A Survey Camp Report Grp 4

Su rvey Camp Report
Project No.1
1.1 Aim:- To make a contour plan of 65m at Kullam Chinar
1.2 Instruments Used:- Auto Level , Tripod , Invar Tape and Staff.
1.3. Theory:- Contour And Contouring:
A contour or a contour line may be defined as the line of intersection of a level surface with the surface of
ground. This means every point on a contour line has the same altitude as that of the assumed intersection
surface.
The process of tracing contour lines on the surface of the earth is called Contouring and the
maps upon which these lines are drawn are called Contour Maps. A contour map therefore, gives an idea of
the altitudes of the surface feature as well as their relative positions in plan. Thus a contour map serves the
purpose of both, a plan and a section.
1.4.Contour Interval and Horizontal Equivalent:
The constant vertical distance between two consecutive contours is called the Contour Interval and the
horizontal distance between any two adjacent contours is termed as the Horizontal Equivalent. The horizontal
equivalent depends upon the slope of the ground.
The contour interval depends upon the following factors:
1) The nature of ground.

2) The purpose and extent of the survey.
3) The scale of the Map.
4) Time and Expense of Field and Office Work.
1.5. Methods of Contouring:
There are mainly two methods of locating contours; 1) Direct Method and
2) Indirect Method.
Direct Method:- In this method, the contours to be located are directly traced out in the field by locating and
making a number of points on each contour. These points are then surveyed and plotted on plan and the
contours drawn through them. This method is the most accurate but very slow and tedious as a lot of time is
wasted in searching points of the same elevation for a contour. This is suitable for small areas and where great
accuracy is required.
Indirect Method:- In this method, the points are not necessarily on the contour lines but the spot levels (spot
level means the R.L of a point on the surface of the ground) are taken along the series of lines laid out over the
(1) GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE LARKIPORA ANANTNAG 192211.
Su rvey Camp Report
area. The spot levels of the several representative points representing hills , depression , ridge and valley
lines , and the changes in the slope all over the area to be contoured are also observed. Their positions are
then plotted on the plan and the contours drawn by interpolation. This method of contouring is also known as
contouring by spot levels.
This method is commonly employed in all kinds of surveys as this is cheaper , quicker and less tedious as
compared with the direct method.
There are mainly three methods of contouring under this head:
1) By Square Method:- In this method , the whole area is divided into a number of squares , the sides of
which may vary from 5m to 30m depending upon the nature of the ground and the contour interval.
The square need not to be of the same size throughout , the corners of the squares are pegged out and
the reduced levels of these points are determined with a level. The important points within the squares
may be taken when required and located by measurements from the corners. The squares are plotted
and the reduced levels of the corners are written on the plan. The contour lines are then interploted.
2) By Cross Section Method:- This method is most suitable for survey of long narrow strips such as a
road , railway , canal etc. Cross-section are run transverse to the centre line of the work and
representative points are marked along the lines of cross-section.
3) By Tacheometric Method:- Tacheometer is transit theodolite having a diaphragm fitted with two
stadia wires , one above and other below the central wire. This method is most suitable in hilly area as
the number of stations which can be commanded by a tacheometer is far more than those by a level
and thus the number of instrument setting is considerably reduced . A number of radial lines are laid
out at a known angular interval and representative points are marked by pegs along these radial lines.
These elevations and distances are then calculated and plotted on the plan and the contour lines are
then interploted.
1.6. Procedure:-
1) In this method area to be contured is divided into series of squares and ends(corner) of each
square is marked with pegs.
2) The size of square varies from 5m to 20m depending upon the contour intervals and nature of
ground and scale of the desired map.
3) The squares not need to be same throughout and may vary depending on requriment and field
conditions.
4) The pegs are marked out and elevation of the ground at the corner of the square are determinied
by a level.
5) The grid is plotted to the scale of the map and the spot levels of the grid croners are entered.
6) The contours of desired values are then located by interpolations.
7) Special care should be taken to give the spot levels to the salient features of the ground such as
hilltops, deepest points of the depressions.
8) The method is used for large scale mapping and at average precision.

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1.7. OBSERVATION TABLE :-
S.NO B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L REMARKS
1. 1.615 m 101.615m 100.00 m RL OF

BM=100m
2. 1.225 m 100.39 m
3. 1.48 m 100.135 m
4. 1.54 m 100.075 m
5. 1.45 m 100.165 m
6. 1.32 m 100.295 m
7. 1.425m 100.190 m
8. 1.485 m 100.130 m
9. 0.895 m 100.720 m
10. 1.355 m 100.260 m
11. 1.625 m 99.99 m
12. 2.00 m 99.615 m
13. 1.45 m 100.165 m
14. 1.450 m 100.165 m
15. 2.830m 0.23m 104.215m 101.385 m C.P
16. 0.625m 103.590 m
17. 1.625m 102.59 m
18. 2.455 m 101.76 m
19. 2.40 m 101.815 m
20. 1.285 m 102.93 m
21. 2.72m 0.600m 106.335m 103.615 m
22. 2.515 m 103.82 m
23. 1.915 m 104.42 m

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24. 1.450 m 104.885 m
25. 1.115 m 105.22 m
26. 1.410 m 104.925 m
27. 1.895 m 104.44 m
28. 2.550 m 103.785 m
29. 0.405 m 105.93 m
30. 2.73m 0.600m 108.465m 105.735 m C.P
31. 0.35 m 108.115 m
32. 0.250 m 108.215 m
33. 0.40 m 108.065 m
34. 0.650 m 107.815 m
35. 0.760 m 107.705 m
36. 1.60 m 108.865 m
37. 1.85 m 106.615 m
38. 1.66 m 106.805 m
39. 1.58 m 106.885 m
40. 2.22 m 106.245m
41. 2.96 m 105.505 m
42. 0.31 m 108.155 m
43. 1.60 m 106.865 m
44. 0.95 m 107.515m
45. 0.855 m 107.61m
46. 0.75 m 107.715 m
47. 0.96 m 107.499m
48. 2.45 m 106.015m

