process all the data that is generated eveery day. A real carried out on probes, which
w are miniature
quantum computer is physically composed mostly
m of three quantum devices.
components. The first component co onsists of a x Chemical Simulation- ExtractE details on
conventional computer and supporting infrrastructure that chemical dynamics and strructures for use in
executes programs and communicates with h the qubits. A various fields such as discovery
d of drugs,
technique for sending signals from the coomputer to the computational chemistry andd many more.
qubits is the second component. And finaally, the qubits x Quantum Communication nnetwork- Generating
need to be stored somewhere. Certainn demands or sets of entangled photons annd delivering one to
conditions must be met for this qubit storaage unit for the the data sender and the otheer to the recipient is
qubits to be stable. These can include thee necessity for how quantum teleportation and communication
temperatures to be close to absolute zero orr the interior of operates.
a vacuum chamber. Because of this, suuperconducting Around 2013, Lloyd, Mohseni, and Rebentrost
R coined the
circuit-based quantum computers, which are the most phrase "Quantum Machine Learning"". Quantum machine
common type and are favored by Google aand IBM, must learning: What Quantum Computinng Means for Data
be kept isolated and at extremely low tempeeratures (a cool Mining was a monograph written by b Peter Wittek and
-460 degrees Fahrenheit). published in 2014. Because of this, even though it is a
C. Quantum Communication model young discipline, QML has alread dy had tremendous
For the Quantum Internet (QI) to be reallized, quantum growth in its initial years.
communication across channels secured d by quantum
cryptography protocols is necessary. Q Quantum bits
(qubits), which can simultaneously hold zzeros and ones,
are used in these networks. Qubits' speccial properties,
including as superposition, entangglement, and
teleportation, give quantum networks a few w benefits over
traditional networks. Qubit transmissioon over long
distances is incredibly difficult, but major research is
being done on satellite-based quantum communication,
which will shortly result in breakthroughs in the physical
manifestation of QI.
Fig.4. Basic Structure of Quantum Machine learning
(Converting classical data into quantum data)

Blended Quantum-Classical Mod dels - Data with a

quantum mechanical origin can bbe represented and
generalized using a quantum modeel. Quantum models
cannot generalize quantum data ussing solely quantum
processors because they are still quitte tiny and noisy. To
be effective, NISQ processors must m cooperate with
Fig.3. Quantum Communication m
model traditional co-processors. A defined quantum
computational model that works optiimally on a quantum
computer is alluded to as a quanttum neural network
(QNN).

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 In the quantum machine learning algorithm m's modification 2. The Harrow Hassidim Lloyd Algorithm
of the amplitude vector, we use Hadaamard gate to (HHL)- It is one of the mostm efficiently used
compute the prediction of the classifier by the steps listed algorithm in quantum compu uting. It is a method
below- for resolving the quantum m linear system of
equations that may be found in many scientific
STEP A – Some more data preprocessing.
computations, quantum machine learning
models, and other applicattions such as linear
STEP B- Encoding of data with a quantum system.
s regression and support vecto or machines. Moving
on to the efficiency comparison, quantum
STEP C- Hadamard transformation (Interfferes blocks of efficiency is O(k^2 log N//e), where k is the
amplitudes. condition number and claassical efficiency is
O(N^3) time. The implemen ntation steps of HHL
STEP D- Measure the first qubit in state 0 effectively turns algorithm are following as-
all amplitudes of the second block to 2,Meeasure the final x Encoding of the vecctor into the quantum
qubit and renormalizes it. state.
x Applying the uniitary operator and
process for the phasse estimation part.
x Rotating the ancillaa qubit as the control
qubit with the hellp of rotation gate.
After rotating, we will get the state
required.
x Inversing the phase estimation

