PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

B. Pharm. VII Semester

IR SPECTROSCOPY

Supervised by- Submitted by:

Vivek solanki Ghanshyam kumawat

Associate professor Exam Roll. 802632
Vivekanand college of Pharmacy Enroll No.2020/ 1595

(Vivekanand College of Pharmacy

Rajasthan University of Health Science

(Batch:- 2020-2021)
 Practice School Report

Submitted Impartial fulfillment of the requirement

for the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy
(Session:-2024-2025)

Supervised by- Submittedby:

Vivek solanki Ghanshyam kumawat.

Associate professor Exam Roll No - 802670
Enroll No: 2020/ 1633

Vivekanand college of Pharmacy [sikar]

Rajasthan University of Health Science
[Batch: 2020-21]
B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL
REPORT

Vivekanand college of Pharmacy

Rajasthan University of Health Science

DECLARATION

I declare that Practice School Report entitled as “IR SPECTROSCOPY”

is my own work conducted under supervision of institutional supervisor
vivek solanki, M.pharma, Vivekanand college of Pharmacy, RUHS.
I further declare that to the best of my knowledge the dissertation book
does not contain any part of work which either has been submitted for
the award of any degree/diploma in any university or have been
published/ patented anywhere without proper citation.

Ghanshyam kumawat

Date:

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS)

i
B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL
REPORT

Vivekanand college of Pharmacy

Rajasthan University of Health Science

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Practice School Report entitled “IR

SPECTROSCOPY” submitted by Ghanshyam kumawat of B. Pharm.
VIIth Semester (2024-25) in the partial fulfillment of the requirement
of the Vivekanand College of Pharmacy, RUHS for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy, is a bonafide work of his own, carried
out by his under my guidance.

(vivek solanki)
Associate professor

Approved by:

DR. Anil middha

Date:

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS)

ii
B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. VIVEK SOLANKI for

their invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this
project. Their expertise and insightful feedback were instrumental in the
successful completion of this work.

I would also like to thank Mr.Parmod for their technical assistance and for
providing a conducive laboratory environment.

Finally, I would like to acknowledge the support of vivekanand college of

pharmacy , sikar [ rajasthan university of health science ]for
providing the necessary resources and facilities.

GHANSHYAM KUMAWAT

Date :-……………

List of Abbreviations
VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 3
B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Abbreviation Description

 IR Infrared
 FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared
 ATR Attenuated Total Reflection
 DRIFT Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier
Transform
 IRRAS Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy
 res Resolution
 std Standard
 ref Reference
 conc Concentration
 temp Temperature
 abs Absolute

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 4

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

CONTENTS

Title

Chapter No.

Declaration

Certificate (approved by Director)

Acknowledgement

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

1. Theoretical Principles of IR Spectroscopy

2. Review of literature

3. Instrumentation and Sample Preparation

4. Interpreting IR Spectra

5. Applications of IR Spectroscopy

6. Advantages and Challenges of IR Spectroscopy

7. Comparative Analysis with Other Spectroscopic
Techniques

8. Educational Resources and Learning Tools

9. Conclusion

10. References

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 5

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

INTRODUCTION

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 6

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Introduction to Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System (DARS)

Drugs acting on the respiratory system, often referred to as DARS (Drugs Acting
on Respiratory System), are medications that influence the respiratory function to
treat a variety of diseases and conditions related to the lungs, airways, and
breathing. The respiratory system, comprising the nose, throat, airways, lungs, and
diaphragm, is responsible for the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon
dioxide. When this system is impaired due to diseases such as asthma, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS), DARS are used to either alleviate symptoms or manage the
underlying cause of these conditions.
The treatment of respiratory diseases typically involves managing symptoms such
as shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and increased mucus production.
Drugs used for respiratory conditions aim to target different aspects of the
respiratory system, including the airway muscles, the immune response, and the
mucus production, in order to restore normal respiratory function and improve the
patient's quality of life.
Classification of DARS
Drugs acting on the respiratory system can be broadly categorized based on their
mechanisms of action, the conditions they treat, and the therapeutic effects they
provide. These can be divided into the following major categories:
1. Bronchodilators
These are the primary drugs used to treat obstructive lung diseases like asthma and
COPD, where the airways constrict and obstruct airflow. They help relax the
smooth muscles around the airways, leading to dilatation and improved airflow.
• Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists: These stimulate the beta-2 receptors on smooth
muscle cells, causing them to relax and dilate the airways. Examples include:
• Short-acting beta-agonists (SABA): Albuterol, Salbutamol (used for quick
relief during acute attacks).
• Long-acting beta-agonists (LABA): Salmeterol, Formoterol (used for long-
term management).

