INDO AMERICAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, UDAIPUR

SESSION – 2024-2025

PROJECT FILE
TOPIC- PRISM
NAME- PRIYANSH DANGI CLASS- 12TH SCIENCE ROLL NO.-
SUBJECT- PHYSICS
GUIDED BY- MR. AADIL KHAN
SUBMITTED TO – CBSE
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Priyansh Dangi of class XII has successfully
completed the project on the topic Prism under the guidance of Mr.
Aadil Khan in the year 2024-2025 in the partial fulfillment of the
Physics practical examination conducted by CBSE.

Examiner’s Signature

Teacher’s Signature Principle’s Signature

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to sincerely and profusely thank my Physics Teacher Mr.
Aadil Khan, for his able support and guidance in completing my
Project.

I would like to extend my gratitude to the Principal Ma’am Mrs.

Rinika Roy for providing me with all the facilities required.

Last but not the least; I would like to extend my gratitude towards all
teaching and non- teaching staff of INDO AMERICAN PUBLIC
SCHOOL and towards my friends who has supported me to
complete this project.

PRIYANSH DANGI
 INDEX

 Aim

 Theory

 Materials Required

 Experimental Setup

 Procedure

 Observation

 Conclusion

 Precautions

 Applications

 Bibliography
Aim
To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism.

Theory
What is a prism?
A prism is defined as a polyhedron with a triangular base and three
rectangular lateral surfaces. It is used as an optical object to study the
behaviour of white light when it is passed through it. The light bends at
various angles like an angle of incidence, angle of reflection, angle of
refraction, and angle of deviation.

Prism can be of various shapes.

What is the prism formula?

Where,
n – refractive Index
D – Minimum Deviation
A – Prism Angle
What is the angle of deviation?
The angle of deviation is defined as the angle between the incident ray and
the emerging ray.

What is Critical Angle?

The angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90 degrees is called as
the critical angle.

The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal
reflection occurs. This is particularly common as an optical phenomenon, where
light waves are involved, but it occurs with many types of waves, such as
electromagnetic waves in general or sound waves. If the angle of incidence is
more than the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs.
What is TIR?
In physics, total internal reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon in which waves
arriving at the interface (boundary) from one medium to another (e.g., from water
to air) are not refracted into the second ("external") medium, but
completely reflected back into the first ("internal") medium.

What is dispersion of white Light?

When white light is passed through a glass prism it splits into its spectrum of
colours (in order violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red) and this
process of white light splitting into its constituent colours is termed as dispersion.
Materials Required

 Soft board
 Thumb pins
 4-6 all pins
 Prism
 Pencil
 Scale
 Protractor
 Drawing board

Experimental Setup
Procedure
1. Fix a white sheet on a drawing board using drawing pins.
2. Place the triangular prism resting on its triangular base. Using a
pencil, draw the outline of the prism.
3. Draw NEN normal to the face of the prism AB. Make an angle between
30° and 60° with the normal.
4. On the line PE, fix two pins at a distance of 5cm from each other
and mark these as P and Q.
5. Look for the images of the pins at P and Q through the other face of
the prism AC.
6. Fix two pins at R and S such that they appear as a straight line as that of
the P and Q when it is viewed from the AC face of the prism.
7. Remove the pins and the prism.
8. At point F, make the points R and S meet by extending them.
9. PQE is the incident ray which is extended till it meets face AC. SRF
is the emergent ray which is extended backward to meet at point G.
10. Now mark the angle of incidence ∠i, angle of refraction ∠r and the
angle of emergence ∠e and the angle of deviation ∠D as shown in
the experimental setup.
11.Repeat the experiment for more angles between 30° and 60°.
Observations
1. At surface AB, the light ray enters and bends towards the normal
on refraction.
2. At surface AC, the light ray bends away from the normal as it
travels from one medium (glass) to the other (air).
3. The angle of deviation is observed. Here, the emergent ray bends at
an angle from the direction of the incident ray.

Conclusion
1. The incident ray bends towards the normal when it enters the
prism and while leaving the prism it bends away from the normal.
2. With the increase in the angle of incidence, the angle of deviation
decreases. After attaining the minimum value, it increases with
an increase in the angle of incidence.
Precautions
 For drawing the boundary of the prism, a sharp pencil should be used.
 Soft board and pointed pins should be used.

 The distance between the pins should be 5cm or more.

 The pins should be fixed vertically and should be encircled when they
are removed from the board.
 The angle of incidence should be between 30° and 60°.
 The arrows drawn for incident ray, reflected ray and emergent
ray should be proper.
 For viewing the col-linearity of all four pins and images, the head
should be slightly tilted on either side. While doing this it can appear as
if all are moving together.

Applications
1. Telescopes - Telescopes manipulate light travelling long distances to
meet the eye by using numerous prisms in a single device.

2. Microscopes - In modern microscopes equipped with binocular

eyepiece tubes, prisms are also utilized to change the line of sight
direction from vertical to a more convenient 45-degree angle.

3. Lenses - Prisms “trick” the eye into believing that an object is in a

different location in order to improve eye alignment.
Bibliography
With reference to class 12th “PHYSICS NCERT” and some source from
Internet.