SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted In a Partial Fulfilment of Requirements for The Award of The Degree of

Master of Computer Applications

IOT In Agriculture

Under The guidance of

Prof. (Dr.) Shalini Bhaskar Bajaj

PROFESSOR
Department of
AMITY INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

Iot In Agriculture

Submitted By: Shubham Sharma

Enrolment Number: A505145023036
 AMITY INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DECLARATION

I, SHUBHAM SHARMA, student of MCA hereby declare that the project entitled ‘IoT in Agriculture’
which is submitted by me to Amity Institute of Information Technology, Amity University, Haryana,
in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Computer Applications,
has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or other similar title or
recognition.

SHUBHAM SHARMA
ENROLMENT NUMBER: A505154023036

ii
 Amity Institute of Information Technology

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SHUBHAM SHARMA student of MCA, AIIT, Amity University Haryana,
has done his seminar report entitled ‘IoT in Agriculture’. Under the guidance and supervision of the
supervisor Prof. (Dr.) Shalini Bhaskar Bajaj, Department of Amity Institute of Information
Technology, during the ‘Jan-Apr 2024’. The work was satisfactory. He has shown complete
dedication and devotion to the given work.

Prof. (Dr.) Shalini Bhaskar Bajaj

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Acknowledgement is not a mere obligation but epitome of humility and ineptness to all those who
have helped in the completion of this project. I am thankful to Prof. (Dr.) Shalini Bhaskar Bajaj
for her constant guidance and encouragement provided in this endeavour. I also thank my parents for
their continued support, understanding and patience without whose support and understanding this
endeavour would never been fruitful. I also thank all my friends for helping me out in completing this
project and helping me in solving various problems encountered.

Shubham Sharma (A505145023036)

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION..................................................................................................................... ii
CERTIFICATION ................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS… ...................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. vi
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. vii

1. Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1-2
1.2. IoT in Agriculture...................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Structure of IoT in Agriculture ................................................................................. 4-5
1.4. Motivation ................................................................................................................. 6
1.5. Objective .................................................................................................................. 6
2. Chapter-2 BACKGROUND STUDY ............................................................................... 7-8

3. Chapter-3 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................... 9-20

3.1. Methodology ............................................................................................................ 9
3.2. Flow Chart ..............................................................................................................10
3.3. Hardware Tools ...................................................................................................... 11-20

4. Chapter-4 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 21-22

5. Chapter-5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE ............................................................ 23

5.1. Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 23
5.2. Future Scope ..................................................................................................... 23

REFERENCES..................................................................................................................... 24

IMAGE LINKS ...............................................................................................................25

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO

Figure 1.1 Description of IoT 2

Figure 1.2 Smart Farming 3

Figure 1.3 Applications of IoT 5

Figure 1.4 IoT based Smart Farm 6

Figure 2 Old Agriculture System 7

Figure 3.1 Block Diagram of Proposed Model 9

Figure 3.2 NodeMCU 11

Figure 3.3 Pin Diagram of NodeMCU 12

Figure 3.4 DHT11 Sensor 13

Figure 3.5 Soil Moisture Sensor 14

Figure 3.6 GPS Module 15

Figure 3.7 Interfacing of GPS with microcontroller 16

Figure 3.8 Pins of Relay 17

Figure 3.9 Working of Relay 18

Figure 3.10 Parts of Relay 18

Figure 3.11 Motor 20

Figure 5.1 Rain Sensor 23

Figure 5.2 pH Sensor 23

vi
 ABSTRACT

Agriculture is an integral part of Indian economy. Over 60% of Indian population based upon
agriculture and one third of the income of nation arises from agricultural practices. Hence it
plays a vital role in the development of the country. Various issues related to farming is
continuously hampering the development of the country. Possible solution for these problems is
to opt for modernized agriculture that comprises of modern trends. Hence, agriculture can be
made smart using IoT and other technologies. Smart agriculture increases crop yield, decreases
water wastage and imbalanced use of fertilizers.