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 7

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

• Anticholinergics (Muscarinic Antagonists): These block acetylcholine

receptors in the smooth muscles of the airways, leading to relaxation and dilation.
Examples include:
• Ipratropium bromide (short-acting).
• Tiotropium (long-acting).
• Methylxanthines: These have a bronchodilator effect through multiple
mechanisms, including inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE), which increases
cyclic AMP levels. An example is theophylline.
2. Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Inflammatory processes play a major role in respiratory diseases, especially asthma
and COPD. Anti-inflammatory drugs reduce inflammation, swelling, and mucus
production, helping to improve breathing.
• Corticosteroids: These are potent anti-inflammatory drugs that reduce
swelling and mucus production in the airways. They can be administered orally,
intravenously, or via inhalation. Examples include:
• Fluticasone, Budesonide (inhaled corticosteroids).
• Prednisone, Methylprednisolone (oral corticosteroids).
• Leukotriene Modifiers: Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators involved
in bronchoconstriction. These drugs block leukotriene receptors or inhibit
leukotriene production. Examples include:
• Montelukast.
• Zafirlukast.
• Mast Cell Stabilizers: These prevent the release of histamine and other
mediators from mast cells, reducing inflammation. An example is Cromolyn
sodium.
• Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) Inhibitors: These drugs reduce inflammation
and muscle constriction by inhibiting PDE4, an enzyme that breaks down cAMP.
An example is Roflumilast (used for COPD).
3. Mucolytics and Expectorants

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 8

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

These drugs help clear the airways of excess mucus and secretions, which are
common in respiratory infections and chronic conditions like bronchitis and cystic
fibrosis.
• Mucolytics: These break down the chemical bonds in mucus, making it
thinner and easier to expectorate. Examples include:
• Acetylcysteine (also used as an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity).
• Expectorants: These increase the production of thinner mucus and stimulate
cough reflex to clear the airways. Guaifenesin is a common expectorant.
4. Antihistamines
Used primarily for allergic reactions, antihistamines block the effects of histamine,
a substance released during allergic reactions that causes airway constriction,
mucus production, and inflammation.
• First-generation antihistamines: Diphenhydramine.
• Second-generation antihistamines: Loratadine, Cetirizine (less sedating).
5. Antibiotics and Antivirals
These are used to treat respiratory infections caused by bacteria or viruses, which
can cause inflammation, airway narrowing, and other complications.
• Antibiotics: These treat bacterial respiratory infections such as pneumonia
and bronchitis. Common antibiotics include Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and
Ciprofloxacin.
• Antivirals: Used for viral infections like influenza and COVID-19.
Examples include Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) for influenza, and Remdesivir for
COVID-19.
6. Oxygen Therapy
Not a drug in the traditional sense, but oxygen therapy is essential for patients with
respiratory failure or severe lung diseases such as COPD or ARDS. It involves
administering supplemental oxygen to maintain optimal blood oxygen levels.
7. Antitussives (Cough Suppressants)
These drugs suppress coughing, which can be helpful in cases of chronic cough or
after upper respiratory tract infections.

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 9

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

• Dextromethorphan: Common in over-the-counter cough syrups.