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49. 1.95 m 106.515m
50. 1.24 m 107.225m
51. 0.750 m 107.715m
52. 0.550 m 107.915mm
53. 0.40 m 108.065m
54. 0.34 m 108.125m
55. 0.92 m 107.545m
56. 3.10m 0.51m 111.055m 107.955m C.P
57. 0.90 m 110.155m
58. 2.35 m 108.705m
59. 2.29 m 108.765m
60. 2.30 m 108.755m
61. 2.10 m 108.955m
62. 2.90 m 108.155m
63. 3.20 m 107.855m
64. 1.90 m 109.155m
65. 1.23 m 109.825m
66. 1.150 m 109.905m
67. 1.560 m 109.495m
68. 1.800 m 109.255m
69. 1.54 m 109.515m
70. 0.10 m 110.955m
71. 0.90 m 110.155m
72. 0.10 m 110.955m
73. 0.20 m 110.855m

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74. 0.445 m 110.610m
75. 0.56 m 110.495 m
76. 2.90m 0.40 m 113.555m 110.655 m C.P
77. 1.90m 111.655 m
78. 2.10m 111.455 m
79. 2.900m 110.655 m
80. 1.700m 111.855 m
81. 1.900m 111.655 m
82. 1.845m 111.710 m
83. 1.215m 112.34m
84. 3.10 m 0.320m 116.335m 113.235m C.P
85. 1.650m 114.685 m
86. 1.71m 114.625 m
87. 1.800m 114.535 m
88. 1.78m 114.555 m
89. 1.800m 114.535 m
90. 1.850m 114.485 m
91. 0.38m 115.955 m
92. 0.950m 115.385 m
93. 1.40 0.800 116.935 115.535 m C.P
94. 0.900m 116.035 m
95. 0.410m 116.525 m
96. 1.410m 116.525 m
97. 1.540m 115.395 m
98. 7.220m 114.735 m

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99. 1.900m 115.035m END POINT

Su rvey Camp Report
Project No.2
2.1 Aim:- To plot L-section and Cross-section of Larkipora-Khushipora Road Of Length 1 Km (1000m) using
Auto Level.
2.2 Instruments Used:- Auto Level , Tripod , Invar Tape , Staff.
2.3 Theory:- Levelling:
Levelling is a art of finding the relative heights and depths of the objects on the surface of the earth. It is that
part of surveying which deals with the measurements in vertical plane.
Levelling is of prime importance to an engineer for the purpose of planning , designing and executing the
various engineering projects such as roads , railways , canals , dams , water supply and sanitary schemes etc.
The success of any engineering project is based upon the accurate and complete leveling work of the project.
The Level:
Level consists essentially of a telescope and a level tube to provide a horizontal line of sight, both fitted above
the leveling head. It is supported on a tripod stand when in use.
Parts Of Level:
1) Levelling Head 2) Telescope 3) Eye-Piece 4) Diaphragm Screw
5) Focussing- Screw 6) Ray-shade 7) Level Tube 8) Level Tube Nuts
9) Cross-bubble Tube 10) Magnetic Compass Plate.
Accessories Of a Level:
(i) Capstan Bars (ii) Screw Driver (iii) Wrench or Spanner (iv) Brush
(v) Lubricating Oil (vi) Spare eye-piece which is generally kept in the box.
Kinds Of a Level: The different kinds of Level in use are:

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1) Dumpy Level.
2) Wye Level.
3) Cook’s Reversible Level.
4) Cushing Level.
5) Modern Tilting Level {Level such as Indis Office Pattern ( I.O.P)}
Adjustments Of the Level:
There are two types of the adjustments:
1) Permanent Adjustments 2) Temporary Adjustments.
The permanent adjustments are made to establish the fixed relationship between the fundamental lines of an
instrument. Once made, the permanent adjustments last for a long time depending on the type of the
instrument. The temporary adjustments are made at each set up of the instrument before starting to take the
various staff readings.
Temporary adjustments of a level:- These are performed to make the axis of rotating vertical and to eliminate
the parallel every time when the instrument is shifted and set up in a new position. It is also known as “setting
up” of the instrument and is made in the following steps:
1) Fixing the instrument on stand/Tripod.

2) Levelling up the instrument.
3) Focussing.
Classification Of Levelling: The different types of Levelling are:-
1) Differential Levelling.
2) Check Levelling .
3) Precise Levelling.
4) Reciprocal Levelling.
5) Longitudinal Levelling or Longitudinal Sectioning.
6) Cross Levelling or Cross Sectioning .
7) Levelling for given Levels for works.
8) Barometric Levelling
9) Hypsometry
10) Trigonometrical Levelling.