The highlighting feature of this project is that it measures the different agricultural parameters
affecting the yield and it also uses a GPS module to get the information about the location.
Secondly it sends all the data to the cloud where it can be further analyzed. Thirdly this project
also contains an android mobile app providing an easy access of information to the farmer.
Moreover, this project presents a smart irrigation system that optimizes water usage.

vii
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction

Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection or network of physical devices that is

interrelated computing devices, digital and mechanical machines, people or animals,
objects that can sense, accumulate and transfer data over web without any human
involvement. Everything is provided with unique identifier. It is a progressed
examination and mechanized frameworks which uses detecting, organizing, enormous
information and man-made consciousness innovation to convey total framework for
an administration. Basically, IoT is about extending the power of internet beyond
smart phones and computers.

IoT has changed today’s world. Smart cities, smart car, smart homes everything
around us can be turned into a smart device with the help of IoT. It also has
applications in agriculture, business sectors, healthcare, transport and logistics.

There are four main components of IoT-

• Low power embedded system- High performance and less battery consumption
are the inverse factors that play an important role in design of electronic system.
• Cloud computing- Data collected from devices is stored on reliable storage
servers so here cloud computing comes into action.
• Availability of Big Data- As IoT is highly dependent on sensors that are real time.
So the usage of electronic devices is spread throughout every field that is going to
trigger a massive flux of data.
• Network connection- For communication, internet connectivity is necessary
where each physical object is assigned by an IP address. A network connection is
build between the devices with the help of these addresses

1
 Technology today has not reached its 100% capability. So the advantages and disadvantages
of this technology are given below-
Advantages of IoT

1. Utilization of Resources Efficiently

2. Minimization of Human Efforts
3. Time-saving
4. Increase Data Collection

Disadvantages of IoT

1. Security
2. Privacy
3. Complexity

Figure 1.1 Description of IoT

Fig link- https://resources.altium.com/p/flexible-pcbs-and-the-internet-of-things-how-the-landscape-of- pcb-design-is-
rapidly-changing

2
2. IoT in Agriculture

Internet of Things has capacity to transform the lives of people in the world in an
efficient manner. The ever growing population would touch more than 3 billions in
few years. So to feed such an immense population, agriculture industry need to
embrace IoT. The demand for more food has to address challenges that include
excessive climate conditions, weather change and different environmental affects that
results from farming practices.

Figure 1.2 Smart Farming

Fig link- https://electronicsandict.com/Ict/wp-content/uploads/
2019/01/iot-applications- in-smart-farming-e1548167688429.jpg

The destiny of Indian agriculture must be worked with understanding and excessive
cease technologies that can expand production and furthermore regains the attention
of farmers in this industry. So these smart farming techniques would assist farmers to
lessen scrap and enhance capacity. It is basically a high tech and capital intensive
system for growing crops in a sustainable manner for masses. This technology can
help farmers to monitor field conditions from anywhere with the help of sensors and
can also irrigate fields with an automated system. It is the application of Information
and Communication Technology into the field of agriculture.

3
1.3 Structure of IoT in Agriculture

Basically this system structure consists of 3 layers that are sensor layer, transport layer,
application layer and the functions of these layers are below –
1) Sensor layer- One of the challenge of the sensor layer is to obtain automated and
real time transformations of the figures of actual world agricultural manufacturing
into digital transformation or information which could be processed in virtual
world through different or various means. The data that they collect are-
• Sensor information- Humidity, temperature, gas concentrations, pressure
etc.
• Products information- name, model, price and features.
• Working condition - operating parameters of different equipments,
apparatus etc.
• Location information
The major challenge of Information layer is to mark diverse kinds of information
or data and gathering the information and marked information in the actual world
by means of techniques of sensing, after which remodels them for processing into
digital information. This sensor layer includes some strategies- RFID tags,
cameras, two dimension code labels, sensor networks.
2) Transport layer- This layer ’s task is to acquire and summarize the data of
agriculture acquired from the above layer for processing. It is believed as the nerve
centre of IoT. This layer includes the combination of telecommunication
management centre and also internet network, information centre, smart
processing centres.
3) Application layer- The function of this layer is to analyse and process the
information collected for the cultivation of digital awareness of actual world. It is
considered as a fusion of IoT and agricultural market intelligence.

4
Benefits of IoT in Agriculture

• IoT empowers simple gathering and the executives of huge amounts of

information which is gathered from sensors used and with the help of joining
of distributed evaluating administrations such as cloud storage, farming field
maps and more information can be retrieved from any place and everywhere
which enables live monitoring and connectivity which is end to end.
• IoT is viewed as an important segment for smart farming because with precise
use of sensors and also the smart gadgets, farmers could expand the output by
72% upto year 2050 as delineated by specialists.
• By the use of IoT creations expenses could be diminished to an astounding
dimension that would thus expand productivity and survivability.
• By the use of IoT efficiency level would be further expanded as far as
utilization of water, soil, fertilizers, pesticides etc.