• Codeine: A more potent opioid used for severe coughing.
Mechanisms of Action
• Bronchodilators act by relaxing the smooth muscles of the airways (via beta-
receptor stimulation, acetylcholine inhibition, or PDE inhibition).
• Anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the production of inflammatory mediators
and cytokines or inhibit the action of cells involved in inflammation (like T-cells
and mast cells).
• Mucolytics and expectorants alter the viscosity of mucus, making it easier to
clear from the airways.
• Antibiotics and antivirals work by killing or inhibiting the growth of
pathogens that infect the respiratory system.
Routes of Administration
• Inhalers: These are commonly used for bronchodilators and corticosteroids,
as they deliver the drug directly to the lungs, minimizing systemic side effects.
• Nebulizers: Used for patients who have difficulty using inhalers, nebulizers
convert liquid medication into a fine mist for inhalation.
• Oral Medications: Used for systemic treatments, such as corticosteroids,
antibiotics, and leukotriene modifiers.
• Intravenous (IV) Medications: Administered in hospitals for severe
respiratory distress or infections.
Conclusion
Drugs acting on the respiratory system (DARS) are crucial for managing a wide
variety of conditions that affect breathing and lung function. They help in
providing symptomatic relief, reducing inflammation, improving airflow, and
fighting infections. These drugs have transformed the treatment of chronic and
acute respiratory diseases, enabling patients to manage their symptoms effectively
and improve their quality of life. The therapeutic approach is often tailored to the
specific needs of the patient, taking into account the underlying condition and its
severity.

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 10

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Objectives

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 11

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Objectives of Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System

(DARS)
The main objectives of using drugs acting on the respiratory system (DARS) are to
manage and alleviate symptoms, reduce inflammation, improve lung function, and
treat the underlying causes of various respiratory conditions. Specific objectives
include:

Alleviate Airway Obstruction:

Objective: To reduce or eliminate airway constriction in conditions like asthma,

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchitis.
Goal: Improve airflow and ease breathing by dilating the airways using
bronchodilators such as beta-agonists or anticholinergics.
Control Inflammation:

Objective: To reduce inflammation and swelling in the airways, which is a major

factor in diseases like asthma and COPD.
Goal: Achieve long-term management and prevent flare-ups by using anti-
inflammatory drugs like corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and mast cell
stabilizers.
Promote Mucus Clearance:

Objective: To aid in the removal of excess mucus from the respiratory system,
which is common in chronic respiratory diseases and infections.
Goal: Improve airway clearance and reduce the risk of infections or blockages
using expectorants and mucolytics.
Treat Respiratory Infections:

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 12

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Objective: To target bacterial or viral infections affecting the respiratory system,

which can lead to conditions like pneumonia or bronchitis.
Goal: Cure infections and prevent complications using antibiotics and antivirals.
Reduce Symptoms of Allergies:

Objective: To manage symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of

breath caused by allergic reactions.
Goal: Provide relief from allergic symptoms by using antihistamines or leukotriene
modifiers.
Enhance Oxygenation:

Objective: To ensure adequate oxygen supply to the body, especially in patients

with severe respiratory diseases or respiratory failure.
Goal: Improve oxygen levels in the blood using oxygen therapy, helping to prevent
complications like hypoxia.
Prevent Acute Exacerbations:

Objective: To reduce the frequency and severity of acute attacks or exacerbations

of chronic respiratory diseases.
Goal: Provide long-term control of symptoms and prevent sudden worsening of
conditions like asthma and COPD using long-acting bronchodilators, inhaled
corticosteroids, and other maintenance therapies.
Cough Control:

Objective: To suppress excessive or unproductive coughing, which can cause

discomfort or interfere with breathing.
Goal: Relieve persistent coughing using antitussives, such as dextromethorphan or
codeine.
VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 13
B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Improve Quality of Life:

Objective: To enhance the overall well-being of patients by managing symptoms

and preventing respiratory complications.
Goal: Achieve better management of chronic respiratory conditions, reducing
hospitalizations, and improving daily activities and physical capacity.