Fig.5 Processing style of quantum machiine learning B.Applicated Quantum machine learnning algorithms
We will study various quantum algorithmsa used by
A. Fundamental Subroutines for QML algoorithms
machine learning algorithms to gain speed. These
There are some fundamental algorithms whhich are used in algorithms are more efficient and oof high speed. QML
quantum programming and used as a core --subroutines in performs two steps – Firstly, Quantum m data is made from
quantum machine learning. Some of the m main algorithms classical data,performing computtations, and then
are listed as below- converting back the quantum result into classical style.
1. Grover’s Algorithm- Grover's algorithma is a The quantum machine learning algoritthms are-
quantum search algorithm usedd in quantum x Quantum Support Vector M Machine (QSVM)-
computing, and it can find a valuee or element in It is basically the quantum enhanced version of
an unsorted set in O( Ĝ N) tim me. It is more support vector machines wh hich we are using in
efficient as compared to claassical search machine learning. The impllementing phases of
technique which finds the element in O(N) time. QSVM is as follows-
The implementation of the Groveer’s Algorithm a. Phase of preprocessing-- It includes scaling,
can be done on IBM’s Quantu um computers, normalizing and priincipal component
using language Python with Qisskit. It can be analysis (PCA).
implemented using following stepss – b. Generating the kernel matrix
m
x Initialization of Quantum and classical c. Estimating of the kernell (for all the pairs of
registers. training data and next foor the test data).
x Creating the quantum circuit. For implementing QSVM, yo ou can use BasicAer,
x Applying Hadamard gate to alll the qubits. circuit library, QuantumInstaance in Qiskit along
x Creating and implementing the oracle circuit with Quantum processors.
when all the qubits are in supeerposition state. x Quantum K-means Clusterring-
x Creating and applying the amplification An approach for unsuperviseed learning called K-
circuit which increases the am mplitude of the Means Clustering dividess the unstructured
one state and decreases the am mplitude of all dataset into number of clussters. For data with
the other left states. high dimensions, it doess not work well.
x Measuring all the qubits Therefore, the exponential speedup of the k-
x End with success. means clustering algorithm m uses the quantum
For implementing Grover’s algorrithm, you can version of the process to preeserve efficiency for
use matplotlib and Numpy for iniitialization and large dimensional datasetts. Some quantum
from Qiskit, import IBMQ, transpile, classical principles, typically the swaps test, Grover's
register, quantum register, Aer and assemble. algorithm, and distance calcuulation methods, can
You can solve the basic sudoku problem using be used to do this. Using NIISQ computers is the
Grover’s algorithm. most effective approach to build this quantum-
based algorithm.

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 The elimination method, which is based on state C. Quantum internet – The world’s largest network
probability, is employed in this. When
W there are k Quantum communication, which is unbreakable, is
clusters, they are paired, and each pair moves on thought to be the future of secure in nformation transport
to the new level. In this situattion, centroids for banks, power grids, and other induustries. Quantum key
compete with one another to pass to the next distribution (QKD), which utilizes thhe quantum states of
round. Until there are no more paairs left for the particles like photons to establish a string of zeros and
competition, this process is repeaated. Figure 6 ones, is the cornerstone of quantum communication.
c Any
illustrates the approach for k clustters. clustering snooping between the recipient and the sender will shift
using k-means quantum basis. this string or key, which will be ddetected right away.
Optical signals are used for trannsmissions spanning
several hundred kilometers in the most popular QKD
technique up to this point, with good stability but
significant channel loss. Anotherr significant QKD
innovation employs transmissions at the thousand-
kilometer level in the empty spacce between ground
stations and satellites.

Fig.6. Technique used for quanntum k-means

clustering, where k=8.
x Quantum Principal Componeent Analysis
(QPCA)- Fig.7. Quantum communication network
A particular kind of machine learnning algorithm
called principal component analyysis is utilized
for dimensionality reduction. It is a feature
extraction method applicable in many various
professions, including image prrocessing and
movie recommendation systems. To choose the
potential features in a dataset, the dimensionality
is reduced using the quantum veersion of PCA.
This uses the quantum variant of a singular value
threshold, or QSVT, which fu unctions as a
subroutine in QPCA, conducting g eigen value
extraction and filtration. The imp plementation of
QPCA has the following steps- Fig.8. Protocol for quantum
m internet
a. The input must be provided in quantum In the Fig.8. we have seen thee new protocol of
terms with a threshold and unnitary operation communication network which is constructed
c with the
and a calculated output is geneerated. help of quantum methodology. Quan ntum communication
b. First, initialization is perfformed using contains entanglement preparation, then
t distribution and
correlation matrix A. establishment of entanglement. Afterrthis ,teleportation is
c. Phase estimation is then carrieed out, where T conducted with the help of quantum inn both the end parts.
are the total eigenvalues used. IV. APPLICATIONS OF QUAN
NTUM MACHINE
d. Perform the unitary operatioon. After that, LEARNING
select the eigenvalues 0 that are below the
threshold. With its growing potential, quantum m machine learning has
e. After phase estimation, a controlled several uses in every industry, in ncluding chemistry,
operation is carried out, folllowed by the biology, agriculture, aerospace, educaation, and healthcare.
inverse of the unitary operationn. In order to solve real-world problemms more quickly and
f. Quantum bits are measured.. If the initial effectively, researchers and scientiists are striving to
qubit's measurement is 1, collaapse the phase. include quantum information proceessing into machine
g. The values are produced follow wing the phase learning algorithms. Here are a few real-world examples
estimation period. of how quantum machine learningg is being used in
On QISKIT's QASM simulator, the cirrcuits involved practice:
for this method are executed just as theey would be on x QML in the domain of biomeedical-
a genuine quantum computer. Biomedical is a revolution in the heealthcare sector that
aids in predicting and diagnosing dissorders. Moreover, it
contains 4 subdomains, covering BioSignals, Omics,