Applications of IoT in Agriculture

• Precision farming
• Agricultural drones
• Livestock monitoring

• Smart greenhouses

Figure 1.3 Applications of IoT

Fig link-https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C5622AQFV0voELTouHA/feedshare- shrink_2048_1536/0/1575240933014?
e=1718236800&v=beta&t=KFa3YrznV2vl- B5ZbCnBUhbglmnPhfbFOig7QP7mA6k

5
 4. MOTIVATION

Different kind of problems faced by the farmers motivated us for the recommended
system that are: the Indian farming is on the hitch because of the limited technical
know how of the best and efficient agricultural practices and moreover they are still
dependent on conventional methods of agriculture that leads to lesser productivity of
crops. So by using upcoming technology the productivity of crops can be maximized at
minimal cost. This also reduces burden of taking up of heavy loans on farmers which
they have incurred on themselves in order to sustain their livings or to get good yields
of their crops. Apart from these issues scarcity of resources also adds up in their
problem causing hindrance or stopping framers from cultivating and hence Indian
economy is also additionally getting influenced to large extent as most of the fruitful
lands of the nation are being destroyed that forms the vital part of GDP. So through this
framework we are presenting solution for this issue by introducing an automated and
systematic farming strategies that enable farmers to cultivate in a productive way also
with limited resources and greater yield which is assured and efficient.

5. OBJECTIVES

1. To update farmers with the new technology and to avoid manual labor.

2. To reduce wastage of water and enhance productivity of crops by providing them

ideal condition.

3. To meet the difficulties such as severe weather conditions and advancing climate
change, and environmental consequences resulting from intensive farming
practices.

4. Design a model and connect it to the android app and cloud server.

Figure 1.4 IoT based Smart Farm

Fig link- https://www.rtinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/smart-farming- Depositphotos_141551384_S-800x534.jpg

6
 Chapter 2: Background Study

2. Background

IoT technology is used by smart agriculture monitoring systems to track and manage different
elements of farming, such as crop health, soil conditions, weather patterns, and more. These
systems gather and analyze real-time data from agricultural fields using a network of sensors,
actuators, and communication technologies. The processed and used data is then used to
optimize farming operations and make educated decisions. The basis of an IoT-based Smart
Agriculture Monitoring system is the rising need for productive and environmentally friendly
agricultural methods. Traditional agricultural techniques encounter difficulties such erratic
weather patterns, a lack of resources, and labor-intensive procedures. IoT and other
contemporary technologies have been used to create smart agricultural solutions as a response to
these problems. Many author proposed many idea and research about Smart Agriculture
Monitoring System. Because in Sub-continent agriculture system is very old specially in
Pakistan. We yet work on old agriculture system. Specially, if we talk about the different
monitoring parameters of agriculture. We yet adopted the 19’s agriculture method.

Figure 2: Old Agriculture System

Fig link- https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aboubakar-Bin- Mushtaq/publication/371071895/figure/fig2/
AS:11431281162080164@168513049871 5/Old-Agriculture-System.jpg

7
We need to improve this method and change this system into new system. We want to invent
new system for agriculture where we improve the yield of crops and also improve the production
of crops and also improve the quality of production. Whole world shifted toward smart
agriculture for gaining more profit from the agriculture. European Countries is now shifted
toward smart agriculture system. Where they can monitor agricultures variables without need of
any huge labor. Also smart agriculture system is less expensive system than manual labor.
Because in manual we need huge amount of manual labor for measuring the different values
according to different parameters. But in smart agriculture sensor perform these tasks more
easily and efficiently than human and manual labor.

8
 CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

3.1. Methodology

The basic building blocks of an IoT System are Sensors, Processors and applications. So the
block diagram below is the proposed model of our project which shows the interconnection of
these blocks. The sensors are interfaced with Microcontroller, data from the sensor is displayed
on the mobile app of the user. Mobile app provides an access to the continuous data from
sensors and accordingly helps farmer to take action to fulfil the requirements of the soil.