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 14

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Review of Literature

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 15

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

1. Bronchodilators

Bronchodilators are a cornerstone in the treatment of obstructive pulmonary

diseases, particularly asthma and COPD. These drugs function by relaxing the
smooth muscles around the airways, thus facilitating easier airflow. The types of
bronchodilators used in clinical practice can be categorized into:

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists (SABAs and LABAs): Beta-agonists have been

extensively studied and have shown clear efficacy in improving airway patency
and relieving symptoms of bronchospasm. In a study by Schroeder et al. (2012),
short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) like albuterol were found to provide rapid
relief from asthma exacerbations. However, long-term use of SABAs has been
associated with tolerance and potential adverse effects, especially in patients with
COPD, as highlighted by Donohue (2008). This has led to the development of
long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs), such as salmeterol and formoterol, which have
a longer duration of action and are often used in combination with corticosteroids
for better control of asthma and COPD symptoms.

Anticholinergic Drugs: Anticholinergics like ipratropium and tiotropium work by

blocking acetylcholine receptors, thus preventing bronchoconstriction. A
systematic review by Cazzola et al. (2013) concluded that tiotropium was
beneficial for patients with COPD, demonstrating a significant reduction in
exacerbations and improving lung function. These drugs are particularly useful in
COPD management, where cholinergic overactivity contributes to
bronchoconstriction.

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 16

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Methylxanthines: Theophylline, a methylxanthine, has been studied for its

bronchodilator properties as well as its anti-inflammatory effects. A meta-analysis
by Yang et al. (2014) found that theophylline provided modest improvements in
lung function and symptom control in asthma and COPD, although its use has
declined due to a narrow therapeutic window and side effects like tachycardia and
arrhythmias.

2. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Inflammatory processes are central to respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD.
Anti-inflammatory drugs are essential for reducing airway swelling, mucus
production, and hyperreactivity.

Corticosteroids (Inhaled and Systemic): Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), such as

fluticasone, budesonide, and beclomethasone, are considered the most effective
anti-inflammatory treatments for asthma. A landmark study by Bousquet et al.
(1999) demonstrated that inhaled corticosteroids significantly reduced asthma
exacerbations, improved lung function, and enhanced quality of life. Similarly,
systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) are used for acute exacerbations or
severe asthma and COPD flare-ups, though their long-term use is associated with
significant side effects like osteoporosis and weight gain.

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 17

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Leukotriene Modifiers: Leukotriene modifiers, such as montelukast and

zafirlukast, block the effects of leukotrienes—chemicals involved in inflammation
and bronchoconstriction. A review by Pauwels et al. (2003) confirmed that
leukotriene modifiers are effective in managing asthma, particularly for patients
who do not respond adequately to inhaled corticosteroids. However, their role is
generally considered adjunctive or as an alternative in mild asthma cases.

Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors: Roflumilast, a selective PDE4 inhibitor, is used in

the management of severe COPD, particularly for reducing exacerbations in
patients with chronic bronchitis. The REDUCE study by Decramer et al. (2011)
found that roflumilast improved lung function and reduced exacerbation frequency
in COPD patients. It is particularly useful in managing the inflammatory
component of COPD, although its use is associated with side effects such as weight
loss and gastrointestinal disturbances.

3. Mucolytics and Expectorants

Mucolytics like acetylcysteine and carbocysteine have been shown to decrease the
viscosity of mucus, making it easier to clear from the airways. A Cochrane review
by Thomas et al. (2006) concluded that acetylcysteine was effective in improving
symptoms and lung function in patients with chronic bronchitis and COPD.

Expectorants, such as guaifenesin, are frequently used in respiratory infections and

chronic lung diseases to help clear mucus from the airways. However, there is

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 18

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of expectorants in improving clinical

outcomes, as noted in a review by McCool et al. (2001).

4. Antibiotics and Antivirals

Antibiotics are commonly prescribed for bacterial respiratory infections like

pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. The use of macrolides, fluoroquinolones,
and beta-lactams in respiratory infections has been well-documented, but the
overuse of antibiotics has led to concerns regarding antibiotic resistance, as
highlighted in the WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance Report (2019).

Antivirals such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir are used in the treatment of
influenza. Recent studies have indicated that early administration of these antiviral
drugs can reduce the severity and duration of influenza symptoms, although their
effectiveness in preventing secondary bacterial infections remains debated.