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Longitudinal Levelling or Longitudinal Sectioning:- The object of this leveling operation is to obtain a record of
the undulations of the ground surface along the centre line of a proposed engineering project such as a road ,
railway or canal etc. The outline of the surface thus obtained is called Longitudinal Section or Profile. This
levelling is also known as Profile Levelling. The operation involves observing the elevations of a number of
points , along the centre line and also their distance along it. The line of section may be a single straight line
running in the centre or may consist of a series of straight lines changing direction or connected by curves. The
levels are taken at uniform intervals of distance along the centre line depending upon the requirements of the
work and nature of the ground. Besides these points the staff readings are taken at the fairly significant points
where outline of the ground changes appreciably so that the profile may be obtained as natural as possible.
Cross Levelling or Cross Sectioning :- The purpose of cross sectioning is to determine the necessary
information regarding the levels of the ground on either side of the longitudinal section for computing the
quantities of earth work etc.for designing the engineering projects. Cross sections are run at right angles to
the centre line at 20 to 30m intervals along the centre line. The length of the cross section depends upon the
nature of the proposed work. In the case of an ordinary road the length may be 30 to 60m on either side of
the centre line and in the case of railway , it may vary from 200 to 300m or even more on side of the centre
line.
2.4 PROCEDURE:-
1) Set up the level to one side of profile line.
2) Mark points A,B,C-----------at every 20 m along the longitudinal line.
3) Mark the cross section points AR1, AR2, AL1,AL2----------,respectively on both sides at 1m interval.
4) The levelling is started from the bench mark of known value.
5) All these readings are recorded (first reading in B.S) and other readings are written in intermediate
sight upto the change point.
6) When the length of sight is beyond the power of the telescope (usually it is 100m) ,the fore sight on
the change point is taken.
7) The level is then shifted and set up in an next position and a backsight is taken on the change point.
8) The change point may or may not lie in the line of section,changing and reading are then continued
as before till the whole line of section is completed.
2.5. OBSERVATION TABLE
S.NO. STATION B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L REMARKS

1. B.M 1.335 101.335m 100 m RL of Bench
m Mark =100m
2. A 1.37m 99.965 m
3. Ar1 1.40m 99.935 m
4. Ar2 1.50m 99.835 m
5. Al1 1.39m 99.945 m

Su rvey Camp Report
6. Al2 1.38m 99.955 m

7. B 1.07m 100.65 m
8. Br1 1.075m 100.26 m
9. Br2 1.0m8 100.255 m
10. Bl1 1.09m 100.245 m
11. Bl2 1.24m 100.095 m
12. C 1.00m 100.335 m
13. Cr1 1.00 100.335 m
14. Cr2 1.06m 100.275 m
15. Cl1 1.03m 100.305 m
16. Cl2 1.04m 100.295 m
17. D 1.555m 100.475 m
18. Dr1 0.9m 100.435 m
19. Dr2 1.65m 0.955m 102.03m 100.38 m C.P
20. Dl1 1.555m 100.475 m
21. Dl2 1.715m 100.315 m
22. E 1.45m 100.58 m
23. ER1 1.44m 100.59 m
24. ER2 1.405m 100.625 m
25. EL1 1.47m 100.56 m
26. EL2 1.53m 100.5 m
27. F 1.405m 100.625 m
28. FR1 1.44m 100.59 m
29. FR2 1.54m 100.49 m
30. FL1 1.42m 100.61 m
31. FL2 1.40m 100.63 m
32. G 1.31m 100.72 m
33. GR1 1.33m 100.7 m
34. GR2 1.46m 10058 m

Su rvey Camp Report
35. GL1 1.32m 100.71 m

36. GL2 1.37m 1.36m 102.04m 100.67 m C.P
37. H 1.275m 100.765 m
38. HR1 1.295m 100.745 m
39. HR2 1.34m 100.7 m
40. HL1 1.30m 100.74 m
41. HL2 1.395m 100.645 m
42. I 1.365m 100.675 m
43. IR1 1.180m 100.86 m
44. IR2 1.05m 100.99 m
45. IL1 1.305m 100.735 m
46. IL2 1.305m 100.735 m
47. J 0.87m 101.17 m
48. JR1 0.9m 101.14 m
49. JR2 1.100m 100.94 m
50. JL1 0.875m 101.165 m
51. JL2 0.92m 101.12 m
52. K 0.66m 101.38 m
53. KR1 0.625m 101.415 m
54. KR2 1.115 0.72m 102.435m 101.32 m C.P
m
55. KL1 1.555m 100.88 m
56. KL2 1.590m 100.845 m
57. L 1.35m 101.085 m
58. LR1 1.370m 101.065 m
59. LR2 1.440m 100.995 m
60. LL1 1.29m 1.360m 102.365m 101.075 m C.P
61. LL2 1.49m 100.875 m
62. M 1.33m 101.035 m

Su rvey Camp Report
63. MR1 1.33m 101.035 m

64. MR2 1.39m 100.975 m
65. ML1 1.34m 101.025 m
66. ML2 1.30m 101.065 m
67. N 1.13m 101.235 m
68. NR1 1.16m 101.205 m
69. NR2 1.17m 101.195 m
70. NL1 1.14m 101.225 m
71. NL2 1.19m 101.175 m
72. O 0.8m 101.565 m
73. OR1 0.83m 101.535 m
74. OR2 0.95m 101.415 m
75. OL1 0.555m 101.81 m
76. OL2 0.74m 101.415 m
77. P 0.95m 101.465 m
78. PR1 0.90m 101.465 m
79. PR2 0.90m 101.47 m
80. PL1 0.895m 101.465 m
81. PL2 0.90m 100.735 m
82. Q 1.63m 100.705m
83. QR1 1.660m 100.735 m
84. QR2 1.60m 100.669 m
85. QL1 1.63m 100.735 m
86. QL2 1.63m 1.726m 102.269m 100.639 m C.P
87. R 1.035m 100.919 m
88. RR1 1.65m 100.619 m
89. RR2 1.40m 100.869 m
90. RL1 1.22m 101.049 m
91. RL2 1.26m 101.009 m

