Unit-1

Basic Electrical Terms and Units

Prepared by:
Jignesh Patel
M & V Patel Department of Electrical Engineering
CHARUSAT
[email protected]
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Content
Current

Voltage

Resistance

Ohm’s law

Resistor and its coding

Temperature co-efficient of resistance

Resistance variation with temperature

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Current
• An electric current is a stream of charged
particles, such as electrons or ions, moving
through an electrical conductor or space.
• It is measured as the net rate of flow of electric
charge past a region.
• The SI unit of electric current is the ampere, or
amp, which is the flow of electric charge across a
surface at the rate of one coulomb per second.
• Current can be measured using an ammeter.
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Current
• For a steady flow of charge through a surface, the
current I (in amperes) can be calculated with the
following equation:

• where Q is the electric charge transferred through the

surface over a time t. If Q and t are measured in
coulombs and seconds respectively, I is in amperes.
• More generally, electric current can be represented as
the rate at which charge flows through a given surface as:
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Voltage
• Voltage, electric potential difference, electric
pressure or electric tension is the difference in
electric potential between two points, which (in a
static electric field) is defined as the work needed
per unit of charge to move a test charge between the
two points.
• In SI units, work per unit charge is expressed as
joules per coulomb, where 1 volt = 1 joule (of work)
per 1 coulomb (of charge).
• Voltage or electric potential difference is denoted
symbolically by V, ∆V, or U
• A voltmeter can be used to measure the voltage (or
potential difference) between two points in a system.
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Resistance
• In electronics and electromagnetism, the
electrical resistance of an object is a measure of
its opposition to the flow of electric current.
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Ohm’s Law
 Ohm’s law states that the current
through any conductor is directly
proportional to voltage or potential
difference between its ends, if the
physical conditions of the conductor
do not change.
𝑰 ∝ 𝑽
𝟏
or 𝑰 = 𝑽
𝑹
 Or we can state it as, 𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹.
 This relationship between current,
voltage was discovered by German
scientist Georg Simon Ohm.
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Limitations of Ohm’s Law

 Ohm’s law is not applicable to unilateral networks.
Note:- Unilateral networks allow the current to flow in one
direction. Such types of network consist elements like
a diode , transistor, etc.
 Ohm’s law is also not applicable to non – linear
elements.
Note:- Non-linear elements are those which do not have
current exactly proportional to the applied voltage that
means the resistance value of those elements changes for
different values of voltage and current. Examples of non –
linear elements are the thyristor.
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Limitations of Ohm’s Law

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Resistors
• A resistor is an electrical component that limits or
regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic
circuit.
• Resistors are one of the important blocks of electrical
circuits.
• They are made up of the mixture of clay or carbon, so
they are not only good conductors but good insulators.
too.
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How to read resistor color code

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• Resistance of the conducting material is calculated using

• The resistance of a conducting material is found to

1. be directly proportional to the length L of the material.
2. be inversely proportional to the cross- section are A of
the material.
3. depend on the nature of the material.
4. depend upon the temperature.
• Electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance or volume resistivity)
and its inverse, electrical conductivity, is a fundamental property of a material that
quantifies how strongly it resists or conducts electric current.
• Resistivity is commonly represented by the Greek letter ρ (rho). The SI unit of
electrical resistivity is the ohm-meter (Ω⋅m).
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• The resistance of an object depends in large part on the

material it is made of. Objects made of electrical
insulators like rubber tend to have very high resistance
and low conductivity, while objects made of electrical
conductors like metals tend to have very low resistance
and high conductivity.
• The resistance of an object also depends on the size and
shape of an object because these properties are extensive
rather than intensive. For example, a wire's resistance is
higher if it is long and thin, and lower if it is short and
thick.
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Conductor Insulator Semi-Conductor

 It is a material  If the outer electrons  It is material in
which has a large of a material are very which outer
number of free tightly bound to the electrons are bound
electrons so, the nucleus, it becomes to the nucleus but
current can easily very difficult to the electrons can be
flow through it. remove from their made free by some
 All materials with orbits. Hence current means. For
resistivity less cannot flow through examples by adding
than 10*e-8 such materials and some impurity.
ohm.m behave as they are know as  All material with
conductor. insulators. resistivity between
 E.g. Silver,  All materials with 10e-8 and 10e5
Copper, resistivity above ohm.m behave as
Aluminium, 10*e5 ohm.m behave semi-conductor.
Carbon and as conductor.  E.g. Germanium
almost all matels.  E.g. Mica, Porcelain, and Silicon.
Glass, oil, rubber, etc.
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Temperature co-efficient of resistance