5. Oxygen Therapy

Oxygen therapy is essential for patients with respiratory failure, particularly those
with COPD, interstitial lung disease, and ARDS. The Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy
Trial (NOTT) showed that long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) improves survival in
patients with chronic hypoxemia due to COPD. However, there is ongoing research
into the optimal use of oxygen therapy in different respiratory conditions, including
non-invasive ventilation and high-flow nasal cannula oxygen.
VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 19
B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

6. Antihistamines and Other Agents

Antihistamines are used primarily in allergic conditions like allergic rhinitis and
asthma. Second-generation antihistamines like loratadine and cetirizine are
effective in managing allergic rhinitis symptoms and may have a role in adjunctive
asthma therapy. However, their role in controlling asthma exacerbations is limited.

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 20

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Methadology

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 21

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Methadology
Pharmacological Research
Objective: To understand the mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, and
pharmacokinetics of drugs acting on the respiratory system.
Method:
In vitro Studies: Laboratory-based experiments are conducted to evaluate the
effects of DARS on cell cultures, receptor binding, and enzyme inhibition.
In vivo Studies: Animal models (such as mice or rats) are used to study the
pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and the
physiological effects of DARS.
Drug Interaction Studies: Assessing how DARS interact with other medications,
especially in multi-drug therapy regimens commonly used in treating chronic
respiratory diseases.
3. Clinical Trials
Objective: To assess the therapeutic efficacy, safety profile, and side effects of
DARS in human populations.
Method:
Study Design:
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs): The gold standard for evaluating the
effectiveness of new drugs. Patients are randomly assigned to either the treatment
group (receiving DARS) or the control group (receiving a placebo or standard
treatment). This design helps eliminate bias and establishes causal relationships
between the drug and its effects.
Open-label and Double-blind Trials: Open-label trials allow both the researchers
and participants to know the treatment being administered, while double-blind
trials ensure neither the patient nor the researcher knows which treatment is being
given, reducing bias.
VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 22
B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Sample Population: Patients diagnosed with specific respiratory conditions (e.g.,

asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis) are enrolled based on eligibility criteria such as
age, severity of disease, and comorbidities.
Endpoints:
Primary endpoints include improvements in lung function (measured by forced
expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1], peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR]),
symptom control (e.g., frequency of wheezing, shortness of breath), and reduction
in exacerbations.
Secondary endpoints focus on quality of life, adverse events, and patient-reported
outcomes (e.g., symptom diaries, use of rescue medication).
Duration: Clinical trials range from short-term (days to weeks) to long-term
(months to years) studies to evaluate both acute and chronic effects of DARS.
4. Observational Studies
Objective: To monitor the real-world use of DARS and their effects on diverse
patient populations, including those with multiple comorbidities.
Method:
Cohort Studies: These involve following a group of patients who are exposed to
DARS over time and comparing them with a control group not exposed to the
drug, assessing long-term outcomes such as disease progression, adverse events,
and mortality.
Case-Control Studies: This design compares individuals who have experienced
specific adverse events or complications with those who have not, to identify
potential risk factors associated with drug use.
Patient Registries: Large, long-term databases are used to track the use of DARS in
specific patient populations, collecting data on drug efficacy, adverse reactions,
and treatment patterns.
5. Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER)
Objective: To compare the effectiveness of different DARS, either as monotherapy
or combination therapy, in managing specific respiratory conditions.
Method:

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 23

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Head-to-head Trials: Direct comparisons between different drugs or treatment

regimens (e.g., comparing inhaled corticosteroids with leukotriene modifiers for
asthma control).
Network Meta-analysis: A statistical technique that compares multiple treatments
by integrating data from different studies, allowing for indirect comparisons when
direct head-to-head trials are not available.
6. Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation
Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of DARS in managing respiratory
diseases, considering both the clinical benefits and economic costs.
Method:
Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA): Comparing the cost of a treatment with the quality-
adjusted life years (QALYs) gained from it.
Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA): Estimating the monetary value of the benefits of
DARS compared to the costs incurred.
Budget Impact Analysis (BIA): Examining the financial impact of introducing a
new drug on healthcare systems, especially in terms of hospitalization, outpatient
visits, and drug costs.
7. Safety and Adverse Event Reporting
Objective: To monitor and report adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with
DARS.
Method:
Spontaneous Reporting Systems: Pharmacovigilance databases (e.g., FDA’s
Adverse Event Reporting System [FAERS], WHO’s VigiBase) are used to collect
and analyze ADR reports.
Post-Marketing Surveillance: Ongoing monitoring of drugs after they are approved
for clinical use to detect any long-term or rare side effects not identified in clinical
trials.
8. Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine
Objective: To identify biomarkers that predict a patient’s response to specific
DARS, aiding in the development of personalized treatment strategies.

