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Lecture 5 Addressing in Networking

Networking

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11 views

Lecture 5 Addressing in Networking

Networking

Uploaded by

Lwimiko Anyandwile
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Networking

TN 122
Lecture 4 – Addressing in Networking
Introduction; TCP/IP Revisit

l The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not


exactly match those in the OSI model. The
original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application. However, when
TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that
the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five
layers: physical, data link, network, transport,
and application.
Figure-1 TCP/IP and OSI model
ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet
employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical,
port, and specific.
Each address is related to a one layer in the
TCP/IP architecture
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses
Figure -2 Addresses in TCP/IP
Addresses in the TCP/IP protocol suite

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Physical addresses
l Physical address is also known as link address.
l The address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
l Being included in the frame used by data link layer.
l Lowest level address.
l Size and format of these addresses vary depending on
the network.
l Ethernet uses a 6-byte physical address that is imprinted on
the Network Interface Card (NIC).

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address
MAC address format
aining six hexadecimal The first six hexadecimal dig
omprise the interface which are administered by
serial number. IEEE, identify the manufact
or vendor.
Physical Address

l Physical address is sometimes referred


to as MAC Address
l The physical address is located on the
Network Interface Card (NIC).
l MAC addresses have no structure, and
are considered flat address spaces.
Example

l A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with


physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (a LAN).
l At the data link layer, this frame contains physical (link) addresses in
the header. These are the only addresses needed. The rest of the
header contains other information needed at this level.
l The data link layer at the sender receives data from an upper layer. It
encapsulates the data in a frame. The frame is propagated through
the LAN.
l Each station with a physical address other than 87 drops the frame
because the destination address in the frame does not match its own
physical address. The intended destination computer, however, finds
a match between the destination address in the frame and its own
physical address.

11
Example : physical addresses

12
Logical Address
l A universal addressing system is needed in which
each host can be identified uniquely, regardless of the
underlying physical network.
l Logic addresses are designed for this purpose.
l Logical address is necessary for universal
communications that are independent of underlying
physical networks.
l Physical addresses are not adequate in an internetwork
environment where different networks can have different
address formats.
Example
• Next slide shows a part of an internet with two routers connecting
three LANs.
• Each device (computer or router) has a pair of addresses (logical
and physical) for each connection.
• Each computer is connected to only one link and so has only one pair of
addresses.
• Each router is connected to three networks. So each router has three pairs of
addresses, one for each connection.
• The computer with logical address A and physical address 10
needs to send a packet to the computer with logical address P
and physical address 95. We use letters to show logical
addresses and numbers for physical addresses, but note that
both are actually numbers.

14
Example : logical addresses
Logical Address
l The identifier used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP
protocol suite to identify each device connected to
the Internet is called the Internet address or IP
address.
l An IP address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and
universally defines the connection of a host or a
router to the Internet.
l IP addresses are unique. They are unique in the
sense that each address defines one, and only one,
connection to the Internet. Two devices on the
Internet can never have the same address.
IP Address

l Note

An IP address is a 32-bit address.

The IP addresses are unique.


The address space of IPv4 is
232 or 4,294,967,296.
IP addresses

l Logical addresses can be represented in


either three (3) ways
Ø Binary notation
Ø Dotted Decimal notation
Ø Hexadecimal notation

But what are those Notations!!!!! ( I am told you


know them)
Examples
Example 1

Change the following IP addresses from binary notation to


dotted-decimal notation.
a. 10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 11100111 11011011 10001011 01101111
d. 11111001 10011011 11111011 00001111
Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal
number (see Appendix B) and add dots for separation:
a. 129.11.11.239 b. 193.131.27.255
Examples
Example 2

Change the following IP addresses from dotted-decimal notation


to binary notation.
a. 111.56.45.78 b. 221.34.7.82
c. 241.8.56.12 d. 75.45.34.78

Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent:
a. 01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110
b. 11011101 00100010 00000111 01010010
Examples
Example 3

Find the error, if any, in the following IP addresses:


a. 111.56.045.78 b. 221.34.7.8.20
c. 75.45.301.14 d. 11100010.23.14.67
Solution
a. There are no leading zeroes in dotted-decimal notation (045).
b. We may not have more than four numbers in an IP address.
c. In dotted-decimal notation, each number is less than or equal
to 255; 301 is outside this range.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation is not
allowed.
Examples
Example 4

Change the following IP addresses from binary notation to


hexadecimal notation.
a. 10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
Solution
We replace each group of 4 bits with its hexadecimal equivalent
(see Appendix B). Note that hexadecimal notation normally has
no added spaces or dots; however, 0X (or 0x) is added at the
beginning or the subscript 16 at the end to show that the number
is in hexadecimal.
a. 0X810B0BEF or 810B0BEF16

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