Su rvey Camp Report
92. S 1.76m 100.509 m

93. SR1 1.550m 100.719 m
94. SR2 1.255m 100.544 m
95. SL1 1.76m 100.509 m
96. SL2 1.79m 100.479 m
97. T 1.67m 100.599 m
98. TR1 1.78m 100.489 m
99. TR2 1.78m 100.489 m
100. TL1 1.71m 100.499 m
101. TL2 1.87m 100.399 m
102. U 0.98m 1.45m 101.799m 100.819 m C.P
103. UR1 0.88m 100.919 m
104. UR2 0.95m 100.849 m
105. UL1 0.98m 100.819 m
106. UL2 0.94m 100.859 m
107. V 0.69m 100.544 m
108. VR1 0.70m 101.109 m
109. VR2 0.70m 101.099 m
110. VL1 0.71m 101.099 m
111. VL2 0.48m 101.089 m
112. W 0.53m 101.319 m
113. WR1 0.75m 101.269 m
114. WR2 0.750m 101.049 m
115. WL1 0.42m 101.049 m
116. WL2 2.31m 0.40m 103.709m 101.399 m C.P
117. X 1.53m 102.179 m
118. XR1 1.51m 102.199 m
119. XR2 1.54m 102.169 m
120. XL1 1.51m 102.199 m

Su rvey Camp Report
121. XL2 1.54m 102.169 m

122. Y 0.32m 103.389 m
123. YR1 0.33m 103.379 m
124. YR2 0.34m 103.369 m
125. YL1 0.33m 100.379 m
126. YL2 1.50m 0.35m 104.859m 103.359 m C.P
127. Z 1.23m 103.629 m
128. ZR1 1.16m 103.699 m
129. ZR2 1.06m 103.799 m
130. ZL1 1.24m 103.619 m
131. ZL2 1.15m 103.709 m
132. a 0.36m 104.99 m
133. aR1 0.37m 104.489 m
134. aR2 0.43m 104.429 m
135. aL1 0.37m 104.489 m
136. aL2 1.13m 0.48m 105.509m 104.379 m C.P
137. B 1.22m 104.289 m
138. bR1 1.24m 104.269 m
139. bR2 1.26m 104.249 m
140. bL1 1.21m 104.299 m
141. bL2 1.23m 104.279 m
142. C 1.7m 103.809 m
143. cR1 1.8m 103.709 m
144. cR2 1.11m 104.399 m
145. cL1 1.9m 103.609 m
146. cL2 1.25m 104.259 m
147. D 1.3m 104.209 m
148. dR1 1.32m 1.13m 105.699m 104.379 m C.P
149. dR2 1.20m 104.499 m

Su rvey Camp Report
150. dL1 1.22m 104.479 m

151. dL2 1.255m 104.444 m
152. E 1.180m 104.519 m
153. eR1 1.215m 104.484 m
154. eR2 1.270m 104.429 m
155. eL1 1.170m 104.529 m
156. eL2 1.245m 104.454 m
157. F 1.24m 104.459 m
158. fR1 1.27m 104.429 m
159. fR2 1.37m 104.329 m
160. fL1 1.23m 104.469 m
161. fL2 1.19m 104.509 m
162. G 1.17m 104.529 m
163. gR1 1.18m 104.519 m
164. gR2 1.25m 104.449 m
165. gL1 1.90m 1.17m 106.429m 104.529 m C.P
166. gL2 1.95m 104.479 m
167. h 1.655m 104.474 m
168. hR1 1.8m 104.629 m
169. hR2 1.895m 104.534 m
170. hL1 1.805m 104.624 m
171. hL2 1.865m 104.564 m
172. I 1.50m 104.929 m
173. iR1 1.485m 104.944 m
174. iR2 1.68m 104.749 m
175. iL1 1.53m 104.899 m
176. iL2 1.70m 104.729 m
177. J 0.69m 105.739 m
178. JR1 0.71m 105.719 m

Su rvey Camp Report
179. jR2 0.72m 105.704 m

180. jL1 0.71m 105.719 m
181. jL2 0.67m 105.756 m
182. K 0.24m 106.189 m
183. kR1 0.245m 106.184 m
184. kR2 0.265m 106.164 m
185. kL1 0.22m 106.174 m
186. kL2 2.56m 0.28m 108.709m 106.149 m C.P
187. L 1.55m 107.159 m
188. lR1 1.55m 107.159 m
189. lR2 1.63m 107.079
190. lL1 1.55m 107.159 m
191. lL2 1.57m 107.139 m
192. m 1.11m 107.599 m
193. mR1 1.13m 107.579 m
194. mR2 1.17m 107.539 m
195. mL1 1.12m 107.589 m
196. mL2 1.13m 107.579 m
197. n 0.76m 107.949 m
198. nR1 0.77m 107.939 m
199. nR2 0.82m 107.889 m
200. nL1 0.75m 107.959 m
201. nL2 0.71m 107.999 m
202. o 0.58m 108.129 m
203. oR1 0.59m 108.119 m
204. oR2 0.58m 108.129 m
205. oL1 0.6m 108.109 m
206. oL2 0.64m 108.069 m
207. p 0.33m 108.379 m