• Resistance of almost all the materials changes with the
change in the temperature.
R  Resistance of the material at 0 degree Celsius
0
R  Resistance of the material at t degree Celsius
t
• Then the change in resistance R  R  R
t 0
is found to be
I. directly proportional to its initial resistance, and
II. directly proportional to the change in temperature.
• Thus,
R R0t ( R  R ) R t
t 0 0
(R  R )   R t
t 0 0
α= constant know as the temperature co-efficient of
resistance.
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Continue….
• The variation of resistance with change in temperature
of any material is governed by this property.

• Temperature co-efficient of resistance α is defined as

the change in resistance per unit rise in temperature
per ohm original resistance.
• Usually temperature co-efficient is taken at a particular
reference temperature which is normally taken as 0
degree Celsius.
• It is denoted by
• Rewriting the equation (1),
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Resistance at different temperatures

• If at a standard temperature of o degree Celsius a
material has a resistance of R0 ohms,
at t1 degree Celsius resistance of R1 ohms and
at t2 degree Celsius resistance of R2 ohms, then
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Continue….
•
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Continue….
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Temperature Co-efficient at Various

Temperatures
• Consider a conductor having resistances R0 and R1 at
temperatures 0°C and t1°C respectively. Let a0 and a1
be the temperature co-efficients of resistance of the
conductor at 0°C and t1°C respectively. It is desired to
establish the relationship between a1 and a0.
• As proved:
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Continue….
• Since the slope of temperature/resistance graph is
constant,
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Continue….
• Subtracting the reciprocal of eq. (i) from the reciprocal
of eq. (ii),

• Eq. (i) gives the relation between α1 and α0 while Eq.

(iii) gives the relation between α2 and α1.
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Effect of temperature on Resistance

Metals Alloys Insulators, Semi-
Conductors & Electrolytes

 Resistance of pure  Resistance of alloys  Resistance of Insulators,

metals increases increases with the Semi-Conductors &
with the rise in rise in temperature. Electrolytes decreases
temperature.  But the increase in with the rise in
 The increase in resistance is temperature.
resistance is large irregular and small.  As temperature is
and regular.  Alloys have a very increased, many free
 Metals have a low value of electrons are created.
positive temperature positive temperature  So there is a drop in the
co-efficient of co-efficient of value of the resistance.
resistance. resistance.  Hence they have a
 E.g. Copper,  E.g. Nichrome negative temperature co-
Aluminium efficient of resistance.
 E.g. Rubber, Oil, Plastic
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1. A wire has a resistance of 2 ohms. It has been

stretched to the length 3 times that of original, what
will be the resistance of wire?
Solution:-
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2. Calculate the resistance of 100 m length of a wire

having a uniform cross section area of 0.1 mm2 if the
wire is made of Manganin having a resistivity of
50*10e-8 ohm-m. If the wire is drawn out to three
times its original length, find out new resistance.
Solution:-
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3. A resistance wire 10 m. long and cross section area 10 mm2 at 0 degree
Celsius passes, a current of 10 A, when connected to a d.c. supply of 200
Volts. Calculate:
I. Resistivity of the material
II. Current which will flow through the wire when the temp. rises to 50
degree Celsius. Given  = 0.0003 per degree Celsius.
0
Solution:-

200
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4. A copper coil has a resistance of 12.2 ohm at 28 degree Celsius and 14.4 ohms at 44
degree Celsius, find:-
I. Temperature co-efficient of resistance at 0 degree Celsius
II. Resistance of coil at 0 degree Celsius
III. Temperature co-efficient of resistance at 60 degree Celsius
IV. Resistance of coil at 75 degree Celsius
Solution:-
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5. A 100 W, 200 V bulb is connected in series with a 100 W, 250 V,

bulb across 250 V supply. Calculate (i) Circuit current (ii) Voltage
across each lamp assume bulb resistance to remain unchanged.
Solution:-
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• Voltage across 200 V bulb:- IR1= 0.244*400= 97.6 V

• Voltage across 250 V bulb;- IR2=0.244* 625= 152.5 V

6. Two bulbs rated 250 V, 60 W and 100 w respectively are

connected in series across 200 V. Find voltage across each
bulb.
Solution:-
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