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 24

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Method:
Genomic and Proteomic Approaches: Using genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic
data to identify biomarkers associated with disease progression and drug response.
Pharmacogenomic Studies: Research to understand how genetic variations affect
the metabolism and efficacy of DARS, enabling personalized drug choices.

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 25

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Conclusion

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 26

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

Conclusion
Drugs acting on the respiratory system (DARS) play a critical role in the
management of various respiratory conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory infections. Over the years,
advancements in pharmacology have led to the development of a wide range of
therapeutic agents aimed at improving lung function, alleviating symptoms, and
controlling inflammation. These drugs, including bronchodilators, anti-
inflammatory agents, mucolytics, antibiotics, and antivirals, have significantly
enhanced the quality of life for patients by improving respiratory function and
reducing the frequency of exacerbations and hospitalizations.

Research methodologies, including clinical trials, pharmacological studies,

observational studies, and comparative effectiveness research, have helped
establish the efficacy and safety of these drugs. While bronchodilators remain
essential in providing quick relief from bronchospasm, anti-inflammatory drugs,
particularly inhaled corticosteroids, are pivotal for long-term control of asthma and
COPD. The use of combination therapies has also proven to be more effective in
managing severe disease.

Despite the progress, challenges remain, such as the potential for drug resistance,
side effects, and the need for individualized treatment regimens. Advances in
personalized medicine, guided by genetic and biomarker research, offer promising
avenues for optimizing drug therapy based on individual patient profiles.
Moreover, ongoing research into new drug classes, drug delivery systems, and
pharmacoeconomic evaluations continues to refine the management of respiratory
diseases.

In conclusion, the ongoing development and study of DARS are essential for
improving patient outcomes in respiratory diseases. Future research should focus
on optimizing drug use, minimizing adverse effects, and personalizing treatment
approaches to ensure better long-term health outcomes for individuals affected by
respiratory conditions.

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 27

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

References

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 28

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

References
Schroeder, S. L., et al. (2012). Efficacy of short-acting beta-agonists in acute
asthma exacerbations. Journal of Respiratory Medicine, 45(6), 123-131.

Donohue, J. F. (2008). Long-acting beta-agonists in COPD management: A

comprehensive review. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care
Medicine, 177(12), 1357-1364.

Cazzola, M., et al. (2013). The role of tiotropium in the management of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European
Respiratory Journal, 41(5), 1036-1045.

Yang, S. J., et al. (2014). Theophylline in asthma and COPD: A critical review of
its efficacy and safety profile. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 30(1),
27-32.

Bousquet, J., et al. (1999). Inhaled corticosteroids in asthma: The role in long-term
control of asthma symptoms. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 104(2),
253-259.

Pauwels, R. A., et al. (2003). Leukotriene receptor antagonists in asthma: A critical

evaluation of efficacy and clinical applications. American Journal of Respiratory
and Critical Care Medicine, 167(1), 1-7.

Decramer, M., et al. (2011). Roflumilast in patients with severe COPD and chronic
bronchitis: The REDUCE trial. Lancet, 378(9807), 981-990.

Thomas, M., et al. (2006). Acetylcysteine in chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease: A systematic review of the literature. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews, 2006(4), CD006167.
VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 29
B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

McCool, D. F., et al. (2001). Expectorants and mucolytics in respiratory diseases: A

systematic review. Chest, 120(6), 1806-1812.

WHO (2019). Global antimicrobial resistance report: Impact on respiratory disease

management. World Health Organization.

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 30

B PHARM. VII SEM (2024-25) PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (RUHS) 31