Su rvey Camp Report
208. pR1 0.35m 108.359 m

209. pR2 0.36m 108.349 m
210. pL1 0.34m 108.369 m
211. pL2 1.00m 0.43m 109.279m 108.279 m C.P
212. Q 0.73m 108.549 m
213. qR1 0.701m 108.578 m
214. qR2 0.70m 108.579 m
215. qL1 0.79m 108.489 m
216. qL2 0.79m 108.489 m
217. R 0.75m 108.529m
218. rR1 0.72m 108.559 m
219. rR2 0.75m 108.529 m
220. rL1 0.78m 108.499 m
221. rL2 0.845m 108.434 m
222. S 0.64m 108.639 m
223. sR1 0.54m 108.739 m
224. sR2 0.7m 108.579 m
225. sL1 0.7m 108.579 m
226. sL2 0.75m 108.529 m
227. T 0.25m 108.029 m
228. tR1 0.26m 109.019 m
229. tR2 0.31m 108.969 m
230. tL1 0.23m 109.049 m
231. tL2 0.25m 109.029 m
232. U 0.31m 108.969 m
233. uR1 0.29m 108.989 m
234. uR2 0.31m 108.969 m
235. uL1 0.34m 108.939 m
236. uL2 1.82m 0.30m 110.799m 108.979 m C.P

Su rvey Camp Report
237. V 1.00m 108.999 m

238. vR1 1.81m 108.989 m
239. vR2 1.82m 108.979 m
240. vL1 1.81m 108.989 m
241. vL2 1.80m 108.999m
242. W 1.76m 109.039 m
243. wR1 1.57m 109.229 m
244. wR2 1.59m 109.209 m
245. wL1 1.58m 109.219 m
246. wL2 1.69m 109.109 m
247. X 1.31m 109.489 m
248. xR1 1.32m 109.479 m
249. xR2 1.40m 109.399 m
250. xL1 1.35m 109.449 m
251. xL2 1.37m 109.429 m
252. y 1.03m 109.769m
253. yR1 1.04m 109.759 m
254. yR2 1.18m 109.619 m
255. yL1 1.15m 109.649 m
256. yL2 1.10m 109.699m END POINT
Project No.3
3.1. Aim:- :- To Draw Plan or Map of Larkipora – Khushipora Road using Plane Table.
3.2.Instruments Used:- Plane Table , Alidade , Tripod , Invar Tape , Ranging Rods , Drawing Sheet.
3.3. Theory:- General:
Plane Table surveying also called Plane Tabling , is a method of surveying in which field work and office work
are done simultaneously on a plane table. The field observations are taken and recorded side by side on the
sheet fixed upon plane table and a map of the area is obtained .The use of field book is altogether eliminated.
Su rvey Camp Report
It is commonly employed for small and medium scale mapping of comparatively large areas where great
accuracy is not the main consideration such as for topographical surveys.
The equipments essentially needed for plane tabling is plane table or drawing board which carries a drawing
sheet and is mounted on a tripod stand and an alidade which provides line of sight and a straight graduated
edge.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Plane Table Surveying:
Advantages:-
i) It is one of the most rapid method of surveying.
ii) Field notes are not required and thus the possibility of mistakes in booking is eliminated.
iii) Since the map is plotted in the field there is no chance of omitting necessary measurement.
iv) Contours and other irregular objects may be accurately represented on the map.
v) It is less costly than Theodolite survey.
Disadvantages:-
i) It is unsuitable for work in a wet climate, and is difficult in high wind.
ii) It is not useful for large scale surveys and accurate work.
iii) It is not suitable for surveying a densely wooded area.
iv)The instrument is heavy and the various accessories being loose are likely to be lost.
Equipment in Plane Table Surveying:
The equipments needed in plane table surveying is dealt with under different heads as follows:
1. Drawing Board and Tripod.

2. Alidade.
3. Accessories.
1)The Drawing Board:- The drawing board on which the field measurements are plotted is fixed on the plane
table or drawing board. The board is made of well seasoned good quality wood such as teak or pine and is
available in sizes (i) small: 50cm x 40cm x 1.5cm (ii) Medium: 50cm x 50cm and (iii) large: 70cm x 60cm x
1.5cm.The upper surface of the board must be perfectly plane. It is mounted on a tripod in such a way that it
can be leveled, rotated about a vertical axis and clamped in any position.

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2) The Alidade:-The Alidade is a straight rule fitted with such an arrangement as to provide a line of sight. It is
used for sighting objects and drawing rays along one of its beveled edge known as rulling or working or fiducial
edge. The fiducial edge is graduated so as to serve as a scale for plotting distances. It is available in two forms
(i) Plane Alidade (ii) Telescopic Alidade.
3) Accessories:- The Accessories to the plane table are:
(i) A Trough Compass:- It is used for making the direction of the magnetic meridian on the sheet of the plane
table.
(ii) A Plumbing Fork or U- Frame:- With Plumb Bob it is used for centering the plane table.
(iii) A Spirit Level:- It is used for levelling the plane table.
Setting up the Plane Table:
1) Levelling.
2) Orientation.
3) Centering.
Methods Of Plane Table Surveying:
Methods of surveying with plane table may be classified under four distinct heads: (i)Radiation (ii)Intersection
(iii)Traversing (iv)Resection.
1)Radiation Method:- In this method, the plane table is set up at only one station and the points to be plotted
are located by radiating rays from the instrument station to the points and plotting to scale the respective
distances along the rays. This method is suitable of small areas which can be commanded from a single
station.
2)Intersection Method:- In this method, the positions of the points are fixed on the sheet by the intersection
of the rays drawn from two instrument stations. The line joining these stations is termed as base line. The only
linear measurement required in the method is that of the base line. This method is largely employed for
locating detail and for locating the points to be used subsequently as instrument stations. This may also be
used for plotting the distant and inaccessible objects , the broken boundries of the river etc.
3)Traversing Method:- This is the main method of plane tabling and is similar to that of compass or theodolite
traversing. It is used for running survey lines of a closed or open traverse. The detail may be located by offsets
taken in the usual manner or by the radiation or by intersection method of plane tabling.
4)Resection Method:- This method is used for locating the station points only. The characteristic feature of
resection is that the point plotted on the sheet is the station occupied by the table. After station are fixed, the
surrounding detail is located by radiation or intersection.