Figure 3.1 Block Diagram of Proposed Model Fig

link-https://images.app.goo.gl/rWsFmCVh6hysjKUt5

9
3.2. Flow Chart

When the data of different sensors that are humidity, temperature, soil moisture and location
is acquired it is sent to the mobile app of the user and if the water content in the soil is less
than the cut off value then an alert message is received on the app of the user and motor gets
switched on automatically using relay.

10
3.3. Hardware Tools

3.3.1. NodeMCU

It is an open sources firmware and development kits to build IoT products. It includes
firmware that run on ESP8266 WiFiSoC and hardware that has an ESP-12 module. The kit
has analog (A0). It also has digital (D0-D8) pins on the board. It even assists serial ports
communications such as SPI, UART, I2C etc.

Figure 3.2 NodeMCU

Fig link - https://www.electronicsforu.com/wp-contents/uploads/2021/02/4-5.jpg

• Features

• The version of the NodeMCU used here is DevKit1.0.

• It can be used on a breadboard easily.
• It is small and light weight.
• It supports Arduino C programming language.
• NodeMCU is operated at a voltage of 3.3V and can be powered using
USB.
• It has a wireless protocol that is 802.11 b/g/n.
• It has a PCB antenna on the ESP-12E chip. It
• also contains built-in capabilities.

11
 • It operates CP2102 Serial Communication interface module.
• It can be used with Arduino easily.

Figure 3.3 Pin Diagram of NodeMCU

Fig link - https://i0.wp.com/randomnerdtutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ESP8266- NodeMCU-
kit-12-E-pinout-gpio-pin.png?quality=100&strip=all&ssl=1

The figure 3.3 gives the description about the different pins of the microcontroller
NodeMCU. There are 17 GPIO pins that are for general purpose input output functions with
transmitter and receiver pins. All the sensors are attached to different analog and digital pins
of this microcontroller to acquire the data.

12
 3.3.2. DHT11 Sensor

This sensor is basically a cost efficient digital humidity & temperature sensor. This sensor supplies
digital output and therefore can be directly connected to data pins of microcontroller in spite of using
ADC. It also consists of eight bit microcontroller to provide values of temperature & humidity in the
form of data that is serial. It has 4 pins they are VCC, GND, DATA and NC. It operates from 3.3-5
volts power supply. This sensor has exceptional quality, anti-interference capability, economical
performance and fast reaction benefits. Humidity is calculated by means of measuring the conductivity
of liquid substrate that alters with exchange in humidity and temperature is calculated by the usage of
a thermistor.
The function called read() is used to take readings from the sensor which is included in <DHT.h>
library.

Figure 3.4 DHT11 Sensor

Fig link - http://learn.linksprite.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/DHT11.jpg

Table 3.1 Parameters of Temperature and Humidity (DHT11)

Parameter Specifications

Input/output voltage 3V / 5V

Humidity Range 20-80 percent

Temperature Range 0-50 deg C

Sampling Rate 1Hz

Response time 50 ms

Sensing Range 20-90%RH

Accuracy +\-5%RH

Temperature Accuracy +\-2% deg C

13
 3.3.3. Soil Moisture Sensor

Moisture sensor has 3 pins – one is for voltage input, second for ground and third is for analog
input. Moisture content of the soil (volume %) is measured by this sensor. The analog value need
to be mapped in the range of 0-100 as moisture content is evaluated in percentage. The property
used by this sensor is electrical resistance of soil. There are 2 probes in this sensor that permits the
current to pass through the soil. After that it gets the value of resistance to measure the water
content level. This implies that higher the water content higher is the conduction of electricity
which means lesser resistance. If the soil is dry then the conduction in the soil is poor, this leads to
increase in level of resistance. Hence it uses the property of resistance to measure the moisture in
soil. It could be joined in two different ways they are Analog and Digital mode.

Figure 3.5 Soil Moisture Sensor

Fig link - https://www.electronicsforu.com/wp-contents/uploads/2021/02/5-5.jpg

Table 3.2 Performance parameters of Soil Moisture Sensor

Parameter Specifications
Model name YL-38

Operating Temperature -40 to +60 deg C

Sensing Range 0-45%volumetric water content of soil

Operating Voltage 5V DC

Power Consumption 3mA

14
3.3.4. GPS Module

The full form of GPS is global positioning system so through this module anyone can always
obtain the information regarding position anywhere in the world, generally used in smart
phones. It is basically a satellite based system which uses satellite and ground stations to
compute position on the earth. It needs to receive data from a minimum of 4 satellites for
accuracy. So the NEO-6MV2 GPS module gives output in National Marine Electronics
Association. This module provides data in the form of longitude and latitude positions. It has
a built in 25 x 25 x 4mm ceramic antenna that provides a strong satellite search capability. It
has default baud rate of 9600 and excellent navigation performance in adverse challenging
environments. This module contains four output pins for communication interface.