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 Biomedical imaging, and Records pertainiing to medical and making data-driven decisions. We
W can see the use
healthcare. There are many applications forr QML in these case in Fig.9. as below-
4 areas. In Omics, we have the Quantum m Moth Fame
Optimization Algorithm (QMFOA) for cclassifying tiny
gene subgroups and the Quantum Inform mation Model
Language (QiML) for identifying an nd classifying
clonogenic test assessments. There are manny applications
for QML in biomedical images, such as the QPSO for
detecting and classifying cervical cancer. R
Researchers are
using QML in biomedical imaging becausse it generates
beneficial quantum results in comparison too classical one.
x QML for 5G and 6G com
mmunication
networks-
Today the globe is moving towards 5G nettworks with its
greatest advantages but the issues in buildinng 5G networks
is about the availability of cryptographic approaches
a for
safe authentication and data transmission and with this
criterion,efficiency requirement should alsso be fulfilled. Fig.9. QML Use cases in airlline industry
The future, however, calls for a more effeective approach
due to the new developments in IOT T devices and x QML for metaverse-
numerous high level control systems and tecchnologies that We can create a more secure and effective metaverse
necessitate strong security. Therefore, reseaarch is moving environment by combining quantum computing, AI, and
toward 6G, which is attractive since it offers greater machine learning with metaversse. This is real,
security features, virtualization, larger baandwidth, and named MetaQ. Virtual reality, augm mented reality, and
cloudification. However, 6G is now only coonceivable with mixed reality are just a few of th he technologies that
the aid of quantum machine learning teechniques and Metaverse integrates today. Howeverr, it still has a lot of
secure connections in this 6th generation iss only possible software and hardware problems. Wee are able to create a
with the help of quantum internet. quantum-based metaverse environ nment because to
x QML in automotive industry- advances in AI and quantum compu utation. A web-based
Training and testing AI-based solutions inn the areas of virtual world technology called Metaaverse exists. It has a
autonomous driving and machine learn ning are very number of security-related problems, including real-world
challenging and demand a lot of computtational power. location tracking, network threats, identity theft, and
Quantum computing combined with machinne learning can private data leaks. But with the aid of AI and machine
more effectively solve this issue. They y offer greater learning, there are some quantum-based solutions to
potential and are more cost-effective. Quuantum sensors metaverse challenges. It is feasibble to improve the
will take the role of the traditional sen nsors currently system's security and privacy while also getting the best
utilized in self-driving cars. The optimizatiion and routing results thanks to the combination of metaverse with
of the traffic flow are done using QML. Thhe best method quantum machine learning algorithhms. Quantum key
for optimizing the number of taxis requiredd in a region is distribution is employed in the metavverse to increase the
to use quantum machine learning on a vvast amount of security of transmission. Quantum m kernel machine
data. By calculating the number of passenngers and then learning in the metaverse refers to the use of quantum
selecting the optimum path for them, we ccan use this to kernels to enhance the performancee and scalability of
regulate the traffic. Nowadays, the usee of quantum metaverse applications.
machine learning is not limited to thhe automotive x QML in finance world-
industry. The cloud-based platforms like Google, In the financial industry, we employ a variety of effective
Microsoft, and Amazon are attempting tto move away machine learning approaches for forecasting,
fo financial
from conventional computing to quantum m computing in modelling, accounting, and risk analysis. However, as
order to make themselves more cost-effectiv ve. consumption and data are increasin ng day by day, the
x QML in airlines industry- financial sector is forced to addopt quantum-based
A technical advancement that has been giveen the all-clear technologies. To detect anomaliess, various quantum
to launch is the development of quanntum machine clustering techniques are employed. Banks typically use
learning for airlines. Over the next 30 3 years, the RNNs, which has extremely high com mputing capacity, for
complexity of air travel is expected to quad druple as more asset pricing. PQCs and quantum LS STM can be used to
decisions are made based on data. As a result, current overcome this issue because they provvide a more accurate
technology is insufficient to operate airlinees in the future, means of prediction.
which would require a more efficientt management
V. THE FUTURE OF QUAN NTUM MACHINE
approach. The solution is quantum machinee learning. This
LEARNING AND QUANTUM INTE
ERNET
is where the airline industry gets transformeed by quantum
machine learning. It supports the maanagement of Building quantum networks is a mmajor goal for many
enormous amounts of data, tackling diffiicult problems, n though it may all
nations throughout the world, even

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 sound like a science fiction concept. The networks should quantum algorithms are demonstrated to be the key
eventually be scaled up to a national level for quantum building blocks for the machine learning model and
researchers, and then even internationally. Almost all outperform with the highest efficiency. However, there
scientists concur that this is unlikely to occur before a few are still significant hardware and software hurdles, as well
decades. Undoubtedly a very long-term endeavor, the as work linked to quantum processors, to be overcome.
quantum internet still faces numerous technical
challenges. However, the surprising results that the
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