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3.4. Procedure:-
1.Set the plane table on tripod on one side of road.
2. Then do the centering with the help of plumb bob and levelling of plane table with the help of spirit level.
3. Mark the North direction on sheet with the help of trough compass.
4. Sight the first point of road and mark it on sheet and then other points on both sides of road and mark
them.
5.After sighting all the points at that place , shift the plane table to next point and do orientation of plane
table. Then sight all the points at place and mark them.
6. Do the same process till you reach 1Km (1000m) .
7. Join all the points.
Project No.4
4.1. Aim:-To Draw a Plan Of College Campus Using Theodolite.
4.2.Instrument Used:- Digital Theodolite , Tripod , Ranging Rod , Invar Tape.
4.3. Theory:- Theodolite:

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The theodolite is most accurate instrument used mainly for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It can
also be used for locating points on a line, prolonging survey lines , finding difference in elevations , setting out
grades , ranging curves etc.
Theodolites are primarily classified as 1) Transit and 2) Non –Transit.
A theodolite is called to be transit when its telescope can be transited i.e, revolved through a complete
revolution about its horizontal axis in the vertical plane , whereas in non-transit type , the telescope cannot be
transited. The non-transit theodolite are inferior in utility and havr now become obsolete.Theodolite are also
classified as 1) vernier theodolite, and 2) micrometer theodolite according as vernier or micrometer is fitted to
read the graduated circle.The diameter of the graduated circle on the lower plate determines the size of
theodolite. The common sizes are 8cm to 12cm while 14cm to 25cm instruments are used for triangulation
work.
Terms used while manipulating a Transit Theodolite:
1) centering:- It means setting the theodolite exactly over an instrument station so that its vertical axis
lies immediately above the station mark. It can be done by means of plumb bob suspended from a
small hook attached to the vertical axis of the thoedolite.
2) Transiting:- It is also known as Plunging or Reversing. It is the process of turning the telescope about its
horizontal axis through 180⁰ in the vertical plane thus bringing it upside down and making it point
exactly in opposite direction.
3) Swinging the Telescope:- It means turning the telescope about its vertical axis in the horizontal plane.
A swing is called right or left according as the telescope is rotated clockwise or counter clockwise.
4) Face Left:- If the vertical circle of the instrument is on the left of the observer while taking a reading ,
the position is called the face left and the observation taken on the horizontal or the vertical circle in
this position , is known as the face left observation.
5) Face Right:- If the vertical circle of the instrument is on the right of the observer while taking a
reading , the position is called the face right and the observation taken on the horizontal or the vertical
circle in this position , is known as the face right observation.

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6) Changing Face:- It is the operation of bringing the vertical circle to the right of the observer , if
originally it is to the left, and vice versa.
7) Line of Collimation:- It is also known as the line of sight. It is the imaginary line joining the intersection
of the cross hairs of the diaphragm to the optical centre of the object glass.
8) Axis of the Telescope:- It is also an imaginary line joining the optical centre of the object glass to the
centre of the eye piece.
9) Axis of the Level Tube:- it is also called the bubble line. It is a straight line tangential to the longitudinal
curve of the level tube at the centre of the tube. It is horizontal when the bubble is central.
10) Vertical Axis:- It is the axis which the telescope can be rotated in the horizontal plane.
11) Horizontal Axis:- It is also called the tri-union axis or the transverse axis. It is the axis about which the
telescope can be revolved in the vertical plane.
Fundamental Lines of a Transit Theodolite:
1) The Vertical Axis.

2) The axis of the Plate Levels.
3) The axis of the Telescope.
4) The Line of Collimation.
5) The Horizontal Axis.
6) The axis of the Altitude Bubble.
Adjustments of a Theodolite:
The adjustments of a theodolite are of two kinds:
1) Permanent Adjustments 2) Temporary Adjustments
Permanent Adjustments:-
(i) Adjustment of the Horizontal Plate Level.

(ii) Collimation Adjustments.
(iii) Horizontal Axis Adjustments.
(iv) Adjustments of the Telescope Level or the Altitude Level.
(v) Vertical Circle Index Adjustments.
Temporary Adjustments:-
(i) Centering.
(ii) Levelling.
(iii) Focussing.

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Methods Of Theodolite{Horizontal Angle}:
1) Ordinary Method.
2) Repetition Method.
3) Reiteration Method.
4.4.Procedure:-
1).Taking out digital theodolite from box and fix it on tripod over required station.
2) Approximately levelling by leg adjustment and centering by judgment.
3) Levelling the digital theodolite using foot screws by usual method i.e, plate level parallel to pair of foot
screw and perpendicular position.
4) Focusing of diaphragm and object using eye piece and focousing screws.
5) Switch ON the digital theodolite.
6) Select the left or right direction mode by press button L/R.
7) Direct the telescope towards intial object, bisect it clamp the theodolite using horizontal clamp screw ,
make accurate bisection by using tangent screw.
8) Press the button for zero reading.
9) Unclamp the clamp screw and bisect the final object, clamp it by clamping the clamp screw. Accurate
bisection by tanget screw.
10) Press the hold button, gives required horizontal angle between two points.
11) The process may be repeated for required number of times to get mean reading.
4.5. OBSERVATION TABLE
S.NO LINE STATION HORIZONTAL ANGLE DISTANCE
1. OA O₁ 78° 48` 26`` 3.80 m
2. AB A 172° 55` 8`` 35.20 m
3. BC B 176° 26` 57`` 26.40 m
4. CD C 179 20` 10`` 51.70 m
5. DE D 97° 12`8`` 2m