Figure 3.6 GPS Module

Fig link -
https://5.imimg.com/data5/SELLER/Default/2023/2/NW/TS/BU/146605830/ai0141- png-500x500.webp

Table 3.3 Pin Description of GPS

Pin Name Description

VCC Power input(3.3v)

GND Ground

RX UART receive pin

TX UART transmit pin

15
Interfacing of GPS Module

This is one of the most popular module that can provide accurate location to most of its
application. Baud rate of the controller should match the module otherwise error will occur.

Figure 3.7 Interfacing of GPS with microcontroller

Fig link - https://ifuturetech.org/product/ublox-neo-6m-gps-module-with- eeprom/#&gid=1&pid=2

Features of GPS module

16
 3.3.5. Relay

It is a switching device. To mechanically control a switch many of the relays use electromagnet
but some other fundamentals can also be used like relays that are solid state. When it is important
to operate a circuit by a way of independent low power signal or if different circuits are managed
by means of a single signal, then relays are used. So relay acts as an automated switch that
operates on circuit having high current using low current signal.

Features –
• Great in safety. In high voltage and power system, the higher current is controlled by
the lower one.
• Wide scope of controllable Voltage.
• Have the capacity to manage high load current, that could attain 240V, 10A with
Normally-open(NO) and Normally-closed (NC) contacts.
• Board has a power indicator(Red LED) and relay status(Green LED) for debugging.

Figure 3.8 Pins of Relay

Fig link - https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0014/4313/5560/files/relay-1- channel_480x480.jpg?v=1593079760

17
 Working of Relay

Working of relay is explained in the below figure-

Figure 3.9 Working of Relay

Fig link - https://osoyoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Relay-Design.jpg

Figure 3.10 Parts of Relay

Fig link – https://osoyoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/relay-principal.jpg

18
In figure 3.10 With the help of control switch and load contacts power source is provided to
the electromagnet. The magnetic field is strengthened and electromagnet is energized when
the current begins to flow in the control coil. A short circuit is made that helps in loading the
power by pulling the upper arm into the lower arm according to the contacts. Whereas an
open circuit is made when the relay gets de- energized beforehand and the contacts are
closed and they move in opposite directions. When the current in the coil is, the transportable
armature would go back with the aid of a force back to its original position.

19
 3.3.6. Motor
It is a micro submersible pump which works on dc 3-6v with cost efficient and portable. It is
able to take around 120 litres for every hour with extremely low current utilization. Water
level should be higher as if the motor is used without water it can harm the parts of this
device due to overheating. There are many applications such as controlled fountain water
flow, hydroponic systems, controlled garden watering system.

Figure 3.11: Motor

Fig link - https://rukminim2.flixcart.com/image/850/1000/l5e81ow0/shopsy-electronic- hobby-kit/z/k/4/1pc-mini-micro-
submersible-motor-pump-water-pumps-dc-3-6v-120l- h-original-imagg35mxcnqj3vz.jpeg?q=20&crop=false

Features of Water pump motor

20
 CHAPTER 4: LITERATURE REVIEW

1.S.Sivachandran, K.Balakrishnan, K.Navin, “Real Time Embedded Based Soil Analyser”,

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).
In this paper, authors propose an embedded soil analyser with measures the pH value of the soil and
based on this value gives measure of various soil nutrients. The system proposed here uses signal
conditioning, display, microcontroller unit, sensors, power supply and thermal printer. This model
helps in prediction of the soil sequence based on the availability of nutrients. Many techniques
monitors various soil parameters and this paper points at soil fertility. The main aim of this model is
to replace the conventional method of soil testing by automated soil testing. It automatically
measures the major soil nutrients like potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen by calculating the pH
value.
2. Anand Nayyar, Er. Vikram Puri, “IoT Based Smart Sensors Agriculture Stick for Live

Temperature and Moisture Monitoring using Arduino, Cloud Computing & Solar
Technology” May 2015.