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6. EF E 266° 29` 25`` 11 m
7. FG F 265° 42`56`` 1.25 m
8. GH G 95° 20` 7`` 33.25 m
9. HI H 154 °58` 16`` 21.70 m
10. IJ I 164° 46 `3`` 11.60 m
11. JK J 210° 15` 31`` 12.40 m
12. KL K 198°49`19`` 76.80 m
13. LM L 137° 15` 16`` 3.80 m
14. MN M 169° 18` 40`` 32.70 m
15. NO N 182° 55 `34`` 29.30 m
16. OP O 130° 54 `19`` 6.60 m
17. PQ P 93° 9` 14`` 7.35 m
18. QR Q 186° 6` 44`` 9m
19. RS R 170° 24`34`` 17.10 m
20. ST S 188° 33` 23`` 12.65 m
21. TU T 195° 4` 21`` 7.70 m
22. UV U 187° 24` 26`` 12.70 m
23. VW V 185° 57 `25`` 26.40 m
24. WX W 170° 2` 39`` 37.60 m
25. XY X 165°13` 41`` 4.60 m
26. Y1 Y 172°18`40`` 24.80 m
27. 1,2 1 187°58`20`` 25.25 m
28. 2,3 2 149°57`45`` 65.6 m
29. 3,4 3 188°10`20`` 26.05 m
30. 4,5 4 183°55`30`` 32.05 m

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31. 5,6 5 187°10`5`` 8.65 m
32. 6,Z 6 106°4`52`` 62.50 m
Project No.5
5.1 Aim:- To Plot Plan of College Building Using Compass.
5.2 Instruments used:- Compass , Tripod , Invar Tape , Ranging Rods.

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5.3 Theory:- General:
According to method employed , Surveying is classified into Triangulation Surveying and Traverse Surveying. A
series of connected survey lines of known lengths and directions is called a traverse. When it is not possible to
divide the area into network of triangles as is done in Chain Triangulation, traversing method is employed. In
traversing a number of connected lines are run in the area to be surveyed whose lengths are measured with
chain or tape as usual and directions are determined with angular instruments.
A survey line can only be plotted if its length and direction both are known. The direction of the survey line
may be expressed in terms of the angle at which it is inclined either to its adjacent line or to a fixed reference
line called a meridian. The instruments commonly used for the measurement of angles and determining the
direction of the survey line are:
1) A Compass.
2) A theodolite.
3) A box-sextant.
Compass Surveying:
In traversing, when compass is used for making angular measurements, it is known as compass traversing or
compass surveying. In compass surveying, the compass is used to determine the direction of survey lines of
the frame work of the traverse by measuring the angles which the lines make with magnetic meridian. The
process of chaining and offsetting is the same as in chain surveying and running of check lines is not necessary.
The compass surveying is suitable when:
1. When the area cannot be divided into triangles such as in towns.

2. When surveying is done in a jungle or in a dense forest.
3. When the country is hilly where chaining is tedious and liable to error.
The compass surveying is unsuitable in places abounding in magnetic rock or iron ore. It is less accurate than
theodolite traversing but can be performed rapidly. Therefore, it is generally suitable for rough surveys where
speed and not the accuracy is main consideration.
Compass:
A compass is a small instrument which consists essentially of a magnetic needle, a graduated circle and a line
of sight. When the line of sight is directed towards a line the magnetic needle points towards magnetic
meridian and the angle which the line makes with the magnetic meridian is read at the graduated circle. The
compass cannot measure the angle between the two lines directly. There are two forms of the compass in
common use:-
(1) The Prismatic Compass.

(2) The Surveyor’s Compass.
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The Prismatic Compass:
It is very valuable instrument and is commonly used for rough surveys where speed and not the accuracy is
main consideration. It was invented by Captain Kater in 1814 . Readings are usually estimated up to nearest 15
minutes.
Working of the Prismatic Compass:
This can be used while holding it in hand , but for better accuracy , it is usually mounted on a light tripod
which carries a vertical spindle in the ball and socket arrangement to which the compass is screwed. By means
of this arrangement the compass can be placed in position easily. Its working involves the following three
steps:
(i) Centering
(ii) Levelling and
(iii) Observing the bearing.
It may be noted that with this compass , the sighting of the object and reading of the graduated ring are done
simultaneously.
The Surveyor’s Compass:It was formerly much used for land surveys but now a days it is little used. It is similar
to a prismatic compass except that it has another plain sight having a narrow vertical slit in place of the prism
and that it carries an edge bar needle in place of broad form needle.
5.4 PROCEDURE:-
1:- Set the instrument at the starting station ‘A’ and perform the necessary adjustments.
2:- Sight the next station (B) take fore bearing of ‘AB’ and measure the distance of ‘AB’.
3:- Take F.B of ‘AE’ which provides check, simillary bearing of any line AC, CE, etc, also provide the check.

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4:- Shift the instrument to subsequent station ‘B’.After fixing the instrument.
5:- Sight the previous station ‘A’ and observe the reading which gives the B.B of AB.
6:-Sight next station’C’ observe F.B of BC and measure the distance BC.
6:- Repeat the process at every station .
OBSERVATION TABLE
S NO. LINE FORE BEARING DISTANCES

1 OA 224⁰ 30’ 27.6 m
2 OB 226⁰ 24.75 m
3 OC 262⁰ 19.35 m
4. OD 267⁰ 30’ 21.75 m
5 OE 267⁰ 25.5 m
6 OF 279⁰ 26.25 m
7 OG 285⁰ 30’ 18 m
8 OH 295⁰ 19.2 m
9 OI 305⁰ 30’ 15 m
10 OJ 318⁰ 19.2 m
11 OL 324⁰ 25.2 m
12 OM 327⁰ 30’ 24.3 m
13 O O₁ 9⁰ 55.65 m
14 0₁K 209⁰ 30’ 46.65 m
15 O₁ N 218⁰ 30’ 36.3 m
16 O₁ P 224⁰ 40.2 m
17 O₁ Q 228⁰ 38.25 m
18 O₁ R 235⁰ 45.6 m
19 O₁ S 240⁰ 43.35 m
20 O₁ T 239⁰ 40.05 m
21 O₁ U 240⁰ 30’ 36.9 m
22 O₁ V 261⁰ 30’ 33.9 m

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23 O₁ O₂ 287⁰ 63 m
24 O₂ W 131⁰ 30’ 32.25 m
25 O₂ X 155⁰ 24.75 m
26 0₂ Y 161⁰ 30’ 26.4 m
27 O₂ c 175⁰ 45.5 m
28 O₂ d 175⁰ 50.4 m
29 O₂ e 179⁰ 30’ 50.5 m
30 O₂ f 179⁰ 30’ 46.8 m
31 O₂ g 189⁰ J48 m
32 O₂ h 188⁰ 30’ 50. 7 m
33 O₂ i 191⁰ 51.45 m
34 O₂ j 192⁰ 30’ 45.6 m
35 O₂ k 204⁰ 30’ 52.2 m
36 O₂ O₃ 212⁰ 30’ 54.15 m
37 O₃ a 83⁰ 30’ 41.85 m
38 O₃ b 89⁰ 42 m
39 O₃ Z 80⁰ 39.3 m
40 O₃ l 161⁰ 33.9 m
41 O₃ O₄ 164⁰ 55.8 m
42 O₄ m 11⁰ 30’ 22.95 m
43 O₄ n 9⁰ 27.6 m
44 O₄ p 13⁰ 30’ 28.35 m
45 O₄ q 20⁰ 26.1 m
46 O₄ r 33⁰ 30’ 30.3 m
47 O₄ s 30⁰ 33.3 m
48 O₄ t 35⁰ 35.7 m
49 O₄ u 39⁰ 33 m
50 O₄ v 48⁰ 39.6 m
51 O₄ w 53⁰ 37.5 m

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52 O₄ x 54⁰ 34.05 m
53 O₄ y 79⁰ 30’ 29.55 m
54 O₄ z 84⁰ 31.5 m
REFRENCES
1)A “Text Book Of SURVEYING”11th Edition by C.L.
KOCHHER principal Mehar Chand Polytechnic Jalandhar City
Sepember 24, 1997.
Dhanpat Rai Publishing Co.

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1.3. Theory:- Contour And Contouring:

1.4.Contour Interval and Horizontal Equivalent:

The contour interval depends upon the following factors:

1) The nature of ground.

1.5. Methods of Contouring:

There are mainly three methods of contouring under this head:

(2) GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE LARKIPORA ANANTNAG 192211.

1.7. OBSERVATION TABLE :-

S.NO B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L REMARKS

1. 1.615 m 101.615m 100.00 m RL OF

10. 1.355 m 100.260 m

11. 1.625 m 99.99 m

12. 2.00 m 99.615 m

13. 1.45 m 100.165 m

14. 1.450 m 100.165 m

15. 2.830m 0.23m 104.215m 101.385 m C.P

16. 0.625m 103.590 m

17. 1.625m 102.59 m

18. 2.455 m 101.76 m

19. 2.40 m 101.815 m

20. 1.285 m 102.93 m

21. 2.72m 0.600m 106.335m 103.615 m

22. 2.515 m 103.82 m

23. 1.915 m 104.42 m

(3) GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE LARKIPORA ANANTNAG 192211.

24. 1.450 m 104.885 m

25. 1.115 m 105.22 m

26. 1.410 m 104.925 m

27. 1.895 m 104.44 m

28. 2.550 m 103.785 m

29. 0.405 m 105.93 m

30. 2.73m 0.600m 108.465m 105.735 m C.P

31. 0.35 m 108.115 m

32. 0.250 m 108.215 m

33. 0.40 m 108.065 m

34. 0.650 m 107.815 m

35. 0.760 m 107.705 m

36. 1.60 m 108.865 m

37. 1.85 m 106.615 m

38. 1.66 m 106.805 m

39. 1.58 m 106.885 m

40. 2.22 m 106.245m

41. 2.96 m 105.505 m

42. 0.31 m 108.155 m

43. 1.60 m 106.865 m

44. 0.95 m 107.515m

45. 0.855 m 107.61m

46. 0.75 m 107.715 m

47. 0.96 m 107.499m

48. 2.45 m 106.015m

(4) GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE LARKIPORA ANANTNAG 192211.

49. 1.95 m 106.515m

50. 1.24 m 107.225m

51. 0.750 m 107.715m

52. 0.550 m 107.915mm

53. 0.40 m 108.065m

54. 0.34 m 108.125m

55. 0.92 m 107.545m

56. 3.10m 0.51m 111.055m 107.955m C.P