This paper presents an IoT based smart stick that enables live monitoring of the different agricultural
parameters. This stick helps farmer acquire live data of temperature, soil moisture. The agricultural
IoT stick gives the idea of plug and measures in which farmers can instantly enact smart monitoring
system by positioning the stick in the field and obtaining live data feeds on different smart gadgets
like smart tablets, phones etc. and the information which is produced through sensors could be
simply analysed and processed by agricultural experts even in remote areas via cloud computing
technologies.

3. Chandan Kumar Sahu, Pramitee Behera, “A Low-Cost Smart Irrigation Control System”,
IEEE sponsored 2nd International Conference on Electronics and Communication System
(ICECS2015)

In this paper, the author proposes a model where the flow and direction of water is supervised and
controlled. This is done with the help of DHTT11 and soil moisture sensor. This method also
proposes a way to select the direction of water and this information is also sent to the phone and
gmail account of the farmer. This model also enables the farmer to switch on and off the motor
with a single click. This paper proposes a prototype where number of sensors are deployed at
different positions in the field. This paper also shows how the proposed model makes the traditional
irrigation system more effective and sustainable. This paper also suggests an efficient energy and
network model. This paper presents a model that is energy efficient, sustainable, automated and cost
effective.

21
4. Laxmi C. Gavade, A.D Bhoi , “N, P, K Detection and Control for Agriculture Applications
using PIC Controller”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET).
This paper suggests a model to detect humidity of the soil, temperature, sunlight, N, P and K contents
using sensors in the agricultural field. ] By measuring these parameters farmer can increase the
productivity of the soil as it detects the nutrients deficient in the soil. The average productivity in
India is less than the world average and this paper presents a way to attain ‘evergreen revolution’ in
agriculture. Fertilizers play a vital role in good yield but imbalanced use of P, K, N causes decrease
in crop production. In conventional method soil sampling is done manually but this paper presents
chemical analysis that consists of three techniques: optical method, conductivity measurement and
electrochemical methods. These methods helps in measuring the primary nutrients.

5. Mrs.T.Vineela,J. NagaHarini, Ch.Kiranma, G.Harshitha, B.AdiLaksh, “IoT Based

Agriculture Monitoring and Smart Irrigation System Using Raspberry Pi”, International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).

In many research papers it is devised that information must be collected from different sensors and
live monitoring should be done but in this research paper the stress is laid on getting things
automated. In this paper the writers aims at increasing the crop yield by using different technologies.
It also presents a cost efficient WSN for getting information from humidity sensor, soil moisture
sensor and temperature sensors. This paper suggests an automated system for better crop production.
The authors suggest a methodology that does sensing of data smartly and also proposes a smart
irrigation system. In the proposed model various sensors are interfaced with raspberry pi hence
making an efficient wireless sensor network.

Limitations

A major drawback is that models proposed in above research papers are cost ineffective.Moreover
the models in the above research papers are quite complex. In some research papers only data
collection is done and no action is taken. In one of the research papers nitrogen, phosphorous and
potassium are measured but the standard testing time for NPK is increasingly because of complex
soil pre-treatment and compound examination. Another drawback is high technology. The model
proposed by us is way simpler as well as affordable. It uses cheap yet effective technology and
includes all the advantages of the models proposed above.

22
 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1. Conclusion

The proposed model explores the use of IoT (Internet of things) in the agriculture
sector. This model aims at increasing the crop yield by helping in predicting better crop
sequence for a particular soil. Thingspeak helps in real time sampling of the soil and
hence the data acquired can be further used for analysing the crop. We have also taken
many readings of the soil moisture, temperature and humidity of the environment for
various days at different times of the day. Data on the cloud also helps the
agriculturists in improving the yield, evaluating the manures, illness in the fields. This
system is cost effective and feasible. It also focuses on optimizing the use of water
resources which combats issues like water scarcity and ensures sustainability. This
model focuses on the utilization of IoT in agriculture and the solutions proposed in this
paper will improve farming methods, increase productivity and lead to effective use of
limited resources.

5.2. Future Scope

The future scope of this project could be including variety of soil sensors like pH sensor,
Rain sensor and then collecting and storing the data on cloud server. This would make the
predicting and analysing processes more accurate. It also includes making different
data mining algorithms suitable for data analysis in agriculture.

Figure 5.1: Rain Sensor Figure 5.2: pH Sensor

Fig link 5.1- https://roboway.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/rain-drop-sensor-module-3- robozone.in_.jpg

Fig link 5.2 - https://3.imimg.com/data3/ET/SE/MY-8716328/ph-sensor-250x250.jpg

23
 REFERENCES
1. S.Sivachandran, K.Balakrishnan, K.Navin, “Real Time Embedded Based Soil Analyser”,
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).

2. Anand Nayyar, Er. Vikram Puri, “IoT Based Smart Sensors Agriculture Stick for Live
Temperature and Moisture Monitoring using Arduino, Cloud Computing & Solar
Technology” May 2015

3. Chandan kumar sahu, Pramitee Behera, “A Low Cost Smart Irrigation Control System”,
IEEE sponsored 2nd International conference on electronics and communication system
(ICECS2015)

4. Apurva C. Pusatkar, Vijay S. Gulhane, “Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network for

Real Time Monitoring of Agriculture”, International research journal of engineering and
technology (IRJET).

5. Laxmi C. Gavade, A.D Bhoi , “N, P, K Detection and Control for Agriculture
Applications using PIC Controller”, International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET).

6. Mrs.T.Vineela, J. NagaHarini, Ch.Kiranma, G.Harshitha, B.AdiLaksh, “IoT Based

Agriculture Monitoring and Smart Irrigation System Using Raspberry Pi”,
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).

7. https://www.iotforall.com/iot-applications-in-agriculture/

8. https://community.blynk.cc/t/temp-monitor-with-sms-alarm/3064

9. https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/interfacing-gps-with-nodemcu-esp12

10. http://osoyoo.com/2017/08/arduino-lesson-1-channel-relay-module/

11. https://www.electronicwings.com/nodemcu/introduction-to-nodemcu

12. https://github.com/sarful/nodemcu_gps_tracker_blynk_app_in_IOT_platform

13. https://www.electronicwings.com/nodemcu/dc-motor-interfacing-with-nodemcu

14. https://docs.blynk.cc/

24
 Image Links

15. https://resources.altium.com/p/flexible-pcbs-and-the-internet-of- things-how-the-

landscape-of-pcb-design-is-rapidly-changing
16. https://electronicsandict.com/Ict/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/iot-applications-in-smart-
farming-e1548167688429.jpg
17. https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C5622AQFV0voELTouHA/feedshare-
shrink_2048_1536/0/1575240933014?e=1718236800&v=beta&t=KFa3YrznV2vl-
B5ZbCnBUhbglmnPhfbFOig7QP7mA6k
18. https://www.rtinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/smart-farming-
Depositphotos_141551384_S-800x534.jpg
19. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aboubakar-Bin- Mushtaq/publication/
371071895/
figure/fig2/AS:11431281162080164@168513049871 5/Old-Agriculture-System.jpg
20. https://images.app.goo.gl/rWsFmCVh6hysjKUt5
21. https://www.electronicsforu.com/wp-contents/uploads/2021/02/4-5.jpg
22. https://i0.wp.com/randomnerdtutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ESP8266-
NodeMCU-kit-12-E-pinout-gpio-pin.png?quality=100&strip=all&ssl=1
23. http://learn.linksprite.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/DHT11.jpg
24. https://www.electronicsforu.com/wp-contents/uploads/2021/02/5-5.jpg
25. https://5.imimg.com/data5/SELLER/Default/2023/2/NW/TS/BU/146605830/ai0141-
png-500x500.webp
26. https://ifuturetech.org/product/ublox-neo-6m-gps-module-with-
eeprom/#&gid=1&pid=2
27. https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0014/4313/5560/files/relay-1-
channel_480x480.jpg?v=1593079760
28. https://osoyoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Relay-Design.jpg
29. https://osoyoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/relay-principal.jpg
30. https://rukminim2.flixcart.com/image/850/1000/l5e81ow0/shopsy-electronic-hobby-
kit/z/k/4/1pc-mini-micro-submersible-motor-pump-water-pumps-dc-3-6v-120l-h-
original-imagg35mxcnqj3vz.jpeg?q=20&crop=false
31. https://roboway.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/rain-drop-sensor-module-3-
robozone.in_.jpg

25